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Thevenin's Theorem: S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

This document describes experiments to verify Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, superposition theorem, and maximum power transfer theorem. The experiments involve building circuits with resistors and voltage sources and measuring voltages, currents, and power under different configurations. The results are recorded and analyzed to demonstrate that the equivalent circuits produced by the theorems accurately model the original circuits. Verifying these circuit analysis theorems helps validate their use in simplifying complex networks.

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Upender Rao Sunkishala
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130 views10 pages

Thevenin's Theorem: S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

This document describes experiments to verify Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, superposition theorem, and maximum power transfer theorem. The experiments involve building circuits with resistors and voltage sources and measuring voltages, currents, and power under different configurations. The results are recorded and analyzed to demonstrate that the equivalent circuits produced by the theorems accurately model the original circuits. Verifying these circuit analysis theorems helps validate their use in simplifying complex networks.

Uploaded by

Upender Rao Sunkishala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN'S AND NORTON'S THEOREM

Aim: To verify Thevenin's and Norton's theorem.


Apparatus Required:
S. No.

Apparatus

Range

Type

Quantity

Theory:
Thevenin's theorem
Statement: Thevenin's theorem states that in any two terminal, linear, bilateral network having a
number of voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit
consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance, where the value of the voltage source is
equal to the open circuit voltage across the two terminals of the network, and the resistance is the
equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with all energy sources replaced by their internal
resistances.
Norton's theorem
Statement: Norton's theorem States that in any two terminal, linear, bilateral network with current
sources, voltage sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source in parallel with a resistance. The value of the current source is the short circuit current between
the two terminals of the network and the resistance is the equivalent resistance measured between the
terminals of the network with all the energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.

Given circuit:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig2 and measure the thevenin's resistance (using digital
multimeter).
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig3 to measure thevenin's voltage (using DC voltmeter).
3. Now measure the load current using a DC ammeter by connecting the circuit as shown in fig4.
4. Using an DC ammeter measure the short circuit current by connecting the circuit as shown in
fig 5.
5. With the values obtained in step 1 and step 2 connect the thevenin's equivalent circuit as shown
in fig 6 and measure the load current.
6. Similarly with the values obtained in step 1 and step 4 connect the Norton's equivalent circuit
and measure the load current.
7. Observe the readings obtained in step3 , step5, step6.
Circuit Diagrams:

Fig-2. (Finding Vth )

Fig-5 Thevenin's equivalent circuit.

Fig-5 Norton's equivalent circuit.

Observations:
Tabular column:
Rth

Vth

Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Practical

Isc or IN

IL

Theoretical Practical

Theoretical Practical

Thevenin's equivalent circuit:


I'L
Theoretical

Practical

Norton's equivalent circuit:


I''L
Theoretical

Practical

Result:

QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
Q.1 To what type of circuit Thevenins theorem is applicable
A. Linear and bilateral
Q.2 What is the use of Thevenins theorem?
A. To convert the complex ckt into a voltage source and a series resistance
Q.3 How RTH is connected with the ckt?
A. In series
Q.4 How is RTH connected with the load resistance?
A. In series
Q.5 Resistance is a n active element or the passive?
A. Passive
Q.6 How will you calculate the RTH?
A. The resistance between the two terminals
Q.9 In place of current source, what is placed while calculating RTH?
A. Replace current source by open circuit

Q.10 In place of voltage source which electrical parameters is placed?


A. A short ckt.
Q.11 To what type of network Nortons theorem applicable?
A. Two terminal linear network containing independent voltage and current sources.
Q.12 How is RN connected to IN?
A. In the parallel
Q.13 What is placed in place of voltage sources while calculating the RN?
A. Their internal resistance replaces these.
Q.14 Give an example of unilateral circuit?
A. Diode rectifier
Q.15 What is unilateral circuit?
A. Whose characteristics changes with the change in direction of operation
Q.16 Give one example of the bilateral network?
A. Transmission lines

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM


Aim: To verify superposition theorem.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.

Apparatus

Range

Type

Quantity

Theory:
Statement: Superposition theorem states that "In any linear bilateral network containing two or more sources,
the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual sources acting
alone, while the other sources are non-operative i.e., while considering the effect of individual sources, other
ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit
across their terminals.
Circuit diagram:

Fig 1

Fig 2

Vs2

Fig 3
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in fig.1 and measure the current 'I'.
2. Short circuit Vs1 (assuming the internal resistance of Vs2 source to be zero) as shown in fig.2 and
note down the current I1 when only Vs1 is acting.
3. Short circuit Vs1 (assuming the internal resistance of Vs1 source to be zero) as shown in fig. 3
and note down the current I2 when only Vs2 is acting.
4. By superposition theorem I = I1+I2.
Observation:
Tabular column

Parameters
I1
I2
I
Result:

Theoretical
Values

Practical
Values

Aim: To verify maximum power transfer theorem


Apparatus Required:
S. No.

Apparatus

Range

Type

Quantity

Theory:
Statement: The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a
source resistance to a load resistance when the load resistance is equal to source resistance.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1.

2. By varying RL in steps note down the reading of ammeter IL in each step


3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 2, measure the effective resistance RTH with the help of
digital multimeter.
4. Calculate power delivered to load in each step.
5. Plot the graph PL Vs RL and find the RL at which maximum power occurs.
Observations:
Rth (theoretical) =

Rth (practical) =

Tabular Column:
S.No

RL

Theoritical
IL
PL

Practical
IL
PL

Model Graph:

Result:

Q.1 What is maximum power transfer formula?


A. Pmax=Eth2 /4RL
Q.2 What is electric network?
A. An electric ckt arises when a no. of parameters or electric elements coexist or combine in a certain

arrangement.
Q.4 What is necessary to know the polarity of voltage drop across a resistance?
A. Direction of current through the resistance.
. Q.7 What is the resistance of ideal voltage source?
A. Zero
Q.8 When will the power extracted from a ckt is maximum?
A. When RL is equal to the internal resistance of the ckt.
Q.9 How is the ammeter connected in circuit?
A. In series
Q.10 To find the voltage drop across a resistance, where should the voltmeter be connected?
A. In parallel.
Q.11.Which type of networks is superposition theorem applicable
A .Linear and bilateral

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