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Characteristics of Connectionless Networks: - A Host Can Send A Packet Anywhere at Any Time

1) Connectionless networks allow packets to be sent anywhere at any time without establishing a connection. Packets are forwarded independently by switches based on their routing tables. A switch or link failure may disrupt some packets but not prevent all communication. 2) Learning bridges do not forward all frames, only based on learned source addresses. They build address tables over time and discard old entries. 3) Bridges are used to extend LANs but can cause loops. The spanning tree algorithm selects one active path between each pair of bridges to form a loop-free tree topology.

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55 views

Characteristics of Connectionless Networks: - A Host Can Send A Packet Anywhere at Any Time

1) Connectionless networks allow packets to be sent anywhere at any time without establishing a connection. Packets are forwarded independently by switches based on their routing tables. A switch or link failure may disrupt some packets but not prevent all communication. 2) Learning bridges do not forward all frames, only based on learned source addresses. They build address tables over time and discard old entries. 3) Bridges are used to extend LANs but can cause loops. The spanning tree algorithm selects one active path between each pair of bridges to form a loop-free tree topology.

Uploaded by

23wings
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks Prof.

Hema A Murthy

Characteristics of Connectionless
Networks
• A host can send a packet anywhere at any time
– Packet turns up at a switch forwarded
• Provided switches table is populated
• Host sends packets does not know (connected /
up) status of destination
• Each packet forwarded independent of each other
– Successive packet can go through other switches
• A switch or link failure may not seriously affect
communication

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Frame Forwarding in Bridges


• Learning bridges
– Does not forward all frames that it receives
– Packet arrives from 1 to 2
• Not forwarded
– Forwarding based on Source Address in the
packet

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Frame Forwarding in Bridges


• When Bridge boots up: Table empty
• Entries are added over time
• Timeout with each entry
• Discards entries after a specified period of
time
• Bridge useful for extending a LAN

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Extending LANs using Bridges


• To extend a LAN use a bridge
– This can introduce loops
• Packets circulate forever
• Distributed spanning tree algorithm
– Removes loops

• Bridges are also useful for redundancy


• Bridges exchange configuration information
• Bridges select ports on which it will forward
frames

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Routing Packets in a LAN


• If source and destination are on the same
LAN discard frame
• If destination and source LANs are different
forward to appropriate LAN
• If destination not known – flood
• Multiple bridges to improve reliability

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Spanning trees
• Two bridges connecting LANs 1 and 2
– At any point in time only one bridge is active
• Facts:
– Each bridge unique ID – MAC address + priority
– Special group of addresses
• all bridges on this LAN
• Each port of the bridge has a unique ID within the bridge
– Concept of root bridge
• Bridge with lowest value of bridge ID

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Spanning Tree Algorithm


• Each bridge finds the lowest cost path to
root bridge
– If two ports have same cost, choose the one
with smaller port ID
• Construct minimum spanning tree
– Using distributed BFS

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Spanning Tree Algorithm


• Initially
– All nodes think they are root bridges and send configuration
information
– Each node checks configuration information received from other
nodes
• Stops generating messages if its ID is higher
– Send information to other nodes stating that it is one hop away from root
bridge
– Each node computes path to root
• Discards some paths
– i.e. the port with longer paths are made inactive
– System stabilises only when root node generates configuration
messages

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

k Example Network with Loops


i
B3
B5
j
B8
B7 h
c

B2 f

a
B1
B9
e
B6
b
B4 g
d
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Example
• Configuration message (root, d, node)
• Activity node B9
• B9 receives (B4, 0, B4), (B1, 0, B1)
• 1 < 9, 4 < 9, B9, B4 accept B1 as root
• B9 receives (B1, 1, B4) from B4 and (B1, 1, B8)
• B9 notices that distances to root from B4, B8 are
the same as that of B9
• 9 > 8, 9 > 4, B9 stops forwarding on both its
interfaces

Indian Institute of Technology Madras


Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

i
B3
B5
j
B8
B7 h
c

B2 f

a
B1
B9
e
B6
b
B4 g
d
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Remote Bridges
• Connect one or more distant LANs
• Complete MAC frame put in payload
B1 B2
L1

Some pt-pt protocol –


HDLC

L2

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

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