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CS425/EE673 Summary Lecture: Bhaskaran Raman Kameswari Chebrolu Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

This document outlines the topics covered in a lecture on computer networking. The lecture covers network layering, encoding schemes, framing, error detection, reliable link layers, medium access control protocols, Ethernet and token ring case studies, packet switching, routing protocols, Internet addressing, transport protocols, DNS, applications like HTTP and SMTP, and network security.

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113 views

CS425/EE673 Summary Lecture: Bhaskaran Raman Kameswari Chebrolu Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

This document outlines the topics covered in a lecture on computer networking. The lecture covers network layering, encoding schemes, framing, error detection, reliable link layers, medium access control protocols, Ethernet and token ring case studies, packet switching, routing protocols, Internet addressing, transport protocols, DNS, applications like HTTP and SMTP, and network security.

Uploaded by

23wings
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS425/EE673

Summary Lecture

Bhaskaran Raman
Kameswari Chebrolu
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

   
Network Layering
●
What is layering?
●
Purpose of layering
●
Inter-layer communication
●
Encapsulation
●
End-to-end versus hop-by-hop communication

   
Encoding Schemes
●
NRZ; problems with NRZ
●
NRZI
●
Manchester: 50% efficiency
●
4B/5B: 80% efficiency

   
Framing
●
Byte-oriented versus bit-oriented
●
Byte-counting based versus sentinel based
●
Bit/byte stuffing
●
Example protocols:
– BISYNC, HDLC

   
Error Detection
●
Parity scheme
●
2D parity
●
Checksum (used by IP)
●
CRC: based on polynomial division
●
Forward Error Correction (FEC) as an
extension of error detection mechanisms

   
Reliable Link Layer: ARQ
●
Stop-and-Wait
●
Notion of Bandwidth x Delay Product
●
Sliding window
– Sequence space required
– Variables to be maintained
●
Concurrent logical channels

   
Beyond a Single Link
●
Network topologies:
– Bus
– Ring
– Star
●
Need MAC (Medium Access Control)

   
MAC Protocols
●
Aloha
●
Slotted Aloha
●
Ethernet CSMA/CD

   
Ethernet: a Case Study
●
Maximum length possible, repeaters
●
Frame format, MTU size
●
CSMA/CD:
– Listen before transmit
– Collision detection
– Backoff on collision
●
32-bit jamming sequence

   
Token Ring: a Case Study
●
Token circulates the ring
– Token rotation time
– Early versus delayed release
●
Token monitor
– Ensures that token is always there in the ring
– Checks for corrupted/orphaned frames

   
Packet Switching
●
Store and forward functionality
●
Circuit switching versus packet switching
●
Datagrams
●
Virtual circuit switching
●
Comparison between circuit switching, packet
switching, and virtual circuit switching

   
Ethernet Bridging
●
Special case of datagram switching
●
Learning bridges
●
Spanning tree
– Tree properties
– Distributed algorithm to form a spanning tree
●
Disadvantages of bridging
– Trees poor for routing, fault tolerance
– Metric-based routing not possible
   
Routing Protocols
●
Distance Vector routing
– Periodic updates, triggered updates
– Count-to-infinity problem, split horizon, poison
reverse, hold time
●
Link State routing
– Reliable flooding
– Periodic updates, triggered updates
– Sequence numbers, TTL
●
Comparison between DV & LS
   
Internet Addressing
●
Hierarchical addressing
– Class A, B, C, D, E
– Subnets
– Forwarding algorithm
●
IP header formatting & fragmentation
●
ARP (Address Resolution Protocols)
●
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

   
Internet Routing
●
Hierarchical routing
●
CIDR
●
Internet domains, Autonomous Systems (AS)
●
Path vector routing across AS
– Destinations are networks
– Stub AS versus transit AS
●
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

   
Transport Protocol
●
Application requirements: reliability, in-order
delivery
●
Multiplexing/demultiplexing
●
UDP & TCP
●
Link layer reliability vs transport layer reliability

   
TCP
●
Header format
●
Connection establishment
●
State transition diagram
●
Slow start, congestion avoidance
●
Fast retransmit & fast recovery
●
RTT estimation, Jacobson/Karels algorithm
●
Sequence space wrap-around

   
DNS
●
Name space, binding, name resolution
●
Hierarchical name space
●
Resource Records
●
Zones
●
DNS query process

   
Applications
●
HTTP:
– URL
– Request, Reply, persistent connections
– Proxies and caching, end-to-end issues
●
SMTP
– RFC822, MIME, SMTP exchanges
– Gateway

   
Network Security
●
Cryptography, shared-key
●
Cryptanalysis, types of attacks
●
DES
●
Key management
●
Public key cryptography

   

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