Ultimo 16 Supch09 PDF
Ultimo 16 Supch09 PDF
Ultimo 16 Supch09 PDF
SINUSOIDS
Problem 9.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
5 sin(2t )
4.3 sin(t 47)
2 sin(t 2)
To convert the sine function to the cosine function, we will need a trigonometric identity.
(a)
5 cos( 2 t 90)
(b)
(c)
2 rad = 90
and
rad = 180
or
sin( x 90) = cos( x )
this can also be written as - 2 cos(t)
Find the magnitude, angular frequency, frequency, and phase angle of each
Problem 9.2
of the following functions.
(a)
5 sin(10t )
(b)
- 2.5 cos(2t)
(c)
3 cos(t 37)
(a)
Vm = 5
(b)
= 10
f = 10 2 ,
= 0
f = 1,
= 180
Consider v( t ) = Vm cos(t + )
Vm = 2.5
= 2
Note that = 180 due to the negative sign in front of the function.
(c)
Consider v( t ) = Vm cos(t + )
Vm =
f = 2 ,
= - 37
[9.5]
Given v1 = 20 sin(t + 60) and v 2 = 60 cos(t 10) ,
Problem 9.3
determine the phase angle between the two sinusoids and which one lags the other.
PHASORS
Problem 9.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
100 sin(t )
20 cos(t )
50 cos(t 80)
25 sin(t + 45)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
[9.11]
Let X = 840 and Y = 10 - 30 . Evaluate the following
Problem 9.5
quantities and express your results in polar form.
( X + Y) X
(a)
(b)
(c)
( X Y)
( X + Y) / X
(a)
X + Y = 840 + 10 - 30
X + Y = (6.128 + j5.142) + (8.66 j5)
X + Y = 14.79 + j0.142 = 14.79 0.55
( X + Y) X = (14.790.55)(8 - 40)
( X + Y) X = 118.3 - 39.45
(b)
X Y = 840 10 - 30
X Y = (6.128 + j5.142) (8.66 j5)
X Y = -2.532 + j10.142 = 10.45104
( X Y) = 10.45 - 104
(c)
X + Y 14.790.55
=
=
840
X
( X + Y) / X = 1.849 - 39.45
Problem 9.6
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
100 sin(t )
20 cos(t )
50 cos(t 80)
25 sin(t + 45)
(a)
100 0
(b)
20 90
(c)
50 10
(d)
25 45
Problem 9.7
Given the circuit of Figure 9.1, find the steady-state value of v c ( t ) when
i s ( t ) = 5 sin(1000t ) A .
1 k
+
is(t)
vs(t)
vc(t)
1 F
Figure 9.1
vc =
1
i dt
C c
Vc = I Z c =
1
I
jC
Zc =
1
1
=
= - j1000 = 1000 - 90
jC j (1000)(10 -6 )
Thus,
or
VR = I Z R = (50)(1000) = 50000 V
Vc = I Z c = 5000 - 90
Vs = VR + Vc = 5000 0 + 5000 - 90
Vs = 5000 j 5000 = 5000 2 - 45
or
1
1
i c ( t ) dt = -6 5 sin(1000t ) dt
C
10
1
v c ( t ) = -6 3 (5)[ - cos(1000t) ]
10 10
v c ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000 t 90) V
v c (t) =
v R ( t ) = R i( t ) = 5000 sin(1000 t ) V
v s (t ) = v R (t ) + v c (t )
v s ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000t ) + 5000 sin(1000t 90)
v s ( t ) = 5000 2 sin(1000 t 45) V
Our check for accuracy was successful.
Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.
(a)
R = 1 , 10 , 1 k, 1 M, 100 M
(b)
(c)
1
= 5 , 30 , 2 k, 1 G
C
where the units are ohms of capacitive reactance
Problem 9.9
following table.
1
10
100
1000
10000
XL
XC
Clearly,
R = 100
which is not dependent upon the frequency.
XC =
and
1
10 4
=
C
1
10
100
1000
10000
R
100
100
100
100
100
XL
1
10
100
1k
10k
XC
10 k
1k
100
10
1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Z = R + j (X L X C )
and it is evident that
1
10
100
1000
10000
Problem 9.11
[9.43]
Z
100 j 9999
100 j 990
100 + j 0
100 + j 990
100 + j 9999
Vs
j2
j4
Io
j2
Figure 9.1
Since the left portion of the circuit is twice as large as the right portion, the equivalent circuit is
shown below.
Vs
+
+
2Z
V2
V1
V1 = I o (1 j ) = 2 (1 j )
V2 = 2 V1 = 4 (1 j )
Vs = V1 + V2 = 6 (1 j )
Vs = 8.485135 V
Problem 9.12
coordinates?
Using the values in Problem 9.10, what would be the values of Z in polar
1
10
100
1000
10000
1
10
100
1000
10000
Z
9999.5 89.4
995 84.2
100 0
995 84.2
9999.5 89.4
IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS
Problem 9.13
10 k
Zin
20 H
0.1 F
Figure 9.1
The phasor domain equivalent includes
Z R = 10 k
Z L = jL = j (1000)(20) = j 20 k
-j
1
1
ZC =
=
= -j10 k
-6 =
jC j (1000)(0.1 10 ) 10 -4
Problem 9.14
[9.47]
Zeq
1j
1 + j3
1 + j2
j5
Figure 9.1
All of the impedances are in parallel.
Thus,
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
Z eq 1 j 1 + j2 j5 1 + j3
1
= (0.5 + j0.5) + (0.2 j0.4) + (- j0.2) + (0.1 j0.3)
Z eq
1
= 0.8 j0.4
Z eq
1
0.8 j0.4
= 1 + j 0.5
Z eq =
Z eq
APPLICATIONS
The circuit shown in Figure 9.1 is used to make a simple low-pass filter. An
Problem 9.15
important part of choosing the appropriate value of C is to determine the highest frequency to be
passed and then choose a value of C such that the output voltage is 1 2 times the magnitude of
the input at that frequency. What value of C makes this a low-pass filter for frequencies from
0 Hz to 1000 Hz ?
10 k
+
C
vin(t)
vout(t)
Figure 9.1
Transforming this circuit to the frequency domain yields
10 k
+
j/
C
Vin
Vout =
Vout
- j C
V
10k j C in
Vout = Vin
- j C
10k j C
=
= 2 (1000 )
1
2
Xc
- j 2 (1000) C
1
=
=
2
8
10k j 2 (1000) C
2
10 + X c
Xc2
1
2 =
8
2
10 + X c
X c 2 =
X c 2 10 8
+
2
2
X c 2 10 8
=
2
2
X c = 10 4 =
1
j2 (1000) C
1
2 (10 3 )(10 4 )
1
C=
F
20
C=
[9.61]
Using the circuit of Figure 9.1,
Problem 9.16
(a)
Calculate the phase shift.
(b)
State whether the phase shift is leading or lagging (output with respect to input).
(c)
Determine the magnitude of the output when the input is 120 V.
20
40
30
+
Vi
+
j10
j30
j60
Vo
Figure 9.1
(a)
20
V2
40
V1
30
+
Vi
+
j10
j30
j60
Vo
Z2
Z1
( j30)(30 + j60)
= 3 + j21
30 + j90
( j10)(43 + j21)
Z 2 = j10 || (40 + Z1 ) =
= 1.535 + j8.896 = 9.02880.21
43 + j31
Let Vi = 10 .
Z2
(9.02880.21)(10)
Vi =
21.535 + j8.896
Z 2 + 20
V2 = 0.387557.77
V2 =
Z1
3 + j21
(21.21381.87)(0.387557.77)
V2 =
V2 =
43 + j21
47.8526.03
Z 1 + 40
V1 = 0.1718113.61
V1 =
j60
j2
2
V1 =
V1 = (2 + j)V1
30 + j60
1 + j2
5
Vo = (0.8944 26.56)(0.1718113.6)
Vo = 0.1536 140.2
Vo =
(c)
If Vi = 120 V , then