SAMYAK-2011

Power Quality
Innovation in Harmonic Filtering
By,
G.Hanumantha rao
K.Adithya
Reg. no: 08AK1A0210
08AK1A0201
[email protected]

[email protected]

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES COLLEGE
ABSTRACT:

created

by

non

linear

loads that draw current in

Power quality has

abrupt pulses rather than

become a great concern

in a smooth.

for both energy suppliers

problems

and

harmonics have different

their

customers

Different
due

to

because the increasing use

solutions.

of sensitive devices and

we are going to present

the

you the Basic concept of

significant

In this paper

consequences of a poor

harmonics,

their

power

problems

quality

for

the

generation,

competitiveness

of

the

created

companies.

by

them

and

HARMONIC
The increasing

developments
increasing

need
use

of

FILTERATION

as

solution for this problem

of Harmonics.

electricity. While meeting

this power demand, there
causes

electrical

pollution
system

in

INTRODUCTION:

called

Harmonics.

The

POWER

integer

QUALITY is defined as

multiples of fundamental

the concept of powering

currents/voltages.

and grounding electronic

harmonics

are

Substantial

presence

of

equipment in a manner that

harmonics

results

in

is suitable to the operation

excessive overheating of

of

the

equipment

the equipments and other

manner that is suitable to

problems. Harmonics are

the

operation

of

ina
that

equipment and compatible

problems

of

with the premise wiring

disturbances

system and other connected

fluctuations.

harmonic

and

voltage

equipment.
power quality has become a
strategic

issue

for

the

following reasons:

The

MAIN

POWER

QUALITY
economic

necessity

for

businesses

to

increase

DISTRUBENCES:

their

competitiveness.

The widespread use

of equipment which
is

sensitive

to

voltage disturbances
and

/or

generates

disturbances itself.

The deregulation of
the

electricity

market.
In this context, it is
essential for the utility and

Power

the customers to prevent

involves characterising low

and detect power quality

frequency

problems

electromagnetic

and

to

have

quality

usually
conducted

solutions available to fix

disturbances which can be

them.

ranked

The

power

quality

correction

and

filtering

system

solution

to

in

different

categories.

harmonic
solve

give
the

VOLTAGE SAG:-

Voltage sag is a

amplitude of less than 10%

sudden reduction (between

of the nominal voltage.

10% and 90%) of the

Voltage variations are a

voltage magnitude at a point

series of voltage changes

in the electric

which are characterised by

System and lasting from 0.5

the frequency of variation

cycles

and the magnitude.

to

few

seconds.

Either switching operations

Voltage

or any type of faults as well

caused by a slow variation

as fault clearing process can

of loads

cause

voltage

Switching

like

variations

are

dip.
those

associated with a temporary

disconnection of the supply
or flow of heavy currents
associated with the starting
of large motor loads is the
most common. These events
maybe originated at the
utility

side

or

at

the

customer site.
connected to the network
VOLTAGE

VARITIONS

and mainly due to rapidly

AND

varying

industrial

loads

FLUCTUATIUONS:-

such as welding machines.

HARMONICS:Harmonics are currents
or

voltages

frequencies

that

with
are

integer multiples of the

Voltage

variations

are

variations in the rms value

or the peak value with

back into other parts

of the power system.
Consumers
Generating
Harmonics:
fundamental

frequency. The fundamental

frequency itself is called as
the first Harmonic.
second

The

Harmonic

as

frequency twice that of the

fundamental,
Harmonic
thrice

the

has

third

frequency

that

of

the

fundamental and so on. For

example

if

the

fundamental frequency is
50Hz

Harmonics are not

power

then

the

second

Harmonic is 100 Hz, the

generated

by

power

generators but are produced

by

Non-linear

loads

as

under:
Loads that make use of
semi conductor devices
like transistor, thyristor
i.e.,

static

(AC/DC
using

rectifiers.
conversion

SCRs),

frequency

static

converters,

static inverters like:

-

Static

Power

converters

third Harmonic is 150Hz

DC

etc.

(AC

conversion

using SCRs)
Generation

of

Harmonics:-

Static rectifiers

Static
converter

Harmonics are created by

non-linear loads that draw

current

wave

Static

induction

regulators.

manner. These pulses cause

distorted

Static uninterrupted
power supplies

currents abrupt pulses rather

than in a smooth sinusoidal

frequency

i)

Variable

shapes, which in turn cause

impedance

harmonic currents to flow,

loads,

using

electric arcs, are

furnaces,
welding

units,

Fluorescent

ii)

Industrial

and

domestic loads will

get damaged.

tubes, discharge

Solution

lamps,

Distortion:

light

to

Harmonic

control,

Harmonic Filtration:

brightness etc.,

Harmonics in AC & DC

Loads

waveforms are minimized

using

by following means:

strong

1. Use

magnetizing

of

DC

currents,

smoothing reactor.

saturated

2. Use of DC harmonic
filters.

Transformers,

3. Use of AC harmonic

inductance,

filters.

furnaces,

DC Smoothing Reactor:

reactors etc.,
Office

automation

This is oil cooled, oil

equipment like computers,

insulated

UPS,

high inductance (0.35H to

printers

and

fax
TO

on the DC side of the

POWER

converter. It smoothen the

DUE

LOW

ripple in the DC current.

QUALITY:

having

1H).It is connected in series

machine etc.,
PROBLEMS

reactor

of

The DC reactor also helps

computer hardware

in reducing the rate of rise

and memory.

of current surges appearing

Motors fail to start

on the DC side of the

due to low voltages

converter due to sudden

Setting and resetting

changes in DC power flow

of

due to faults or load change.

Damaging

electronic

equipments will be
out of control .

AC Filters: These are shunt

connected

AC

harmonic

filters. They are connected

CLASSIFICATIONS OF

between AC busbars and

AC SHUNT FILTERS: -

earth.

low

Tuned AC shunt filters are

harmonic

used for suppressing lower

They

impedance

offer
to

frequencies

and

impedance

to

high
power

order

characteristic

harmonics

eg.

Separate

frequency. Thus, harmonic

tuned branches for 5th, 7th,

frequencies are passed to

11th, 13th harmonics. These

earth and are eliminated

branches may be either

from the AC network.

single tuned for each of the

above

characteristic

frequency or each branch

double

tuned

frequencies
11th/13th,

for

two
5th/7th,

eg.

23rd/25th, 3rd/36th

etc.,
Tuned AC shunt filters are
classified into two types.
a) A Single frequency
AC shunt filters serve dual

tuned Shunt filters

purpose on AC side:

is a single RLC

1. They

divert

series

circuit

harmonics to earth

connected between

and

the

a phase and earth.

harmonic contents in

The filter is tuned to

main AC network.

one

reduce

2. They provide shunt

particular

characteristic

compensation

harmonic frequency.

required on AC side

Separate

for

are

satisfactory

branches

necessary

converter

each

operations.

characteristic

for

lower

harmonic frequency.
The filter is tuned to

the

resonates

frequency equal to
the

CLL2C2 & other by

CR3 L3).

corresponding

characteristic
harmonic order.

1) High
b) A

Double

frequency
shunt

tuned

filters

pass

filter

branches

are

arranged

to

suppress harmonics

has

of higher order say

resonant

24th & above. With

frequencies eg. 5th /

High pass AC shunt

two
th

th

th

rd

7 , 11 / 13 , 3 /
th

36 .

harmonic

filter

A typical

connected near AC

circuit of a double

Bus bars, all the

tuned

higher

AC

shunt

harmonics

filter consists of a

are diverted to earth

RLC series circuit in

and are not allowed

series with another

to proceed to the

L2, C2, & R3, L3

AC Network.

parallel circuit. The

resonant

values are selected

frequencies,

such that the total

circuit of the double

filter

tuned

has

two

filter

At
the
is

resonant frequencies

equivalent to two

(One

parallel single tuned

given

by

branches. A double
frequency
filter

has

tuned
lowest

impedance at two
resonant
frequencies. These
filters

are

also

called as Damped
Filters.
DC Harmonic Filters
DC
designed

filters
to reduce

are

CONCLUSION:

DC

Power quality has

harmonics to minimize the

become a strategic issue for

telephone interference in

consumers. In this present

voice

economic

frequency

(100Hz to 5 KHz).

range

context,

the

In

consequences of electrical

addition to the telephone

disturbances become more

interference criterion, the

and more serious.

DC filter is designed with

Harmonic

currents

interior of avoiding the

& voltage distortion are

resonance

becoming the most severe

between

DC

filters & DC line at lower

and

order harmonics.

challenge for the electrical

complex

electrical

industry. So by designing
and

giving

complete

solutions in the form of

detuned and tuned harmonic
filter systems, Active filters
and
systems

other
for

protection
industrial

installation that can ensure

the trouble free operation of

electrical

installation

for

industries.
By

defining

and

implementing
solutions

these

users

provided with

will

be

the right

quality of power supply for

their requirements .