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Cape Physics Package

cape physics

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Sidiq Mohammed
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566 views29 pages

Cape Physics Package

cape physics

Uploaded by

Sidiq Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CAPE PHYSICS PACKAGE “The end of Education is Character” “Education is not mere accumulation of information or even the acquisition of skills. It is cleansing of the mind, the strengthening of the unselfish tendencies, and the discovery of truth, goodness, and beauty that lie dormant in every being. It is culmination of integrity, tolerance, and compassion. It is the revelation of the Divine, which is the very core of every created being and thing”. “ HELP EVER, HURT NEVER. LOVE ALL, SERVE ALL”. TUTOR : SAMLAL MANNIE se A | @__|Alpha a eee \Beta | b qe cg Gamma | g fees ee Delta | d E « _|Epsilon | e Zz a 'Zeta | Zz Wt ” leta | h © 9 [Theta | th I t [Iota i i cK x |Kappa | k ete aia |eammbdeitia | tae Mo | m See eaINu n Se eed x oO ! o (Omicron ° Tm |g _|Pi p P p IRho ir = | oe Sigma s qT | t Tau ic Lol 2 [Upsilon u oO ¢ Phi ph x z (Chi ch v w Psi ps 2.) @ (Omega 9 6. 10. LAWS OF INDIC. a™ x qh = qmimn a™ __ a beam ‘When light hits a boundary, it can cither reflect or refractor more often does both, If reflection takes place then the laws of reflection must be obeyed. Laws of reflection: 1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection 2, Incident ray, normal and reflected ray lie on the same place. [TI Ifrefraction takes place then the laws of refraction must be obeyed: Laws of refraction: 1 in i =n (refiactidt Index) Sint (Snell's Law) 2, The incident ray , normal and refracted ray lie on the same plane. Note: Jin; and nz are refractive indices of two media with respect to air, and a, and b are the angles of incidence and refraction in the respective media then: cow Ty. sina = nysinb or Sin a /Sin b = m/m Where a's the relative refraction index of one medium to the other. ~ I Note: Angle i is always taken as the angle in the fasier’ medium so that n always works out to be ereater than I. Refractive index can also be expressed as n= speed inthe faster medium = =1_ speed in the slower medium & If light tavels from slower medium to a faster medium then [or SOW angle of incidence inside the medium the refracted ray in the faster medium will come out parallel (0 the surface, “That is perpendicular to the normal, The angle at which this happens called the critical angle. Angles of rretdence greater than or equal to the critical angle will lead to faval internal reflection. | : ac a | pe Fgh Fig > i c Seohe From F om he t, 2 ee f SINE ae Conditions necessary for total internal reflection to take place: 1. The ‘roy’ must be moving from a slower medium to a faster medium. 2. The angle of incidence in the slower medium must be greater than or equal to the eritical angle. Total internal reflection is made use of in: + 1. Binoculars Ray turned through 180° = 2. Periscope Ray ured through 90 3. Fibre optic cables in telecommunication Lenses: Glass can be moulded into any shape to make lenses of any shape. The, shape of the lens will be determined by the use to which itis to be put ‘There are two main shapes used. 1. Biconvex lens also called converging lens. A converging lens is that which brings parallel rays to a focus. If these rays are parallel to the Principal Axis then the focus will be on the principal axis, and the focus is called the principal focus. ‘The distance between the principal focus and the centre ofthe lens is called the focal length of the lens ; iii vant i k—i-—4 ‘One ‘face of the lens can be considered to be a piece of a glass sphere of radius r. Fora thin lens = 2f i For accurate drawing purposes a convex lens will be drawn as a straight line A convex hias a real focus. That is the rays of light actually pass through the focus. Ifa screen is placed at the focus, an image will be caught. ‘The focal length f, the image distance v and the object distance u are related by the lens formula ¢ WE = lu + tw All distances are always measured from the cente of the ens, a «+ i 2. Aconeave lens son that veges the parallel rays that ty am diverge from some focal pint, Hence this focus is a vital fous, Since the focsis virtual then the formula fora concave ens is iia \f=lw- lu LF the eal is postive’ convention is used, then Fis negative and vi negalve SD iiv+ Ue This leads to VF= 1v-W/u The power ofa Jens is ven by P= L/f where f must be in metres ‘The unit for power of lens is dioptres (D) Note: The power of eonvex lens will be positive while the power of a eoncave lens wil be negative Magnification = beight oF mage height of object The Ey The eye focusing an image ofa distance object on the retina: Note: Most refraction takes place at the air to cornea Boundary. How does the eye adjust to form sharp images on the retina (fovea) for varying object distances? From the formula: 1/f= Uv + I/u v is constant, the size of the eye ball. So ifu varies then f must vary. ‘The cyc varies the focal length of its lens by becoming fatter or thinner. This process is called accommodation. The ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments are responsible for this process. For a given adjustment of the eye (accommodation) the eye is able to sce clearly an object slightly nearer and slightly further than some fixed object. This variation in distance through which the eye can still see clearly for a given accommodation is called ‘depth of focus’. Defects of the eve 1. Short sight (myopia) When a person is “short-sighted” it means that they can only see objects that are close to them, “Close” here meaning about one meter or less. This happens because the eye is unable to allow the Jens to relax sufficiently (get thinner) to focus the image on the retina for distant objects. The image of distant objects will be formed before the retina, so the image on the retina itself will be blurred, tga Frew Wistant cb jpec Short sighted is corrected by putting a diverging (concave) lens in front of eye Note: The person will now have difficulty focusing a near object with the “glasses” on!!! “The person will have to remove his/her glasses or use “bifocal glasses. 2. _Long sight: (hypermetropia| When a person is lng sighted it means that they can only se distant objects clearly, ‘They have problems focusing near objets, This is because the lens is not able to become power enough (0 converge the rays on the retina N chjatet aur pocat Cs asim), Long sight is corrected by using a convex lens in front of the eye. Y/ 3. Astigmatism: ‘A person suffering from astigmatism has difficulty focusing light rays in certain planes. ‘This is because the curvature of the cornea is not the same in all planes. Its not unusual to see people with this problem “bending sideways” to see an object properly. Astigmatism can be corrected by using a cylindrical lens Ve “The light rays are refracted in one plane. ‘The lens is mounted inthe frame in such a way tha dhe asi of the lens is perpendicular to the axis on which the eye lens is cylindrical. 4 Cataract A cataract isa clouding ofthe eyes’ natural lenses. The lens ofthe eye is mostly water and protein (protoplasm), The protein align themselves precisely to allow light to passthrough. With age, the protein starts to ‘clump’ and start to cloud the lens lading to clouded vision, To reduce the chance of this problem one can have a diet rich in antioxidants, beta carotene (vitamin A), selenium, vitamin C and E. ‘At the beginning, strong bifocal lens will lnelp with sufficient magnification, As a last resort, surgery is done, The clouded lens is replaced with a clear, plastic intraocular lens([OL). Modern tee affording these lenses to provide some accommodation as well!!! 1. The Camera The single lens camera is designed in the mould of the eye. That is, there is the object, the lens and the film replaces the retina. However, it is not practical to change the lens for every object at varying distances. ‘The camera focuses on objects al different distances by changing the image distance. That is the distance between the lens and the film. This is done by moving the lens backwards and forwards (slightly is enough). Moder cameras do this same function in more sophisticated ways. The Telescope: The telescope, like the microscope is designed to make objects appear much larger. What in fact the instruments do is increase the angle subtended at the eye and so make the object look biager. Ifx is the angle subtended without the instrument and y is the angle subtended with the instrument, then the angular magnification is given by: M = yix & ‘This is also called the magnifying power of the instrument ‘The telescope is made up of an “objective lens’ normally of long focal length and an ‘eye ae piece lens’,of short focal length. Both are convex lenses. Ae disuprmn nie & page Note: 1. The separation of the lens must be fi + f2 2. The angular magnification is given by M=_fi/ f2 3. The Microscope Ae dante noel page . ring? near objects. Recall that an gives an upright, magnilied, Unlike a telescope, the e is used for “ena abject placed at a distance less than the focal length of a comes pas Image. This idea is used inthe singte microscope using a single lens Simple cy aL =~ 4, \ Ur, Void, wageihid omnge THE Sipateg Micke sews ELECTRONICS LOGIC GATES (CAPE Unit 2 Module 2) ‘You are provided only with NAND gates and you are required to design circuits using NAND gates only equivalent to the simple gates, will be Draw the truth table for each of the following and say which single gate each is equivalent to, NOT 2) OR 3) AND 4) NOR i <> | 4 => =i, ) — EX-OR EX-NOR You are provided only with NOR gate: gates only that will be nd you are required to'design circuits using NO} equivalent to the simple gates. Draw the truth table for each of the following and ale gate each is equivalant to. 1) NOT —D-

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