Anatomy and Morphology: Turtles Are

Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines (or Chelonii[3]) characterised by a special bony or
cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield.[4] "Turtle" may refer to the
order as a whole (American English) or to fresh-water and sea-dwelling testudines (British
English).[5]
The order Testudines includes both extant (living) and extinct species. The earliest known
members of this group date from 157 million years ago,[1] making turtles one of the oldest reptile
groups and a more ancient group than snakes or crocodilians. Of the 327 known species alive
today, some are highly endangered.[6][7]
Turtles are ectothermstheir internal temperature varies according to the ambient environment,
commonly called cold-blooded. However, because of their high metabolic rate, leatherback sea
turtles have a body temperature that is noticeably higher than that of the surrounding water.
Turtles are classified as amniotes, along with other reptiles, birds, and mammals. Like other
amniotes, turtles breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or
around water.
The word chelonian is popular among veterinarians, scientists, and conservationists working
with these animals as a catch-all name for any member of the superorder Chelonia, which
includes all turtles living and extinct, as well as their immediate ancestors.[citation needed] Chelonia is
based on the Greek word chelone "tortoise", "turtle" (another relevant word is
chelys "tortoise"),[8][9] also denoting armor or interlocking shields;[10] testudines on the other hand,
is based on the Latin word testudo "tortoise".[11] "Turtle" may either refer to the order as a whole,
or to particular turtles that make up a form taxon that is not monophyletic.
The meaning of the word turtle differs from region to region. In North America, all chelonians
are commonly called turtles, including terrapins and tortoises.[12][13] In Great Britain, the word
turtle is used for sea-dwelling species, but not for tortoises.
The term tortoise usually refers to any land-dwelling, non-swimming chelonian.[13] Most landdwelling chelonians are in the Testudinidae family, only one of the 14 extant turtle families.[14]
Terrapin is used to describe several species of small, edible, hard-shell turtles, typically those
found in brackish waters, and is an Algonquian word for turtle.[12][15]
Some languages do not have this problem, as all of these are referred to by the same name. For
example, in Spanish, the word tortuga is used for turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. A sea-dwelling
turtle is tortuga marina, a freshwater species tortuga de ro, and a tortoise tortuga terrestre.[16]
Anatomy and morphology

The largest living chelonian is the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), which reaches
a shell length of 200 cm (6.6 ft) and can reach a weight of over 900 kg (2,000 lb). Freshwater
turtles are generally smaller, but with the largest species, the Asian softshell turtle Pelochelys
cantorii, a few individuals have been reported up to 200 cm (6.6 ft). This dwarfs even the betterknown alligator snapping turtle, the largest chelonian in North America, which attains a shell
length of up to 80 cm (2.6 ft) and weighs as much as 113.4 kg (250 lb).[17] Giant tortoises of the
genera Geochelone, Meiolania, and others were relatively widely distributed around the world
into prehistoric times, and are known to have existed in North and South America, Australia, and
Africa. They became extinct at the same time as the appearance of man, and it is assumed
humans hunted them for food. The only surviving giant tortoises are on the Seychelles and
Galpagos Islands, and can grow to over 130 cm (51 in) in length, and weigh about 300 kg
(660 lb).[18]
The largest ever chelonian was Archelon ischyros, a Late Cretaceous sea turtle known to have
been up to 4.6 m (15 ft) long.[19]
The smallest turtle is the speckled padloper tortoise of South Africa. It measures no more than
8 cm (3.1 in) in length and weighs about 140 g (4.9 oz). Two other species of small turtles are the
American mud turtles and musk turtles that live in an area that ranges from Canada to South
America. The shell length of many species in this group is less than 13 cm (5.1 in) in length.
Neck withdrawal
Turtles are divided into two groups according to how they withdraw their necks into their shells
(something the ancestral Proganochelys could not do). The Cryptodira withdraw their necks
backwards while contracting it under their spine, whereas the Pleurodira contract their necks to
the side.

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Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines (or Chelonii[3]) characterised by a special bony or

Anatomy and morphology

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