TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 16, SO K4- 2013

The Modified Control Method for the

Single-Stage Three-Phase GridConnected Photovoltaic System

Phan Quoc Dzung

Nguyen Truong Dan Vu

Le Dinh Khoa

Nguyen Bao Anh

Le Chi Hiep

University of Technology, VNU-HCM

(Manuscript Received on August 28th, 2013, Manuscript Revised November 03rd, 2013)

ABSTRACT:
Single-stage topology and the maximum
and is not dependent on any circuit
power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm have
parameters. It simply calculates the output
advantages such as simple configuration and
power of the inverter to replace the input
high efficiency in grid-connected photovoltaic
power of the PV systems in the MPPT
(PV) systems. In conventional systems,
algorithm. The modified algorithm is
current and voltage sensors of PV system
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink software
are normally used for MPPT. This paper
and implemented in the experimental
presents a modified control algorithm for the
prototype. With the single-stage configuration
single-stage three-phase grid-connected PV
and PV current sensorless method, the
system without PV current sensor with a
prototype is suitable for lowcost high efficient
variable step MPP-tracker. This algorithm is
implementation in the practice.
not derived from complex state equations
Keywords: Single Stage Configuration, MPPT, Photovoltaic System.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, PV energy system is one of
important source for sustainable development in
most of countries all over the world. It features
pure source and easy-to-install system.
Moreover, it does not require complex and usual
maintenance. Often, there are two categories for
photovoltaic (PV) systems: 1) standalone system
and 2) direct grid-connected system. Standalone

systems are in low-power application and use

many battery banks for power reservation. In
direct grid-connected application, the PV system
power is converted and directly injected into
electricity grid.
The PV power and voltage have a non-linear
relationship. Therefore, it is indispensable to
operate a PV system in maximum power point.
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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

The maximum power point (MPP) is dependent
on environmental elements, such as irradiation,
temperature. The maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) algorithms are developed for those PV
systems always produce the maximum power
regardless of the environment. During years,
many MPPT methods have been developed and
implemented such as Hill Climbing/P&O,
Incremental Conductance (IncCond), Fractional
Open-Circuit Voltage or Short-Circuit Current
methods, based on Fuzzy logic or Neural
Network methods [1-7].
The maximum power point tracker (MPPTer)
usually requires two sensors in the input side for
PV system voltage and current. However, the PV
system voltage, current and grid currents have
relation based on mathematical equations. Thus,
some strategies are developed to estimate the
information of PV system voltage or PV system
current without sensors. These algorithms are
often affected by circuit parameters or based on
complex theory of observer [8], [9]. These
problems make the algorithms difficult to
implement in practice.
The single-stage grid-connected PV systems
have been presented in many publications [10-

14]. In these systems, both current and voltage

sensors of PV array are usually used to realize
MPPT. In the other work [15], unlike other
MPPT methods, only PV arrays output voltage
is required to be sensed to implement MPPT.
However, the algorithm for this scheme is quite
complex and suitable only for a single phase
grid-connected inverter.
With a goal to minimize the cost and control
complexity, this paper presents a low-cost singlestage three-phase grid- connected PV system
without the PV arrays output current sensor. The
modified algorithm observes the output power of
inverter instead of the input power of PV system.
CONVENTIONAL
AND
PROPOSED
SINGLE-STAGE THREE-PHASE GRIDCONNECTED PV SYSTEM WITH MPPT
ALGORITHM
Single-stage configuration is used to remove
the DC/DC converter. This configuration is
useful to increase the efficiency and decrease
overall cost (Fig.1). Fig.2 and the equation (1)
show the relationship between DC-link voltage,
inverter and grid voltages.

0.9 U DC link = vi =

Inverter side

(Li )2 + v g2

Grid side

FILTER

PV Modules

DC-link
Capacitor

INVERTER

STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER

GRID

Figure 1. Single-stage three- phase grid- connected PV configuration with step-up transformer

Figure 2.Relationship between DC-link, inverter and grid voltages

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(1)

TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 16, SO K4- 2013

Conventional control algorithm for single
stage PV system
MPPT algorithm for single-stage configuration
is based on Udc-controling ability of the inverter.
The inverter changes the altitude of Id (d-axis
value of grid-current-space-vector in the gridvoltage-coordinate) to change Udc into Udc-reference.
MPPTer detects the maximum power point (Vref
= VMPP). Afterthat, the inverter will keep the Udc
approximately equal to this value as showing in
Figure 3a.
Block MPPT: using any MPPT algorithms
such as P&O, Incremental Conductance...
Receiving PV system voltage and current, this
block determines the optimal voltage for

operating in next step. The output voltage Vref is

kept closer and closer the maximum power
voltage.
Block Control: controlling three currents
injected into grid. Some methods can be used to
control the currents [16], [17]: PI control,
hysteresis control (Fig.3b), deadbeat control... In
this paper, the hysteresis algorithm is used
because of simplicity and flexibility. Often, Iq_ref
is kept zero so that the grid current and the grid
phase voltage are in the same phase, unity power
factor. Beside that, Iq_ref can be different from
zero to compensate the reactive power as desired.

a) Control block-schema for single-stage PV system

b) Hysteresis Current Control

c) Grid Voltage Phase Detecting

Figure 3.Control block-schema for single-stage PV system

Figure 4. Relationship between DC-link value and Power Flow

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

Principle of DC-link Voltage Balance

Active power P and reactive one Q are
controlled by tuning the values of Id and Iq of grid
currents. Where (Id, Iq) is two components of grid
current space vector in the rotation grid voltage
coordinate, d-axis is identical with the grid
voltage space vector (Fig.3c). The simultaneous
value of (P, Q) injected into grid must ensure the
stability of DC-link voltage. As mentioned
above, Q is often set to zero, only P is changed to
stabilize DC-link voltage (Fig.4).
In addition, the active power P can be
calculated in terms of the Id component:

P = 3 V gd I d

where Vgd is grid voltage and Id is grid

current. Thus, control loop can change Id value to
keep the DC-link voltage fixed.
U DC > U DC _ ref : increase I d _ ref

(3)
U DC < U DC _ ref : decrease I d _ ref

The grid currents presented in this paper have

the assigned direction from inverter to grid.
The proposed control algorithm for single
stage three-phase PV system
The proposed algorithm uses only voltage
sensor of PV array output and the MPPTer has to
be detect the MPP (Fig.5).

(2)

Figure 5. Low-cost single stage three-phase grid-connected PV system

Figure 6. The block-schema of proposed control algorithm

In the block schema of proposed control

algorithm (Fig. 6), the input of MPPT block
includes VPV and Id. Due to principle of DC-link
voltage control, the input power and the output
power will be equal when Udc-link value
balances out. Therefore, instead of Pin
observation, the MPPT block can observe Pout to
track the MPP. In this case, PV current value is
unnecessary for MPPT because the MPPT block
do not need to know the PV power, so the current
sensor for PV array can be removed. The new
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algorithm will control the PV voltage operation

point to attain the maximum value of Id.
At the beginning, the MPPTer will adjust the
DC-link voltage (VPV) to be equal to the initial
voltage reference (Vref). It may be done by using
the fractional open circuit voltage MPPT method,
as following:

VREF _ INIT = (0.6 0.8) VOC

(4)

where VOC the open circuit voltage of PV

array

TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 16, SO K4- 2013

When the VPV is steady, the Id value will be
observed. If the Id value in this step is bigger than
the previous step value, Vref will be changed as
same way as the previous step. Otherwise, Vref
will be changed as inverse way as the previous
step (Fig.7). Thus, the stable Vref is in the
operation point having maximum Id value.
The proposed algorithm is based on the method
with variable step change of Vref. Unlike other
MPPT methods, the input power is substituted by
Id value which is easy to calculate (Fig.7). In
addition, the Id_ref is observed instead of Id
because the Id_ref value has a little noise than Id
value and relatively identical to Id in steady state.

In case of using fixed step, if the step size is

large, the PV operation point will reach to MPP
rapidly but oscillate around this point. In opposite
way, if the step size is small, the operation point
will be steady at the MPP but it takes a long time
to reach to this point. To overcome this
drawback, the proposed MPPT method uses
variable voltage step size as below equation (5),
the step size depends on the difference of Id(k) and
Id(k-1). In this equation, the value of coefficient K
is determined by using such as the optimizationbased algorithm.

dV = K I d (k ) I d (k 1)

(5)

Figure 7. The flowchart of proposed variable step change of MPPT algorithm

The variable step size can combine two

advantages of small step size and large step size;
they are fast response time and stable operation
point. At the starting, the operation point is far
from MPP, the difference (Id(k) Id(k-1)) is big, so
the step size dV is also big to get MPP rapidly.
After a short time, the operation point is moved
to MPP, the difference (Id(k) Id(k-1)) is small
gradually and is equal to zero when it reaches to
MPP, so dV is smaller than the previous one and
remains zero at MPP to get the stable operation
point.

Model of estimating power loss and efficiency

of VSI
Estimating efficiency of solar inverters is
usually based on calculating power loss of
switching device [20-23]. Calculating the power
loss of semiconduting switches is expressed as
the following.
When a switch is operating, there are four
types of power loss: conducting loss, off-state
loss, switching loss, driving loss. Comparing
with conducting loss and switching loss, off-state
loss and driving loss are so small that they can be
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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

neglected. The switching loss depends on the
switching energy (EON and EOFF) and switching
frequency, the conducting loss depends on
voltage (VCEO), resistance (RCEO) and value of
current which is through the semiconducting
device. The above parameters is provided by the
producers, they can be selected appropriately
according to operating condition and operating
mode.
Energy converting efficiency of VSI is based
on estimating the total power loss of
semiconducting switches and it is calculated by
the following formula:

Pdc PL _ total
Pdc

(6)

100%

With is efficiency, Pin is input power of VSI,

PLtotal is power loss of semiconducting switches.
The input power of VSI is determined by the
formula:
(7)

Pdc = Vin I in
Estimating power loss of IGBT

Power loss of IGBT consists of conducting loss

and switching loss, it is calculated by the
following formula:

PIGBT = VCEO IC( AV) + RCEO IC2(RMS) + (EON + EOFF)

VCE_bl iC

fsw
VCE_ ref IC_ ref

(8)
With VCEO : on-state zero-current collectoremitter voltage
RCEO : collector-emitter on-state resistance
EON

: turn on energy

EOFF : turn off energy

IC(AV) : average value of collector current
IC(RMS): RMS value of collector current
VCE_bl: blocking collector-emitter voltage
VCE_ref: blocking collector-emitter voltage from
datasheet
Trang 24

IC_ref : collector current from datasheet

iC

: collector current

fsw

: switching frequency

Estimating power loss of Diode

Power loss of a didoe is similar to above, it is
calculated by the following formula:

PDiode= VD ID( AV) + RD ID2 (RMS) + Err

i
Vr
d fsw
Vr _ ref Id _ ref

(9)
With VD: on-state voltage
RD

: on-state resistance;

Err

: reverse recovery energy

ID(AV) : average value of forward current

ID(RMS): RMS value of forward diode current
Vr

: reverse voltage

Vr_ref : reverse voltage from datasheet

Id_ref : forward current from datasheet
id

: diode current

fsw

: switching frequency

Power loss PL_total is the sum of power losses of

IGBTs and diodes.
SIMULATIONS OF THE PROPOSED
CONTROL METHOD FOR LOW-COST
SINGLE STAGE THREE-PHASE PV
SYSTEM
Whole simulation model is built in
Matlab/Simulink with SimPowerSystem Toolbox
(Fig.8).
The simulation model includes:
PV system: VOC = 800V, ISC = 4A, Pmax = 2380
W (normal irradiation).
2-level inverter : Switch parameters:
RCEO=0.05, VCEO=2.5V, Eon=0.005, Eoff=0.006,
VCE_bl/( VCE_ref. IC_ref)=0.0117; RD=0.01,
VD=0.8V, Err=0.006, Vr/( Vr_ref. Id_ref)=0.0117.
Filter: L = 50 mH.
Grid phase voltage: Vg = 220 Vrms, f = 50Hz

TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 16, SO K4- 2013

Irradiation : 0 t 0.5s, G =1; 0.5 t 1s, G
=0.7.

is grid phase voltage (rms) and Id is in rms

(Fig.10a).

The simulation results for the irradiation

change case are shown in Fig.9.

The grid current phase is identical to the grid

voltage phase. When the irradiation changes, the
magnitude of grid current is decreased (Fig.10b).

The input power is measured to demonstrate

the operation points of PV system easily. In
addition, the estimated power can be used to plot
and test without measuring input power. The
estimation is based on expression (2), where Vgd

The efficiency of VSI is evaluated by using the

estimation block (Fig.8c), which is based on
expressions (6)-(9). The high efficiency of PV
inverter is obtained as shown in Fig.10c, while
the irradiation changes from 1 to 0.7 at 0.5s.

a) The low-cost single-stage three-phase grid connected PV system

b) Control Block

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

c) Efficiency estimation block for one pair of IGBT-Diode

Figure 8. The simulation model of proposed control algorithm
2500

2500

G=1
G=0.7

2000

1500

1500

P p v , [W ]

Ppv, [W ]

2000

1000

1000

500

0
650

500
700

Vpv, [V]

750

800

a) P-V curve in normal irradiation (G=1) to G=0.7

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time, [s]

0.7

0.8

0.9

b) Input power characteristic

Figure 9. Simulation results of PV and input power characteristic

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0.6

TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 16, SO K4- 2013

P has e v oltage and current

Va/40
Ia

6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
0.2

a) Input power and estimated power (Watt)

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time, [s]

0.6

0.7

0.8

b) Grid phase current and voltage (Va/40) waveform

Efficiency

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.9
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time, [s]

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

c) The efficiency characteristic of PV inverter

Figure 10. Simulation results of estimated power, grid current and voltage, efficiency

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A prototype is used to verify the proposed
algorithm. In the experiments, a PV system
current sensor is additionally used to measure
input power. Similar to simulation, an estimated
power is calculated for plotting and checking
based on the relationship expression between
output power and Id value.
The experimental model (Fig. 11) includes:
PV system: 15 panels, Kyocera KC50T,
installed in series
VOC = 21.7V , I SC = 3.31A, Pmax = 50W : everypanel

VOC = 325.5V , I SC = 3.31A, Pmax = 750W : wholesystem

DC-link Capacitor: 1800 F, 400V maximum

Controller: dSPACE 1103
2-level inverter : 6 IGBTs Fairchild G60N100
Driver : opto HCPL A3120
Voltage and current sensors: LEM LV-25P,
LEM HX-20P
L-Filter: L = 20mH

Isolated Transformer: 370/75 V, line voltage

The Power Analyzer Fluke 43B is utilized to
show the power factor, grid current harmonics
The proposed control method is programmed
by dSPACE 1103. The user interface (Fig.12),
for controlling and plotting, is built in
ControlDesk.
As shown in the Fig.12, the measuring value
and the reference value is relatively equivalent,
such as VPV and Id. The estimated power is very
close to the input power which determined by
sensors. However, the estimated one is not
completely steady. It slightly changes around the
measured power. The secondary currents mean
the current in the inverter side, not in the grid
side because of step-up transformer.
The true P-V curve, not estimated, is easier to
observe the maximum power point (Fig.13a).
The algorithm control the secondary current
phase to be the same as the grid voltage phase for
unity power factor (Fig.13b). Because the grid
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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

voltage and the secondary votage have the same
phase, the power which measured in the

secondary side has the maximum power factor

(Fig.14a).

Figure 11. Experimental Model

Figure 12. User Interface for monitoring, measuring voltage (V), current (A) and power (W)

a) Power (w), current (A) and voltage(V) of PV,

measured by sensors

a)

Grid voltage and current phase

Figure 13. Experimental results

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TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 16, SO K4- 2013

a) Power analysis in the

secondary side

b) Inverter current analysis

c) High order harmonics

Figure 14. Power quality analysis

The quality of output currents is shown in

Fig.14b. The THD is smaller than 5% and can be
reduced when the PV system power increases.
The magnitude of high order harmonics is much
smaller than the basic harmonic (Fig14c).
The experimental results demonstrate good
responses as shown in above figures. The
responses of electrical quantities in low-cost
single-stage three-phase PV system are obtained
quickly and precisely.
CONCLUSION
This paper presented a modified control
method for single-stage three-phase gridconnected PV system, which has the advantages
of the high efficiency, cost-effectiveness and
simplicity. Unlike other MPPT methods, the
input power is substituted by Id value which is
easy to calculate. Moreover, the output power,
actually Id, is observed to replace the input
power. Hence, the PV array output current sensor

can be removed. Beside that, the proposed MPPT

algorithm is based on the method with variable
step change of Vref in order to accelerate the
MPPT response.
In this work, the hysteresis current control and
L-filter are implemented. Advanced methods of
current control, such as PI, deadbeat, and LCLfilter could be considered to improve the quality
of grid currents. The DC-link voltage balancing
principle has been used. However, other
configurations are being researching to apply this
new MPPT idea possibly.
The
simulation
results
validate
the
performance
of
the proposed schema.
Experiments performed with a laboratory
prototype have shown encouraging results.
Acknowledgment: This research is funded by
Vietnam National University HCM City,
Vietnam under grant number B2012-20-04T.

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 16, No.K4- 2013

Phng php iu khin ci tin cho h

thng in mt tri kt li ba pha cu
trc mt tng

Phan Quc Dng

Nguyn Trng an V

L nh Khoa

Nguyn Bo Anh

L Ch Hip

Trng i hc Bch khoa, HQG-HCM

TM TT:
khng cn gii tch t cc cng thc tnh
Cu hnh mt tng v thut ton d tm
im cng sut cc i (MPPT) c u im
ton phc tp v khng ph thuc vo bt
v n gin v hiu sut cao khi kt li
c thng s mch no. Thut ton cho php
ngun pin mt tri (PV). Trong cc h truyn
tnh ton cng sut ng ra ca b nghch lu
thng, cm bin dng v p ca h thng
thay v cng sut ng vo ca PV khi thc
PV c s dng thc hin MPPT. Bi
hin MPPT. Thut ton ci tin c m
bo ny trnh by mt thut ton ci tin cho
phng bng Matlab/Simulink v c kim
h thng PV kt li ba pha, cu trc mt
chng bng thc nghim. Cu hnh mt tng
tng, khng s dng cm bin dng vi
v khng dng cm bin dng thch hp cho
bc d tm MPP t ng thay i nhm rt
cc ng dng gi thnh thp v hiu sut
ngn thi gian thc thi. Thut ton ny
cao.
T
kha: cu hnh mt tng, im nng sut cc i, h thng PV.

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