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A Short Note Expanding Functions As Outer Infinite Compositions

Most functions when expanded as infinite compositions employ inner or left compositions. However, once these expansions are accomplished it is sometimes possible to expand the inverse function as an outer or left expansion.

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John Gill
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137 views6 pages

A Short Note Expanding Functions As Outer Infinite Compositions

Most functions when expanded as infinite compositions employ inner or left compositions. However, once these expansions are accomplished it is sometimes possible to expand the inverse function as an outer or left expansion.

Uploaded by

John Gill
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A Short Note on Expanding Functions as Outer Infinite Compositions

John Gill

April 2015

Suppose a complex function can be expanded as an infinite composition in the following way:
(1) F ( z ) = lim ( f1  f2  fn ( z )) .
n

(See [1])

And suppose the inverses of the f k ( z ) exist: gk ( z ) = f k1 ( z ) .


Then, under suitable restrictions
(2) G( z ) = F 1 ( z ) = lim ( gn  gn1  g1 ( z )) , outer or left compositions.
n

Conditions for convergence of (1) include the following variation on theorems in [2]
Theorem 1 (Gill 2015) Suppose functions {f n (z)} are analytic in S0 = ( z < R 0 ) and

f n (z) z Cn , 0 < = C k < R 0 < in S0 . Then there exists R such that


k =1

z < R < R + = R < R 0 and lim ( f1  f 2  f n (z) ) = F(z) for z < R . Convergence is uniform
*

on compact subsets.
Sketch of Proof: Set Fn ,n+m ( z ) = fn  fn+1  fn+m ( z ) . Then it is easily determined that
Fn ,n+m ( z ) < R + = R * . Now write fn ( z ) = z + n ( z ) , n ( z ) < C n . Set r = R0 R * and use the
C
Cauchy Integral Formula to estimate the magnitude of n( z ) : n( z ) n . Therefore
r
C
C

fn ( z ) fn ( ) z + n ( z ) n ( ) < z + n z = z 1 + n by the
r
r

n
C

Fundamental Theorem. Then F1,n ( z ) F1,n ( ) < z 1 + k and


r
k =1
n
C

F1,n ( z ) F1,n+m ( z ) = F1,n ( z ) F1,n ( fn+1  fn+m ( z )) < z fn+1  fn+m ( z ) 1 + k
r
k =1
m 1

k =1

k =1

Where fn+1  fn+m ( z ) z fn+ k (Fn+ k +1,n+m ( z )) Fn+ k +1,n+ m ( z ) + fn+ m ( z ) z < C n+ k

Thus

F1,n ( z ) F1,n+m ( z ) < C n+ k 1 + k 0 as n .


r
k =1
k =1

||

We have, in an inexact sense,

f n (z) z Cn f n (z) = z + n (z) , n (z) Cn , and


z = g n (f n (z)) = g n (z + n (z)) = g n () = n (z) g n () < Cn
And the following

Theorem 3 (Gill, 2011) Let {g n } be a sequence of complex functions defined on S=(|z|<M) .

Suppose there exists a sequence {n } such that

< and

g n (z) z < Cn if z < M .

k=1

Set = C k and R 0 = M > 0 . Then, for every z S0 = ( z < R 0 ) ,


1

G n (z) = g n  g n 1  g1 (z) G(z) , uniformly on compact subsets of S0

The following are simple topographical images.


Example 1 :

F(z)

fn ( z ) =

z
1 + n z

, gn ( z ) = fn1 ( z ) =

z
1
, n = 2
1 n z
n

G(z)

-10<x,y<10 n=40

Example 2 : fn ( z ) = z + n z 2 , gn ( z ) =

2z
1 + 1 + 4 n z

F(z)

, n =

1
n2

, n =

1
4n

-10<x,y<10 n=40

G(z)

Example 3 : fn ( z ) = z + n z 2 , gn ( z ) =

F(z)

2z
1 + 1 + 4 n z

G(z)

-10<x,y<10 n=40

Example 4: Sin( z ): fn ( z ) = z 1 4n z 2 , ArcSin( z ): gn ( z ) =

Sin(z)

Example 5 : Tan( z ): fn ( z ) =

F(z) -15<x,y<15

2z 2
1 + 1 41n z 2

-10<x,y<10 n=40

ArcSin(z)

z
2z
, ArcTan( z ): gn ( z ) =
n 2
14 z
1 + 1 + 4 n z 2

G(z) -2<x,y<2

n=40

Example 6: fn ( z ) = z + n

z2
2z
1
, gn ( z ) =
, n = 2 n=40
2
1+ z
n
z + 2(1 + 2n )z + 1 + 1 z

F(z) -2<x,y<2
Example 7 :

F(z) -4<x,y<4

F(z) enlarged
fn ( z ) = z +

n
z

, gn ( z ) =

G(z) -3<x<10

z + z 2 4 n
1
, n = n
2
2

G(z)

n=40

Re(z)<0 iterates to zero.

z2
Example 8 : e 1 : fn ( z ) = z + n+1
2
z

F(z)

, Ln(1 + z ): gn ( z ) =

-8<x,y<8

2z
1+ 1+4

( )z

n=40

n+1

G(z)

[1] J. Gill, A Note on Expanding Functions into Infinite Compositions, Comm. Anal. Th. Cont. Frac., Vol XX (2014)
[2] J. Gill, Convergence of infinite compositions of complex functions, Comm. Anal. Th. Cont. Frac., Vol XIX (2012)

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