M.

Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Strain Transformation
.

Ideas, definitions, and equations in strain transformation are very similar to those in stress transformation. But there are also several differences.
Learning objective

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Learn the equations and procedures of relating strains at a point in different coordinate systems.

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9-1

M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Line Method
Plane Strain

Global coordinate system is x,y, and z.

Local coordinate system is n, t, and z.
We assume xx, yy, and xy are known at a point.
Objective is to find nn, tt, and nt.
Procedure
Step 1 View the n and t directions as two separate lines and determine the
deformation and rotation of each line as described in steps below.
Step 2 Construct a rectangle with a diagonal in direction of the line.
Step 3 Relate the length of the diagonal to the lengths of the rectangles sides.
Step 4 Calculate deformation due to the given strain component and draw the
deformed shape.

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Step 5 Find the deformation and rotation of the diagonal using small strain
approximations.
Step 6 Calculate normal strains by dividing the deformation by the length of the
diagonal.
Step 7 Calculate the change of angle from the rotation of the lines in the n and
t directions.

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

C9.1
At a point, the only non-zero strain component is
xx = 400 . Determine the strain components in n and t coordinate system shown.
y
t

x
30o

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9-3

M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Visualizing Principal Strain Directions

Principal coordinates directions are the coordinate axes in which the
shear strain is zero.
The angles the principal axes makes with the global coordinate system
are called the principal angles.
Normal strains in principal directions are called principal strains.
The greatest principal strain is called principal strain one (1).
Observations
Principal strains are the maximum and the minimum normal strain at a
point.
A circle in undeformed state will become an ellipse during deformation with major axis as principal axis 1 and minor axis as principal
axis 2.
Visualizing Procedure
Step 1 Visualize or draw a square with a circle drawn inside it.
Step 2 Visualize or draw the deformed shape of the square due to just normal
strains.

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Step 3 Visualize or draw the deformed shape of the rectangle due to the shear
strain.
Step 4 Using the eight 45o sectors shown report the orientation of principal
direction 1. Also report principal direction 2 as two sectors counterclockwise from the sector reported for principal direction 1.
y
3
2
4

1
8

5
6

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

C9.2
The state of strain at a point in plane strain is as given in each
problem. Estimate the orientation of the principal directions and report
your results using sectors shown.
xx = 400
yy = 600
xy = 500
y
3

5
6

Class Problem 9.1

Estimate the orientation of the principal directions and report your results
using sectors shown.
xx = 400
yy = 600
xy = 500
yy = 600

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xx = 400

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9-5

xy = 500

M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Method of Equations
Calculations for xx acting alone.

y
2 t
t1

Pn

n
1
n1

P
n

(1)

(1)

tt

x = ( n ) cos

nn = xx cos

P1

n1

xx x
2

= xx cos ( + 90 ) = xx sin

1 = xx sin cos
2 = xx sin ( + 90 ) cos ( + 90 ) = xx sin cos
(1)

nt = ( 1 + 2 ) = 2 xx sin cos
Calculations for yy acting alone

(2)

nn = yy sin

(2)

tt

(2)

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nt = ( 1 + 2 ) = 2 yy sin cos
Calculations for xy acting along

(3)

(3)

nn = xy sin cos

tt

(3)

= xy sin cos

nt = ( 1 2 ) = xy ( cos sin )
Total Strains:

August 2014

(1)

= yy sin ( + 90 ) = yy cos

(2)

(3)

nn = nn + nn + nn

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Strain Transformation Equations

2

nn = xx cos + yy sin + xy sin cos

2

tt = xx sin + yy cos xy sin cos

2

nt = 2 xx sin cos + 2 yy sin cos + xy ( cos sin )

Stress Transformation equations
2

nn = xx cos + yy sin + 2 xy sin cos

2

tt = xx sin + yy cos 2 xy cos sin

2

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nt = xx cos sin + yy sin cos + xy ( cos sin )

The coefficient of the shear strain term is half the coefficient of the
shear stress term. This difference is due to the fact that we are using
engineering strain instead of tensor strain.

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Principal Strains
xx yy 2
xy 2
( xx + yy )

1, 2 = -------------------------- --------------------- + -------

2
2
2
nn + tt = xx + yy = 1 + 2
The angle of principal axis one from the x-axis is only reported in
describing the principal coordinate system in two dimensional problems.
xy
tan 2 p = ------------------------( xx yy )
0

3 =
-
- ( xx + yy ) = ----------( + 2 )
----------
1 1
1

Plane Strain
Plane Stress

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Maximum Shear strain

The maximum shear strain in coordinate systems that can be obtained
by rotating about the z-axis is called the in-plane maximum shear
strain.

1 2
----p- = ---------------2
2
The maximum shear strain at a point is the absolute maximum shear
strain that can be obtained in a coordinate system by considering rotation about all three axes.
max
1 2 2 3 3 1
------------ = max ---------------, ---------------- , ---------------
2
2
2
2
Maximum shear strain in plane stress and plane strain will be different.

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

C9.3
At a point in plane strain, the strain components in the x-y
coordinate system are as given in each problem. Using Method of Equations determine
(a) the principal strains and principal angle one.
(b) the maximum shear strain.
(c) the strain components in the n-t coordinate system shown in each problem.

xx = 600

yy = 800

xy = 500

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20o

August 2014

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Mohrs Circle for Strains

xy
( xx + yy ) ( xx yy )

nn = -------------------------- + -------------------------- cos 2 + ------- sin 2

2
2
2
xy
( xx yy )
nt
------ sin 2 + ------ = ------------------------- cos 2
2
2
2

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nt 2
xy 2
xx yy 2
xx + yy 2

--------------------

- + ------- = --------------------- + -------

nn

2
2
2
2
Each point on the Mohrs circle represents a unique direction passing
through the point at which the strains are specified.
The coordinates of each point on the circle are the strains (nn , nt/2).
On Mohrs circle, lines are separated by twice the actual angle
between the lines.

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Construction of the Mohrs Circle for strain.

Step 1. Draw a square with deformed shape due to shear strain xy. Label the
intersection of the vertical plane and x-axis as V and the intersection of
the horizontal plane and y-axis as H.
y
y
H
H
xy > 0
V

xy < 0

Step 2. Write the coordinates of point V and H as:

V ( xx, xy 2

H ( yy, xy 2

and

xy > 0

for

Step 3. Draw the horizontal axis to represent the normal strain, with extension to
the right and contractions to the left. Draw the vertical axis to represent
half the shear strain, with clockwise rotation of a line in the upper
plane and counter-clockwise rotation of a line of rotation lower plane.
/2
CW

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yx R
--------2
(C)

D
R

CCW

August 2014

xx + yy
-----------------------2

xy
--------2

xx yy
------------------------ V
2

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(E)

M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Step 4. Locate points V and H and join the points by drawing a line. Label the
point at which the line VH intersects the horizontal axis as C.
Step 5. With C as center and CV or CH as radius draw the Mohrs circle.

Principal Strains & Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain

CW

(C)

S1

/2
H

P3
3

yx
--------2

P2

p 2

R
2p

C
2p

P1

(E)

xy
--------2

p 2
V

1
CCW

S2
xx yy
-----------------------2

xx + yy
-----------------------2

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The principal angle one 1 is the angle between line CV and CP1.
Depending upon the Mohr circle 1 may be equal to p or equal to
(p+ 90o).
Maximum Shear Strain

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

/2
CW

p 2
P3

P1

P2

(C)

max 2

(E)

p 2

max 2

CCW

Strains in a Specified Coordinate System

y

t
T

/2
n

CW

2H

x
2V

(C)

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T
CCW

nn

Sign of shear strain

9-13

tt

August 2014

nt 2

(E)

M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

The coordinates of point N and T are as shown below:

N ( nn, nt 2

and

T ( tt, nt 2

t1

n
N

n1

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Increase in angle results in negative shear strain and decrease in angle

results in positive shear strains.

August 2014

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

C9.4
At a point in plane strain, the strain components in the x-y
coordinate system are as given in each problem. Using Mohrs circle
determine
(a) the principal strains and principal angle one.
(b) the maximum shear strain.
(c) the strain components in the n-t coordinate system shown in each problem.

xx = 600

yy = 800

xy = 500

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20o

August 2014

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Class Problem 9.2

The Mohrs circle corresponding to a given state of strain are shown.
Identify the circle you would use to find the strains in the n, t coordinate
system in each question.
1.
y
y
t
n
2.
T

N
250

n
x

250

N
x

Circle A

Circle B
T

50

50o
T

N
Circle C
V

Circle D
V

50o

T
50o

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H
T

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Generalized Hookes Law in Principal

Coordinates

Generalized Hookes Law is valid for any orthogonal coordinate system.

Principal coordinates for stresses and strains are orthogonal.
For isotropic materials, the principal directions for strains are the same
as principal directions for stresses.
1 = [ 1 ( 2 + 3 ) ] E
2 = [ 2 ( 3 + 1 ) ] E

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3 = [ 3 ( 1 + 2 ) ] E

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

Strain Gages
Strain gages measure only normal strains directly.
Strain gages are bonded to a free surface, i.e., the strains are in a state
of plane stress and not plane strain.
Strain gages measure average strain at a point.
2
2
a = xx cos a + yy sin a + xy sin a cos a
2
2
b = xx cos + yy sin + xy sin b cos b
b
b
2
2
c = xx cos + yy sin + xy sin c cos c
c
c

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Strain Rosette

The change in strain gage orientation by 180 makes no difference to

the strain values.

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M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

C9.5
At a point on a free surface of aluminum (E = 10,000 ksi and
G =4,000 ksi) the strains recorded by the three strain gages shown in Fig.
C9.5 are as given. Determine the stresses 1, 2, 1 and max.
y

a = 600 in in
b = 500 in in

c = 400 in in

450

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Fig. C9.5

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b
600

M. Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 9

C9.6
An aluminum (E = 70 GPa, and =0.25) beam is loaded by a
force P and moment M at the free end as shown in Figure 9.6. Two strain
gages at 30o to the longitudinal axis recorded the strains given. Determine the applied force P and applied moment M.

a = 386 m m

10 mm

10mm

b = 4092 m m
30 mm
a

30 mm

M
0.5 m

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Fig. C9.6

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0.5m