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Access To The Shared Medium: - Different Topologies - Different Multiplexing Schemes

The document discusses different topics related to computer networks including network topologies, multiplexing schemes like frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing, examples of telephone and data networks, and standards for leased lines. It provides diagrams to illustrate frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, T1 and E1 frame formats, and the use of multiplexing to transmit multiple channels/conversations over the same physical link.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
100 views23 pages

Access To The Shared Medium: - Different Topologies - Different Multiplexing Schemes

The document discusses different topics related to computer networks including network topologies, multiplexing schemes like frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing, examples of telephone and data networks, and standards for leased lines. It provides diagrams to illustrate frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, T1 and E1 frame formats, and the use of multiplexing to transmit multiple channels/conversations over the same physical link.

Uploaded by

23wings
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks Prof.

Hema A Murthy

Access to the Shared Medium


• Different topologies
• Different multiplexing schemes
– Frequency Division Multiplexing
– Time Division Multiplexing
– Combination of both

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

A Telephone Network

SC Junction
box

SC SC
copper TP
fibre

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

A Data Network

copper cable
TP
SC Junction
box

SC SC
multidrop cable
fibre

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

SC

fibre

In urban areas – perhaps best solution is fibre


Trunks and multiplexing:

1 1
2 1 link, n channel 2
3 3

n n
n - input n - output
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Multiplexing
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
– Multiple conversation on the same link
• Frequency Division Multiplexing:
– Frequency spectrum divided among logical
channels
– each user has exclusive access to a logical
channel

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Multiplexing
• Time division multiplexing:
– User take turns in a round robin fashion
– each user periodically gets the entire bandwidth
for a little burst of time

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Frequency Division Multiplexing

c4 c5
c3
c
tim c1 2
e
f3 y
f
f1 2 uenc
r e q
f

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

FDM (Transmitter)

m1(t) carrier f1
mc(t)

m2(t) carrier f2 Σ Transmitter


fc
s(t) = FDM
mn(t) carrier fn

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Channel 1

300HZ 3100 HZ
Channel 2

300HZ 3100 HZ 60 64 68
Channel 3

300HZ 3100 HZ

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

FDM (Receiver)

BPF f1 Demod
m1(t)

s(t) rcvr BPF f2 Demod m2(t)

BPF fn Demod
mn(t)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Time Division Multiplexing

c6
c5
c4 c
3
c2
c1
tim c y
e e n
qu
fre

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TDM (Transmitter)

Scan operation – empty buffer


Buffer before new data arrives
m1(t)

m2(t) Buffer mc(t) modem s(t)

mn(t) Buffer

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Time Division Multiplexing


• Generally digital data:
– interleave data from different channels
– interleave portion of each signal
• Example: Each channel capacity 9.6kbps
– To Multiplex 6 channels
• Channel capacity – 57.6kbps + overhead bits for
control

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Issues in TDM
• Transmission must be synchronous
• Data organised in frame
• frame Î a cycle of time slots
• a slot dedicated to each data source
• slot length – transmission buffer length

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Issues in TDM
– synchronous TDM – slots preassignd to sources
• time slots for each slot transmitted whether data is
present or absent
• Handle data source with different rates
– assign more slots/ channels and fast sources
• Data is digital
– Analog to digital conversion
• PCM, DPCM, ADPCM, DM

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Telephone Channel (T1 (DS1))


• Conversion of analog signal to digital
– PCM – 8 KHZ * 8 bit/ s
• 125 s / frame = 64 Kbps
• 24 voice channels multiplexed together
c1 c2 c24

1 2
193 bit frame
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

T1 Frame Format
• 101010 ……… pattern in odd frames –
signalling for every frames
• channel associated signalling:
– each channel has private signalling mechanism
– 8 bits in every 6th frame – used for signalling
– frames in each channel is eight bits wide
– Frames in 6th frame 7 bits wide

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

E1 Frame Format
• E1 - 2.048 Mbps
– 32 channels
– 32 - 8 bit data samples packetised into the
basic 125 µ sec frame
• 30 channels for information
• 2 channels for signaling

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Standards
• Leased lines:
• DS1 1.544 Mbps (24 channels) (T1)
• DS3 44.736 Mbps (30 DS1 links)
• STS-1 - Synchronous Transport Signal
• STS-1 – base link speed
• STS-N - also called OC-N (electrical signal)
• OC - optical carrier (optical signal)
• STS-48 - 2.488320 Gbps
• STS-3 - 155.250 Mbps
• STS-12 - 622.080 Mbps
• STS-24 - 1.244160 Gbps
• Telephone Network: primarily for voice and is circuit switched.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Standards
• Last Mile Links:
• POTS 28.8 – 56 Kbps
• ISDN 64 – 128 Kbps
• (Integrated Services Digital Network)
• xDSL 16 Kbps – 55.2 Mbps
• CATV 20 – 70 Mbps
• ADSL (asymmetric DSL)
• ADSL:
• - Different speeds from home to CO & CO to home.
• - Downstream (CO to subs) - 8.448 Mbps (9000 ft)
• 1.544 Mbps (depends on distance from CO to home)
• 16 Kbps - 640 Kbps
• (1800 ft) (9000 ft)
• VDSL – very high data rate (12.96 Mbps – 55.2 Mbps)
• (1000 – 4000 ft)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Asynchronous TDM

Asynchronous TDM: Intelligent TDM – allocate time slots on demand


- uses lower rate than required to multiplex n channels.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TDM and FDM


• Divide Frequency channel into a number
frequency bands using FDM
• In each channel
– Multiplex a number of channels using TDM
• Advent of Fibre
– Wavelength division multiplexing
– In each wavelength – multiplex number of
channels using TDM

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Wavelength Division Multiplexing


fibre 1
fibre 3

fibre 4
shared fibre
fibre 2
WDM Switch
n fibre n output fibre
switch

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

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