Specification for Centrifugal Compressor Piping System

Vibration/Dynamic Analysis
(SurgeControlDynamicStudy,FIV,AIV,PipeStressAnalysis)

ThisPipingVibrationSpecificationincludesthefollowing:
1. SupplierQualification
2. SurgeControlDynamicDesign(DynamicSimulationofCompressor/PipingSystem)
3. FlowInducedVibration(FIV)Assessment
4. AcousticInducedVibration(AIV)Assessment
5. OptionalStudies:
a. PipeStressAnalysis(thermalpipinganalysis)
b. SmallBoreConnectionAssessment(evaluationtoavoidresonanceinbranchconnections)
c. PulsationInteractionwithReciprocatingCompressors(analysisofpulsationsinthepipingsystem
andpotentialinteractionbetweenreciprocating/centrifugalcompressorsystems).

TipsforSuccessfulProjects
Thegoaloftheworkistoavoidvibrationinducedpipingfailures(integrityproblems)orreliabilityproblems.Best
resultsareachievedwhenthefacilityownerorengineeringconsultantcontractsdirectlywiththe
Vibration/DynamicDesignConsultanttoperformthestudies.Thisensurestheworkcoverstherequiredscopeand
avoidspotentiallyconflictingrolesandrecommendations.

Bestpracticesforsuccessfulprojectsincludeearlyinvolvement,typicallyattheFrontEndEngineeringandDesign
(FEED)stageandduringthedetaileddesignphase.

1 SupplierQualification
Thesuppliershallbeanestablishedvibration/dynamicdesignandfieldengineeringcompany.Thefollowing
capabilitiesarerequired(nodeviationspermitted):
Thesuppliersengineersshallhaveover10yearsofexperienceworkingwithdynamicsimulationofcentrifugal
compressorsystemsandreciprocatingcompressorsystems,andinpulsationanalysis,flowinducedvibration,
pipingflexibility,structuraldynamics,andtorsionalvibrationanalysis.
Thesupplierownstransientandpulsationanalysissoftware,basedonthemethodofcharacteristics.The
supplierhasfieldverifiedtheaccuracyofitssoftwareandcanprovideitsownfieldtestresultstoverifythe
accuracy.
Thesupplierhasfulltimefieldengineersonstaffwithexperienceinfieldperformancetesting,multichannel
spectralvibrationanalysis,anddocumentedfieldtroubleshootingexperienceinFIV,AIV,shellmode,and
smallboreanalysis.
TheSupplierprovidestechnicaltrainingcoursesontherelatedtopics.
Toensureconsistency,allofthefollowingstudiesaretobeperformedbythesamesupplier.

BetaMachineryAnalysisisanapprovedsupplierforthisscopeofwork.

2 SurgeControlDynamicDesign(DynamicSimulation)
Adynamictransientstudyisrequiredforthecentrifugalcompressorsurgecontrolsystemincludingeverystageof
the compressor, associated suction and discharge piping, recycles line(s), affected coolers, check valves, and
relatedcontrolcomponents.

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Thescopeofthestudyshallincludeallthreeofthesecompressoroperatingscenarios:
a. Startup
b. Operationsincludingallstandardoperatingconditionsandplannedshutdowns
c. EmergencyShutdown
Thesuppliershallusefieldvalidatedtransientanalysissoftwarecapableoftransientsurgeanalysis.Thesoftware
shallincludethefullgoverningequationsdescribingtransientcompressibleflowinpipingsystemssolvedbythe
methodofcharacteristicsusingpartialdifferentialequationsandincludesthespatialgradients.

CENTRANtransientsoftwareisapprovedforthisapplication.
BetaMachineryAnalysisisanapprovedsupplierforsurgecontroldesignanalysis.

Thefollowinginformationistobesuppliedandutilizedinthetransientmodeltoensuresufficientaccuracyofthe
surgecontrolsystem:
a. Compressor,GearboxandDriverSupplymanufacturer,model,andratings.Supplyinformation
aboutgearboxifincluded.Includeinformationforeachstageofcompression,ifrequired.
b. Isometrics,P&ID,andGeneralArrangementdrawingsIncludedrawingsofthecompressor
installation,coolers,andpipingsystem.Includedrawingsofothercompressorsinthestation
includingreciprocatingcompressors.
c. ApplicationSummarizeapplication,operatingrequirements,includinganyuniquefeatures.
d. CompressorFlowMapMapistobeintermsofpolytropicorisentropicheadversusactualflow.
Includefactorytestverifiedsurgecontrolline(ifavailable).
e. GasCompositionThisistherangeofexpecteddensities/compositions.
f. InletVolume
g. DischargeVolumeProvidethevolumeonthedischargesystemtocheckvalveincludingrecycleline,
associatedcooler,etc.
h. StartUpTime(seconds)Thisisthetotaltimetheunitcanoperateinrecyclemodebefore
overheating.
i. RotatingInertiaThisistheinertiaofthedrivercomponentandconnectedload.
j. DelayTimetoShutOffDriverPowerDriverOEMshallprovidetheestimatedtimetoreduceall
powertocompressorbasedonthedriverresponsetime.Forexample,mostelectricmotordriven
machineswillquicklyshutoffallpowertothecompressor.Theresponsetimeisoften<2seconds.
k. DelayTimeDuetoControlSystemResponseTheresponsetimeshallincludeturbineunloading,lag
timebetweenthefuelshutoffandthecontrolvalve.
l. ValveResponseProvideinformationonvalvestrokingtimesandadditionaldeadtimeforallvalves
inthesystemincludingisolationvalves.
m. Estimatedtuning/configurationparametersEstimateforthesurgecontrolsystemincludes
estimatesforstepopeningofantisurgevalves.

StudyRequirementsandDeliverables
a. InitialReviewThevibrationengineershallreviewthecompressorapplication,proposedoperational
requirements,preliminarypiping,andotheravailableinformationearlyintheproject(includingFront
EndEngineering&Designstageifpossible).Vibrationengineertoproviderecommendationsand
considerations.
b. DetailedDesign
i. Thevibrationengineershallprepareanaccuratetransientmodelbasedonthedesign
information.
ii. Themodelshallincludealltolerances,includingcontrolsystemdelay,actuatortiming,valve
operation,etc.

Specification: Centrifugal Compressor Piping System

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iii. Themodelshallanalyzethestartup,operations,andemergencyshutdown.Theoperating
scenarioshallevaluatetheentireoperatingmap.
iv. Riskareasshallbeidentified.
v. Modificationsshallbeidentifiedandevaluated.
vi. Detailedreportshallbeprovidedthatsummarizesthemodelparameters,recommendations,
andmodelresults.

3 FlowinducedVibration(FIV)
Thisstudyevaluatesvortexsheddingandpotentialvibrationacrossdeadlegbranches,andalsofocusesonFIV
excitationofsmallboreattachmentssuchasthermowellsandothercomponentsintheflow.
a. Evaluatealldeadlegbranchesinthecompressorsystemincludingsuctionanddischargepiping.
b. Determineacousticnaturalfrequency(ANF)foreachlocationinthesystem.
c. IdentifyexcitationfrequenciesandlocationswhereresonancewiththeANFispossible.
d. Reviewdrawingsandstandardsforthermowellsandothercomponentsinsertedintheflowline.
e. Evaluatedesigntodetermineriskoffatiguefailure.
f. ThereportshallincludefindingsandrecommendationstoaddressFIVrisks.

4 AcousticInducedVibration(AIV)
Thisstudyevaluatesacousticenergydownstreamofpressurereducingvalves,safetyvalvesandotherpressure
reducinglocations.AIVcangeneratelargeamplitudevibrationinthemainprocesspipingandbranchconnections.

Thestudyshallevaluatethepipingsystem,identifyAIVsourcesandhighriskareas,andrecommendmodifications
tothepipingsystem,valvesorothersolutionstoreducedynamicstresslevels.

TheEisinger(alsoreferredtoasD/t)methodshallbeusedtocheckpipingagainstfatiguefailurelimitsbasedon
thecalculatedsoundpowerlevel(PWL).

5 OptionalStudies
a. PipeStressAnalysis
i.
Themaindischargeprocesspipingshallbeincludedinthescopeofanalysis.Theclientshalldefine
thepipingsystemtobeevaluated.
ii.
Themodelshallbeterminatedeitheratananchorpoint(whichmusthaveastiffnessandorderof
magnitudehigherthanadjacentsupports),oratapointsignificantlyfarawayfromtheedgeof
scopetoavoidinfluencingtheresults.
iii.
CoolernozzleloadsshallbeevaluatedagainstAPI661,orotherfieldprovenguidelines.Vessel
nozzleloadsmaybeevaluatedagainstWRC107,orotherfieldprovenguidelines.
iv.
Boundaryconditionsshallbeaccuratelymodeledwithappropriatestiffness,gaps,andfriction.
Anchororrigidboundaryconditionsaretypicallynotappropriateandresultinexcessively
conservativerecommendations.
v.
Thereportshallcontainthefindingsandrecommendations.

b. SmallBoreConnectionAssessment(evaluationtoavoidresonanceinbranchconnections)
i.
Smallborepiping(PSVs,relieflines,drains,sightglasses,etc.typicallyNPS2orless)shallbe
evaluatedforriskoffatiguefailure.
ii.
Thestandarddesignserviceshallinclude:
Atthedesignstage,smallborepipingshallbeevaluatedforlikelihoodoffailure(LOF).
Duringfabrication,visittheshoptoconductimpacttest,visualinspection,andevaluation
ofsmallborepiping.

Specification: Centrifugal Compressor Piping System

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iii.

Afterstartup,asmallborepipingvibrationauditshallbeconductedandcomparedto
fieldprovenguidelines.
Thereportshallincludedesignofmechanicalrecommendationstomitigateriskof
fatiguefailure.
RefertoSBCAssessmentserviceformoredetails

c. PulsationInteractionwithReciprocatingCompressors
i.
Thisstudyisrecommendedwheremultiplereciprocatingcompressorsareconnectedonthesame
headerascentrifugalcompressors.Pulsationsgeneratedbyreciprocatingcompressorscanaffect
thereliabilityofcentrifugalcompressors.
ii.
Thescopeofanalysisistoevaluatepulsationsintheheadersandpipingsystem,whichcaninteract
withacentrifugalcompressor.
NonlinearTimeDomainpulsationanalysissoftwareshallbeusedtoevaluatepulsationsgenerated
iii.
inthesuctionanddischargeheaders.Thestudyshallcomparepulsationsfromdifferent
combinationsofcompressoroperations(operatingvsshutin)andtoaddressdifferentoperation
pressuresandflowrates(basedonplannedoractualoperatinghistory).
iv.
Worstcasepulsationamplitudesandforcesshallbeidentified.Determineoperatingscenarios
wherethepressurepulsationswillexceedthetolerancesofthecentrifugalcompressor.If
problemsarepredicted,recommendedmodificationsorfurtheractionsnecessaryforensuring
reliablecompressoroperationshallbeprovided.
v.
Reportshallcontainthefindingsandrecommendations.

Specification: Centrifugal Compressor Piping System

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