Lecture Notes of Java

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Tutorial

To use JDBC API, you can use interfaces and classes for writing
database applications in java through making connection to databases.
SQL, PL/SQL statements can send to any relational database by using
JDBC API.
JDBC is a Java API for executing SQL statements and supports basic
SQL functionality.
Moreover, as Java can run on a thin client, applets embedded in Web
pages can contain downloadable JDBC code to enable remote database
access.
You will learn how to create a table, insert values into it, query the
table, retrieve results, and update the table with the help of a JDBC
Program example.
Although, JDBC was designed specifically to provide a Java interface to
relational databases, you may find that you need to write Java code to
access non-relational databases as well.
JDBC Architecture

Java application calls the JDBC library. JDBC loads a driver which talks
to the database. We can change database engines without changing
database code.

Steps for Database Connectivity

Before you can create a java jdbc connection to the database, you
must first import the java.sql package.
import java.sql.*;
The star ( * ) indicates that all of the classes in the package java.sql
are to be imported.

Step 1: Loading a database driver

In the first step, the jdbc connection process and we need to load the
driver class by calling Class.forName() with the Driver class name as
an argument.
Once it loaded, the Driver class creates an instance of itself. A client
can connect to Database Server through JDBC Driver.
Since most of the Database servers support ODBC (Open database
connectivity) driver therefore JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver is commonly
used.
The return type of the Class.forName (String ClassName) method is
Class. Class is a class in java.lang package. For example,
try {
Class.forName(sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver);
//Or any other driver
}
catch(Exception x){
System.out.println( Unable to load the driver class!
);
}

Note: You can use ODBC Driver to connect with MS-Access, SQL
Server, Dbase and Foxpro. In order to do this, you need to define first
ODBC name through ODBC Data source control, which is present in
control panel.
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JDBC URL Syntax: jdbc: <subprotocol>: <subname>

JDBC URL Example: jdbc: <subprotocol>: <subname>
Each driver has its own subprotocol
Each subprotocol has its own syntax for the source. Were using the
jdbc odbc subprotocol, so the DriverManager knows to use the
sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.

Step

2:

Define

Connection

through

DriverManager

class

The JDBC DriverManager class defines objects which can connect Java
applications to a JDBC driver. DriverManager is considered the
backbone of JDBC architecture.
DriverManager class manages the JDBC drivers that are installed on
the system. Its getConnection() method is used to establish a
connection to a database.
It uses a username, password, and a jdbc url to establish a connection
to the database and returns a connection object.
A jdbc Connection represents a session/connection with a specific
database. Within the context of a Connection, SQL, PL/SQL statements
are executed and results are returned.
An application can have one or more connections with a single
database, or it can have many connections with different databases.
A Connection object provides metadata i.e. information about the
database, tables, and fields. It also contains methods to deal with
transactions.

Database Connectivity with username and password Example:

String url= jdbc:odbc:ODBCName;
try{
Connection
dbConnection=DriverManager.getConnection(url,loginName,Password);
}
catch( SQLException x ){
System.out.println( Couldnt get connection! );
}

Database Connectivity without username and password

Example:
String url= jdbc:odbc:ODBCName;
try{
Connection dbConnection=DriverManager.getConnection(url);
}
catch( SQLException x ){
System.out.println( Couldnt get connection! );
}

Step 3: Initiate SQL Statement

Once a connection is obtained we can interact with the database.
Connection interface defines methods for interacting with the database
via the established connection.
To execute SQL statements, you need to instantiate a Statement
object from your connection object by using the createStatement()
method. Syntax is given as:
Statement statement = dbConnection.createStatement();
A statement object is used to send and execute SQL statements to a
database. There are following three kinds of Statements:

Statement: Execute simple sql queries without parameters.

Statement createStatement()
Creates an SQL Statement object.
Prepared Statement: Execute precompiled sql queries with or
without parameters.
PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql)
returns a new PreparedStatement object. PreparedStatement objects
are precompiled SQL statements.
Callable Statement: Execute a call to a database stored procedure.
CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql)
returns a new CallableStatement object. CallableStatement objects are
SQL stored procedure call statements.

Step 4: Execute SQL statement

Statement interface defines methods that are used to interact with
database via the execution of SQL statements. The Statement class
has three methods for executing statements:
executeQuery(), executeUpdate(), and execute().
For a SELECT statement, the method to use is executeQuery.
For statements that create or modify tables, the method to use is
executeUpdate.
Note: Statements that create a table, alter a table, or drop a table are
all examples of DDL (Data definition language) statements and are
executed with the method executeUpdate.
execute() executes an SQL statement that is written as String object.
For demonstration of all four steps, consider a simple example to
display all records of faculty (faculty_code,faculty_name,designation)
table from university database, which has odbc name as university.

import java.sql.*;
public class JDBCDemo {
public static void main( String[] args ) {
try {
// Connect to the database
Class.forName("jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
String url = "jdbc:odbc:university";
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
// Execute the SQL statement
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet resultSet = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * from Faculty");
System.out.println("Faculty Code Name Designation!");
// Loop thru all the rows
while( resultSet.next() ) {
String code = resultSet.getString( "Faculty_code" );
System.out.print( code );
String name = resultSet.getString( "Faculty_Name" );
System.out.print( name );
String desg = resultSet.getString( "Designation" );
System.out.println( desg );
}
stmt.close();
}
catch( Exception e ) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

This program provides access to a table of data generated by

executing a Statement. The table rows are retrieved in sequence. A
ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current row of data. The
next() method is used to successively step through the rows of the
tabular results.
Information: Please find this program in a file name JDBCDemo.java.

Connecting to a MySQL Database in Java

In this section, you will learn how to connect the MySQL database with
the Java file. Firstly, we need to establish a connection between
MySQL and Java files with the help of MySQL driver.
Now we will make our account in MySQL database so that we can get
connected to the database. After establishing a connection, we can
access or retrieve data form MySQL database. We are going to make a
program on connecting to a MySQL database, after going through this
program you will be able to establish a connection on your own PC.
Information: Please find this program in a file name MysqlConnect.java.
Description of program:
This program establishes the connection between MySQL database and
java files with the help of various types of APIs interfaces and
methods. If connection is established then it shows "Connected to the
database" otherwise it will display a message "Disconnected from
database".
A short description is given below:
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName = "jdbctutorial";
String driver = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
String userName = "root";
String password = "root";
try{
Connection
dbConnection=DriverManager.getConnection(url+dbName,username,Password);
}
catch( SQLException x ){
System.out.println( Couldnt get connection! );
}

Mapping MySQL Data Types in Java

The following table represents the default Java mapping for various
common MySQL data types:
MySQL Type

Java Type

MySQL Type

Java Type

CHAR

String

FLOAT

Double

VARCHAR

String

DOUBLE

Double

LONGVARCHAR

String

BINARY

byte []

NUMERIC

java.math.BigDecimal VARBINARY

DECIMAL

java.math.BigDecimal LONGVARBINARY byte []

BIT

boolean

DATE

java.sql.Date

TINYINT

byte

TIME

java.sql.Time

SMALLINT

short

TIMESTAMP

java.sql.Tiimestamp

INTEGER

int

BIGINT

Long

BIGINT

long

REAL

float

byte []

Creating a Database in MySQL

After establishing the connection withMySQL database by using
the JDBC driver, you will learn how we can create our database. A
database is a large collection of data or information stored in our
computer in an arranged way. It helps us for accessing, managing and
updating the data easily. In this example we are going to create a
database by MySQL and with the help of some java methods
and SQL statement. A RDBMS (Relational Database Management
System) is a type of DBMS (Database Management System) which
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stores the data in the form of tables. So, we can view and use the
same database in many different ways.
Information: Please find this program in a file name
CreateDatabase.java.
Description of program:
Firstly this program establishes the connection with MySQL database
and takes a database name as its input in the database query and only
after that it will create a new database and show a message "1 row(s)
affected" otherwise, it displays "SQL statement is not executed!".
Description of code:
CREATE DATABASE db_name;
Above code is used for creating a new database. It takes a database
name and then a new database is created by that name.

Creating a Database Table

Table: A table is basic component of database (DB) that has number of
rows and columns. All tables are stored in a specific database.
Here we are providing you an example with code and it's description
that helps you to create a database table by using java file. Brief
description given below:
Information: Please find this program in a file name CreatTable.java.
Description of program:
Firstly in this program we are going to establish the connection with
database and creating a table with some fields. If table name already
exists then we are displaying the message "Table already exists!".

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Description of code:
Statement:
It is a interface. Statement object executes the SQL statement and
returns the result it produces.
createStatement():
It is a method of Connection interface, which returns Statement object.
This method will compile again and again whenever the program runs.
CREATE TABLE table_name(field_name):
An appropriate code used for creating a table with given field name.
executeUpdate(String table):
This
method
also
executes SQL statement
that
may
be INSERT, UPDATE OR DELETE statement are used in the code. It
takes string types parameters for SQL statement. It returns int.

Deleting a Table from Database

Imagine a situation where we need to delete a table from the
database. We can do it very easily by using the commands in the
MySQL database. But, how we can delete the table using java methods
and API. In this section we are describing, how to delete a table from
database using java methods. Java provides the facility for deleting a
specific table from a given database with the help of some specified
methods. See detailed information given below:
Information: Please find this program in a file name DeleteTable.java.
Description of program:
Create a class DeleteTable inside which, firstly establishes the
connection with MySQL database. After establishing the connection we
will delete a table from specific database. If the table which we want to
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delete get deletes then we will print the message "Table Deletion
process is completely successfully!", otherwise it will display " Table is
not exists!".
DROP TABLE table_name:
Above code is used for deleting any table from a given database.

Retrieving Tables from a Database

In database system it is very important to know about the tables. To
work with this, it is very important to know how to retrieve a table and
create a table in the database. This section provides you a facility for
retrieving tables from a specific database through an example. In
relational database, all the data is stored in the tabular format (rows
and columns). See detail information below:
Information: Please find this program in a file name AllTableName.java.
Description of program:
In this program we are establishing the connection between
the MySQL database and Java file. We will retrieve the table with the
help of some java methods and APIs interface. If the database has one
or more tables then it shows all tables, otherwise displays the
message "No any table in the database".
DatabaseMetaData:
This is an interface of java.sql package that implemented by driver
vendors. It tells about the data of the data like number of tables in the
database, the information about the columns of the table.
getMetaData():
It is a method of Connection interface. This method has metadata
around the database and retrieves DatabaseMetaData object.
ResultSet:
The ResultSet is

an

interface

that

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provides

getter

methods

(getBoolean, getString, getTable and so on) for retrieving values.

A ResultSet object is by default not updatable and forward only.
getTables(null, null, "%", types):
This method returns ResultSet and takes the following string types
parameter:
catalog : Table catalog name (may be null)
schemaPattern : Table catalog name (may be null)
tableNamePattern : Table name("%")
types : Table type
rs.next():
This method returns the next element of the ResultSet object.
getString("Table name"):
Above method retrieves the values from ResultSet object. It takes
string type value.

Inserting values in MySQL database table

After making the table in the database, we need to insert the values in
the database. Here we are going to see, how we can insert values in
the MySQL database table. We know that tables store data in rows and
column format. After creating a database table, you need to insert the
values in it. In this section, we are providing an example with code
that provides the facility for inserting the values in MySQL database
table.
Description of program:
First of all this program establishes the connection with MySQL
database through the JDBC driver, after only that we will be able to
insert the values in specific table with the help of some APIs and
methods. If any values get inserted in the table then shows a message
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"1 row affected" but if any problems comes while inserting the data in
the table then it will displays the message "SQL statement is not
executed!".
Information: Please find this program in a file name
InsertValues.java.
INSERT table_name VALUES(field_values):
Above code is used, when you want to insert values in the database
table with appropriate value.

Retrieving All Rows from a Database Table

Here, you will learn how to retrieve all rows from a database table.
You know that table contains the data in rows and columns format. If
you want to access the data from a table then you need to use
some APIs and methods. See brief descriptions for retrieving all rows
from a database table as below:
Information: Please find this program in a file name
GetAllRows.java.
Description of program:
Program establishes the connection between MySQL database and java
file so that we can retrieve all data from a specific database table. If
any exception occurs then shows a message "SQL code does not
execute.".
executeQuery(String sql):

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This

method

executes

the SQL statement

and

returns

single ResultSet object. It takes string type parameter for executing

the SQL statement.
SELECT * FROM table_name:
Above code retrieves all data from specific database table.
getInt(String column_name):
This method is of java.sql.ResultSet interface that takes string type
parameter and returns an integer type values.
getString(String column_name):
This method is same as getInt() method but it returns the string type
values.

Count Rows from a Database Table

After creating a database table, if we want to know number of rows in
a table then we can get it very easily by using the simple database
query. See brief description below:
Information: Please find this program in a file name CountRows.java.
Description of program:
For this program to work firstly we need to establish the connection
with MySQL database by the help of JDBC driver. When the connection
has been established we need to pass a table name from the given
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database in the query and the rows will be counted and the result will
be displayed. If any exception is thrown then it will show "SQL
statement is not executed!"
Description of code:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
This code is used to count the rows of given table. table_name: It is a
name of the table of which we want to see the rows.

Getting Column Names from a database

Here we are providing you an example with code that retrieves all
columns name in a specific database table. Sometimes, you need to
know the number of columns and the names of the columns of the
table, so you can retrieve it with the help of this example. See detail
information given below:
Information:

Please

find

this

program

in

file

name

Columename.java.
Description of program:
Create a class ColumnName. The name of the class should be such
that the other person can easily understand what this program is going
to do. Strictly follow the naming conventions of java. Now declare a
static

method

inside

which

creates

the

connection

with MySQL database through the JDBC driver. After establishing the

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connection then you get all columns name and number of columns of
specified table with the help of some APIs and methods.
ResultSetMetaData:
This is an interface of java.sql package that can be used for getting
information

about

types

and

properties

of

columns

in

a ResultSet object.
getColumnCount():
Above method retrieves number of columns (integer types data) in
the ResultSet object.
getColumnName(int column):
This

method

returns

columns

name

(string

type

data)

from ResultSetMetaData object and takes integer type value.

Adding a New Column Name in Database Table

In this jdbc tutorial program we are going to learn about adding a new
column in database table. Sometimes it happens that we have created
a table and forgets to add some important column name into it. Later
while retrieving the data from that table we come to know that the
table doesn't contains that particular column we are searching for. So
there is no need to get panic. We have the solution for this, we are
describing it with the help of the simple example. Brief description
given below:
Description of program:
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Firstly we need to create a connection with the help of JDBC driver for
connecting to the MySQLdatabase. Remember, in this program we are
going to add columns to an existing database table. After establishing
the connection, it takes table name, column name and it's data type
and at last add a new column in the table. If the column gets inserted
or added in the table then it shows "Query OK, n rows affected"
otherwise it will displays a message "Table or column or data type is
not found!".
Information:

Please

find

this

program

in

file

name

AddColume.java.
ALTER TABLE

table_name ADD col_name data_type;

Above code is used for adding a new column in the database table and
takes appropriate attributes:
table_name: This is a table name in which you want to add a new
column name.
col_name: It is a name of the column that you want to add in a table.
data_type: This is a data type of new column.

Sum of Column in a Database Table

This section describes how we can calculate the sum of specific column
data in the database table. Consider an example of any university
where we need to calculate the sum of numbers achieved by the
student. Either we can do it manually or by using just the simple
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query. By doing it manually is a very cumbersome work, but by using

simple query it can be done very easily. By seeing the example given
below you can easily understand how you can get the sum of specific
column. Here we are providing you an example.
Information:

Please

find

this

program

in

file

name

SumColume.java.
Description of program:
In the program the first

task we going to do is to establish the

connection with MySQL database by using the JDBC driver. When the
connection has been established pass the table name and name of that
column of which we want to calculate the sum. If the statement gets
processed then it shows the sum of the particular column else it will
displays a message "SQL statement is not executed!".
SELECT SUM(col_name)

FROM table_name:

This code can be used to calculate the sum of specific column in

database table.

Deleting All Rows from a Database Table

Consider a case where we have been given one database table, now
we have to delete all the rows from the table. This section describes
for deleting all rows from a specific database table. Deleting all rows
with the help of some java methods and APIs interfaces that is given
below:
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Information:

Please

find

this

program

in

file

name

DeleteAllRows.java.
Description of program:
This program establishes the connection between the MySQL database
and java file with the help of a jdbc driver. After that deletes all rows
by the SQL statement and shows a message "All rows are completely
deleted!". If SQL statement is not executed then displays "SQL
statement is not executed!".
Delete from table.

Delete a Specific Row from a Database Table

Consider a case where we are creating a table and we have to add
some data in it. It may happen that we might add a wrong data in a
row, now we need to delete that wrong data. This can be done very
easily, and in this section we are going to do the same that is, how to
delete a specific row from a specific database table. Here is an
example with code which provides the facility for deleting specific row
in a database table. Sometimes, you want to delete a specific row then
you use some java methods and APIs interfaces. Detail information
given below:

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Information:

Please

find

this

program

in

file

name

DeleteSpecificRow.java.
Description of program:
Firstly, in this program we are going to establish the connection by
using MySQL database. After establishing the connection we are going
to delete a specific row from the table. If the row get deletes
successfully then it will shows an appropriate message: "Row is
deleted.". If the row doesn't gets deleted then displays a message:
"Row is not deleted". If there arises any problem while establishing the
connection or there doesn't exist the table by that name or there is no
data in the table then the exception will be thrown that "SQL
statement is not executed". If any problems occurs while making
connection

then

system

displays

message

with

the

help

of java.lang.ClassNotFoundExceptionexception.
Description of code:
DELETE FROM employee6 WHERE Emp_code = '1':
Above

code

deletes

the

record

in

the employee6 table

which

has Emp_code = '1'.

employee6:

This

is

table

name

of

specific

database.

Emp_code: It specifies the column name of a specific database table.

'1': This is the value of specified column name.

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Join tables
Consider a case, where there is too many records and tables in a
database. Now to retrieve a particular row from a table or database is
a very time consuming. So, what the alternative to that, divide the
table in more than one table. In this section, we are going to see how
to join two or more tables in a specific database. For this you need to
have two or more table in the database. If two or more tables are
available in the database then Join operation is performed otherwise
not. Firstly, it is important to know about the join operation. Join
operation provides the facility to combine records between two or
more tables. It relates one table to another. Joining is the type of
query for retrieving data two or more table in specific database. You
can join the tables various types like: Natural join, Natural left join,
Natural right join and so on. Here we are providing you an example
with code that joins two tables through theNATURAL JOIN. Brief
information given below:
Join: A join provides the facility to connect two tables are merged to
each other according to field that is common and creates a new virtual
table.
NATURAL JOIN: It is a type of join that retrieves data within specified
tables to specific field is matched.
NATURAL LEFT JOIN: In this operation both tables are merged to each
other according to common fields but the priority is given to the first
table in database.

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NATURAL RIGHT JOIN: It also same as Natural left join but it retrieves
the data from the second table in the database.
Information:

Please

find

this

program

in

file

name

NatJoinTable.java.
Description of program:
First

of

all,

this

program

establishes

the

connection

with MySQL database through the JDBC driver. After establishing the
connection the NATURAL JOIN operation is performed within two tables
say: employee and Emp_sal. The employee table holds the Emp_ed
and Emp_name fields and Emp_sal table contains the Emp_name and
Emp_sal. We are making use of the emp_name to join the tables.
Description of code:
SELECT *FROM employee NATURAL JOIN Emp_sal:
This code is used to show all fields that matches in the both tables on
the basis of Emp_name field.

=========== End of JDBC=========================

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