Circularly Polarized Arrowhead

BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT OF
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

USING ARROWHEAD SHAPED SLOT
GUIDE : Mrs. Fathima

By
SIJU J THOMAS
CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. LITRATURE SURVEY
4. RESEARCH GAP
5. PROBLEM OF STATEMENT
6. METHODOLOGY USE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERENCE
ABSTRACT
Microstrip patch antennas are of high demand for its light weight, cheap manufacturing, small
size, high gain, high directive gain and also offers circular polarization apart from linear
polarization. But it also has narrow bandwidth operation due to its resonant nature, which is a
disadvantage for its class. Prominent research is being conducted on it for its possible
improvement in its performance. A large number of methods have been suggested, which can
reduce the limitations of the antenna, thus improving the performance, with no deviations in the
basic advantages of the antenna. The area of research interests are like changing the geometrical
dimensions of the antenna, changing the substrate material, use of resonators and many other
parameters. This thesis focuses mostly on design and analysis of Bandwidth Enhancement of
Microstrip Patch Antenna, by variations in the dimensions of the ground plane.
INTRODUCTION
Microstrip or patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they can be printed
directly onto a circuit board. Microstrip antennas are becoming very widespread within the
mobile phone market, due to its small size,low cost manufacturing, high gain, have a low profile
and are easily fabricated. But apart from these all advantages, the microstrip antenna also suffers
from narrow bandwidth operation, low efficiency, surface wave excitations and poor end fire
radiations. The Q-factor of the antenna can be improved by considering a thick substrate, but that
will lead to more power delivered to the surface waves, which results in unwanted power losses.
fig 1.). Microstrip patch antenna
FEEDING TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA :

There are mainly two types of feeding techniques in Microstrip antenna:(A) Contacting type feeding technique in which power is feed to patch through the micro strip
line. Micro strip line and coaxial probe are examples of this type technique.
(B) Non contacting type feeding technique in which electromagnetic coupling is uses for
transferring power between patch and micro strip line. Aperture coupling, proximity couplings
and coplanar wave guide feed are examples of this type technique.
TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL :
Fig 2). Electric field between patch and ground.

The TL model is the simplest model representing the rectangular patch as a parallel plate
transmission line connecting two radiating slots (apertures), each of width W and height h. It
gives a relatively good physical insight into the nature of the patch antenna and the field
distribution for all TM00n modes.
The slots represent very high impedance terminations from both sides of the transmission line.
Thus, we expect this structure to have highly resonant characteristics depending crucially on its
length L along z. The resonant length of the patch, however, is not exactly equal to the physical
length due to the fringing effect. The fringing effect makes the effective electrical length of the
patch longer than its physical length.
Fig. 3.) Side view of the Excitations in the Antenna

An effective dielectric constant (re) must be obtained in order to account for the fringing and
the wave propagation in the line. The value of re is slightly less than r because the fringing
fields around the periphery of the patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate but are also
spread in the air.
Where re = Effective dielectric constant, r = Dielectric constant of substrate, h = Height of

dielectric substrate, W =Width of the patch.
A).
Computing the effective patch length :
Then the effective length will be given as,
For a given resonance frequency fr, the effective length of the width W is,
LITERATURE SURVEY
World scientists are constantly trying to improve the performance of the Microstrip antenna,
from last few decades. The area of research includes geometrical change of shape of patch, parameters variation of substrate being used, use of multilayer are name to few.
Given below is the list of few research papers along with the method applied and the conclusion
achieved applying the method in the tabular form.
TOPIC
AUTHOR
PURPOSE
METHOD
CONCLUSION
.
Modified
SeriesFed
Two- DipoleArray Antenna
With Reduced
Size.
Junho Yeo,
and Jong-Ig
Lee, 2013.
To reduce the Antenna

size, favouring its
application in Mobile
Telephony.
Employing rectangular
Patch for two dipole
elements and adding
patch at both ends of
the ground.
The Antenna size is

reduced, with improved
gain
and
impedence
matching.
Dual-Band
Circularly
Polarized
Microstrip
RFID
Reader
Antenna Using
Metamaterial
Branch
Line
Coupler
Youn-Kwon
Jung
and
Bomson Lee,
2012.
The
dual-band
circularly-polarized
RFID reader antenna
with separate Tx and
Rx ports is connected
by
metamaterial
(MTM)
branch-line
coupler.
A single rectangular
patch is fed by the two
output lines of the
designed
metastructured branch-line
coupler through the
near
orthogonally
positioned slots.
The proposed antenna

presents isolation of 25 dB
at UHF frequency and
isolation of 38 dB at ISM
frequency.
Compact
Broadband
Dual CouplingFeed Circularly
Polarized RFID
Microstrip Tag
Antenna
Mountable on
Metallic
Surface
Horng-Dean
Chen, ChowYenDesmond
Sim
and
ShangHuang
Kuo,2012.
To
enhance
bandwidth
of
antenna having
offset coupling
point.
By
selecting
appropriate dimensions
for the coupled lines
and feed-lines, which
results in excellent
impedance matching.
By incorporating the
dual-offset
feed
technique,
the
bandwidth
of
the
circularly
polarized
(CP) operation can be
enhanced.
The
measured
6-dB
return-loss bandwidth of
the tag antenna is 25MHz
(902927 MHz), and its
corresponding 3-dB axialratio (AR) bandwidth is 20
MHz (903923 MHz).
the
the
dual
feed
A New Design
Method
for
Single-Feed
Circular
Polarization
Microstrip
Antenna With
an
Arbitrary
Impedance
Matching
Condition
Stefano
Maddio,
Alessandro
Cidronali,
and
Gianfranco
Manes, 2011.
A new analytical design

to bring
circular
polarization condition
as well as an arbitrary
input
impedance
matching condition.
The two conditions are

enforced
by
an
analytical
method
derived
from
an
equivalent
circuit
model of a quasisymmetrical
patch
antenna,
and
manipulated to control
the modal detuning.
The proposed method

enables the tuning of the
circular
polarization
condition
and
the
matching
condition
consistently
Circularly
Polarized
Stacked
Annular-Ring
Microstrip
Antenna with
Integrated
Feeding
Network
for
UHF
RFID
Readers
Xi
Chen,
Guang
Fu,
Shu-Xi
Gong, Ya-Li
Yan, and Wei
Zhao, 2010.
To design a circularly
polarized (CP) annularring microstrip antenna
(ARMSA) for ultrahigh
frequency (UHF) radio
frequency identification
(RFID) readers.
A circular parasitic
patch is suspended
above the ring to
improve the impedance
matching
and
bandwidth. It
also
enhances
the
performances of axial
ratio (AR).
The parasitic patch above

the annular ring can
improve the bandwidths of
impedance. High CP gain
of 8.9 dBi and good F/B of
16.5 dB is acquired
respectively at 915 MHz
due to the optimized
ground size.
AsymmetricCircular
Shaped Slotted
Microstrip
Antennas for
Circular
Polarization
and
RFID
Applications
Nasimuddin,
Zhi
Ning
Chen
and
Xianming
Qing, 2010.
To realize the compact

circularly
polarized
micro-strip antennas on
different substrates.
The CP radiation can be

achieved by slightly
asymmetric
(unbalanced)
patch
along the diagonal
directions by slot areas.
Four
symmetric-slits
are also embedded
symmetrically
to
further reduce antenna
size.
The
antenna
on
a
RO4003C substrate has a
higher gain as compared to
the antenna on a FR4
substrate. By changing slit
lengths
along
the
orthogonal directions the
operating frequency-band
of the antenna can be
tuned with good CP
radiation.
A
Universal
UHF
RFID
Reader
Antenna
Zhi
Ning
Chen,
Xianming
Qing
and
Hang Leong
Chung, 2009.
To achieve broadband
circularly
polarized
patch
antenna
for
universal
ultra-high
frequency (UHF) RF
identification (RFID)
A parasitic patch is
positioned right above
the main patch for
enhancing the bandwidth.
The corners of the
The antenna attained an

enhancement of bandwidth.
Therefore, this universal
design can be applied to
all the UHF RFID
An
Inverted
Microstrip-Fed
Cavity-Backed
Slot
Antenna
for
Circular
Polarization
Quan Li and
Zhongxiang
Shen, 2002.
applications.
patches are truncated to

enhance the axial ratio
(AR) performance.
applications worldwide.
To design a compact
circularly
polarized
cavity-backed four-slot
antenna
using
an
inverted configuration.
The metallic cavity

placed in the feed line
side of the substrate can
eliminate
the
undesirable
bidirectional
radiation.
Four slot elements are
arranged along the four
sides of a square loop
and
they
are
synchronously excited
to generate circular
polarization.
The inverted configuration

provides a number of
advantages such as higher
gain,
flexibility
in
designing the cavity, and
the radiating slots,compact
size and shorter simulation
time.
The
measured
antenna gain for righthand circular polarization
(RHCP) is 8.7 dBi at 6.0
GHz.
On the basis of the above reviews, the main highlight obtained from them are that the overall
performance of the antenna can be improved by incorporating circularly polarization, by
employing different Patch structures, different feeding techniques, dual feed points, antenna
dimensions variations are few of them. So the changes to the antenna dimensions are taken as the
proposed work in this paper.
RESEARCH GAP
The Circularly polarized arrowhead shape slot antenna has wide range of research
options, by working on different parts of the antenna, and further studying the
working of the antenna, with the corresponding changes brought to them.
There are several options on which the research on the antenna are being
conducted, such as :
1. Changing the height of the substrate and studying the performance
variations by it.
2. Changing the substrate material and studying the changes with
corresponding values of the dielectric constants of the different substrates.
3. Changing the dimensions of the patch, ground plane of the antennas, can
also give different ways of research options.
In this thesis, the main work is focussed on the changes brought to the ground
plane, that is, the dimensions of the ground plane is altered to study the
corresponding effects.
PROBLEM OF STATEMENT
The main work is to enhance the bandwidth of the Microstrip Patch Antenna, by
changing the dimensions of the Ground plane of the Antenna. Doing so, there will
some side effects also. Changing the dimensions of the ground plane will give
improved bandwidth, but there will be gradual changes in the return loss also. So
the changes made to the ground plane should be done carefully so that the
bandwidth is also improved along with the return loss value of the antenna.
The changes brought to the ground plane affects the performance of the antenna
largely, that is, minute changes too bring different values for the bandwidth. So,
with proper accurateness,
METHODOLOGY USE
Geometrical shape variations of micro strip antenna can change the bandwidth, gain, radiation
pattern etc. Enhancement of bandwidth of a conventional micro strip patch antenna is proposed
here. So we need to optimize the performance parameters of the micro strip antenna like
resonance frequency, quality factor along with the geometrical changes being made to enhance
the performance of micro strip antenna.
In this thesis, the bandwidth improvement will be studied by changing the ground plane
dimensions of the Microstrip Patch Antenna
The Proposed Antenna structure is as shown below :
Fig. ) Antenna Structure

Here this Antenna Structure will be studied and will be applied to variations stated above, like
changes to the ground plane dimensions. These variations will be applied to the Antenna, so as to
bring out some improved performance, like Bandwidth Enhancement, Improved Return loss,
Circular Polarization, Improved Impedence Matching are few of them.

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BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT OF

MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

GUIDE : Mrs. Fathima

fig 1.). Microstrip patch antenna

FEEDING TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA :

TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL :

Fig 2). Electric field between patch and ground.

Fig. 3.) Side view of the Excitations in the Antenna

Where re = Effective dielectric constant, r = Dielectric constant of substrate, h = Height of

Computing the effective patch length :

Then the effective length will be given as,

To reduce the Antenna

The Antenna size is

The proposed antenna

A new analytical design

The two conditions are

The proposed method

The parasitic patch above

To realize the compact

The CP radiation can be

The antenna attained an

patches are truncated to

The metallic cavity

The inverted configuration

Fig. ) Antenna Structure

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