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1. What makes a good test engineer?

A good test engineer has a 'test to break' attitude, an ability to take the point of view of
the customer, a strong desire for quality, and an attention to detail.

Tact and diplomacy are useful in maintaining a cooperative relationship with developers,
and an ability to communicate with both technical (developers) and non-technical
(customers, management) people is useful.

Previous software development experience can be helpful as it provides a deeper

understanding of the software development process, gives the tester an appreciation for
the developers' point of view, and reduce the learning curve in automated test tool
programming.

Judgement skills are needed to assess high-risk areas of an application on which to

focus testing efforts when time is limited.

2. What makes a good software QA engineer?

The same qualities a good tester has are useful for a QA engineer.

Additionally, they must be able to understand the entire software development process
and how it can fit into the business approach and goals of the organization.

Communication skills and the ability to understand various sides of issues are important.

In organizations in the early stages of implementing QA processes, patience and

diplomacy are especially needed.

An ability to find problems as well as to see 'what's missing' is important for inspections
and reviews.

3. What makes a good QA or Test manager?

A good QA, test, or QA/Test (combined) manager should:

be familiar with the software development process

be able to maintain enthusiasm of their team and promote a positive atmosphere, despite
what is a somewhat 'negative' process (e.g., looking for or preventing problems)

be able to promote teamwork to increase productivity

be able to promote cooperation between software, test, and QA engineers

have the diplomatic skills needed to promote improvements in QA processes

have the ability to withstand pressures and say 'no' to other managers when quality is
insufficient or QA processes are not being adhered to

have people judgement skills for hiring and keeping skilled personnel

be able to communicate with technical and non-technical people, engineers, managers,

and customers.

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be able to run meetings and keep them focused

4. What's the role of documentation in QA?

Critical. (Note that documentation can be electronic, not necessarily paper.)

QA practices should be documented such that they are repeatable.
Specifications, designs, business rules, inspection reports, configurations, code changes,
test plans, test cases, bug reports, user manuals, etc. should all be documented.
There should ideally be a system for easily finding and obtaining documents and
determining what documentation will have a particular piece of information.
Change management for documentation should be used if possible.

5. What's the big deal about 'requirements'?

One of the most reliable methods of insuring problems, or failure, in a complex software
project is to have poorly documented requirements specifications.
Requirements are the details describing an application's externally-perceived functionality
and properties.
Requirements should be clear, complete, reasonably detailed, cohesive, attainable, and
testable. A non-testable requirement would be, for example, 'user-friendly' (too
subjective).
A testable requirement would be something like 'the user must enter their previouslyassigned password to access the application'.
Determining and organizing requirements details in a useful and efficient way can be a
difficult effort; different methods are available depending on the particular project.
Many books are available that describe various approaches to this task.
Care should be taken to involve ALL of a project's significant 'customers' in the
requirements process.
'Customers' could be in-house personnel or out, and could include end-users, customer
acceptance testers, customer contract officers, customer management, future software
maintenance engineers, salespeople, etc.
Anyone who could later derail the project if their expectations aren't met should be
included if possible.
Organizations vary considerably in their handling of requirements specifications.
Ideally, the requirements are spelled out in a document with statements such as 'The
product shall.'.
'Design' specifications should not be confused with 'requirements'; design specifications
should be traceable back to the requirements.
In some organizations requirements may end up in high level project plans, functional
specification documents, in design documents, or in other documents at various levels of
detail.
No matter what they are called, some type of documentation with detailed requirements
will be needed by testers in order to properly plan and execute tests.
Without such documentation, there will be no clear-cut way to determine if a software
application is performing correctly.

6. What steps are needed to develop and run software tests?

The following are some of the steps to consider:

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Obtain requirements, functional design, and internal design specifications and other
necessary documents

Obtain budget and schedule requirements

Determine project-related personnel and their responsibilities, reporting requirements,

required standards and processes (such as release processes, change processes, etc.)

Identify application's higher-risk aspects, set priorities, and determine scope and
limitations of tests

Determine test approaches and methods - unit, integration, functional, system, load,
usability tests, etc.

Determine test environment requirements (hardware, software, communications, etc.)

Determine testware requirements (record/playback tools, coverage analyzers, test

tracking, problem/bug tracking, etc.)

Determine test input data requirements

Identify tasks, those responsible for tasks, and labor requirements

Set schedule estimates, timelines, milestones

Determine input equivalence classes, boundary value analyses, error classes

Prepare test plan document and have needed reviews/approvals

Write test cases

Have needed reviews/inspections/approvals of test cases

Prepare test environment and testware, obtain needed user manuals/reference

documents/configuration guides/installation guides, set up test tracking processes, set up
logging and archiving processes, set up or obtain test input data

Obtain and install software releases

Perform tests

Evaluate and report results

Track problems/bugs and fixes

Retest as needed

Maintain and update test plans, test cases, test environment, and testware through life
cycle

7. What's a 'test plan'?

A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach,
and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to
think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The

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completed document will help people outside the test group understand the 'why' and 'how' of
product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful but not so thorough that no one
outside the test group will read it. The following are some of the items that might be included
in a test plan, depending on the particular project:

Title

Identification of software including version/release numbers

Revision history of document including authors, dates, approvals

Table of Contents

Purpose of document, intended audience

Objective of testing effort

Software product overview

Relevant related document list, such as requirements, design documents, other test
plans, etc.

Relevant standards or legal requirements

Traceability requirements

Relevant naming conventions and identifier conventions

Overall software project organization and personnel/contact-info/responsibilties

Test organization and personnel/contact-info/responsibilities

Assumptions and dependencies

Project risk analysis

Testing priorities and focus

Scope and limitations of testing

Test outline - a decomposition of the test approach by test type, feature, functionality,
process, system, module, etc. as applicable

Outline of data input equivalence classes, boundary value analysis, error classes

Test environment - hardware, operating systems, other required software, data

configurations, interfaces to other systems

Test environment setup and configuration issues

Test data setup requirements

Database setup requirements

Outline of system-logging/error-logging/other capabilities, and tools such as screen

capture software, that will be used to help describe and report bugs

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Discussion of any specialized software or hardware tools that will be used by testers to
help track the cause or source of bugs

Test automation - justification and overview

Test tools to be used, including versions, patches, etc.

Test script/test code maintenance processes and version control

Problem tracking and resolution - tools and processes

Project test metrics to be used

Reporting requirements and testing deliverables

Software entrance and exit criteria

Initial sanity testing period and criteria

Test suspension and restart criteria

Personnel allocation

Personnel pre-training needs

Test site/location

Outside test organizations to be utilized and their purpose, responsibilties, deliverables,

contact persons, and coordination issues

Relevant proprietary, classified, security, and licensing issues.

Open issues

Appendix - glossary, acronyms, etc.

8. What's a 'test case'?

A test case is a document that describes an input, action, or event and an expected
response, to determine if a feature of an application is working correctly.

A test case should contain particulars such as test case identifier, test case name, objective,
test conditions/setup, input data requirements, steps, and expected results.

Note that the process of developing test cases can help find problems in the requirements or
design of an application, since it requires completely thinking through the operation of the
application. For this reason, it's useful to prepare test cases early in the development cycle if
possible.

9. What should be done after a bug is found?

The bug needs to be communicated and assigned to developers who can fix it.

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After the problem is resolved, fixes should be re-tested, and determinations made regarding
requirements for regression testing to check that fixes didn't create problems elsewhere. If a
problem-tracking system is in place, it should encapsulate these processes. A variety of
commercial problem-tracking/management software tools are available . The following are
items to be considered in the tracking process:

Complete information such that developers can understand the bug, get an idea of it's
severity, and reproduce it if necessary.

Bug identifier (number, ID, etc.)

Current bug status (e.g., 'Released for Retest', 'New', etc.)

The application name or identifier and version

The function, module, feature, object, screen, etc. where the bug occurred

Environment specifics, system, platform, relevant hardware specifics

Test case name/number/identifier

One-line bug description

Full bug description

Description of steps needed to reproduce the bug if not covered by a test case or if the
developer doesn't have easy access to the test case/test script/test tool

Names and/or descriptions of file/data/messages/etc. used in test

File excerpts/error messages/log file excerpts/screen shots/test tool logs that would be
helpful in finding the cause of the problem

Severity estimate (a 5-level range such as 1-5 or 'critical'-to-'low' is common)

Was the bug reproducible?

Tester name

Test date

Bug reporting date

Name of developer/group/organization the problem is assigned to

Description of problem cause

Description of fix

Code section/file/module/class/method that was fixed

Date of fix

Application version that contains the fix

Tester responsible for retest

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Retest date

Retest results

Regression testing requirements

Tester responsible for regression tests

Regression testing results

A reporting or tracking process should enable notification of appropriate personnel at various

stages.
For instance, testers need to know when retesting is needed, developers need to know when
bugs are found and how to get the needed information, and reporting/summary capabilities are
needed for managers.

10. What is 'configuration management'?

Configuration management covers the processes used to control, coordinate, and track: code,
requirements,
documentation,
problems,
change
requests,
designs,
tools/compilers/libraries/patches, changes made to them, and who makes the changes.

11. What if the software is so buggy it can't really be tested at all?

The best bet in this situation is for the testers to go through the process of reporting whatever
bugs or blocking-type problems initially show up, with the focus being on critical bugs. Since this
type of problem can severely affect schedules, and indicates deeper problems in the software
development process (such as insufficient unit testing or insufficient integration testing, poor
design, improper build or release procedures, etc.) managers should be notified, and provided
with some documentation as evidence of the problem.

12. How can it be known when to stop testing?

This can be difficult to determine. Many modern software applications are so complex, and run in
such an interdependent environment, that complete testing can never be done. Common factors
in deciding when to stop are:

Deadlines (release deadlines, testing deadlines, etc.)

Test cases completed with certain percentage passed

Test budget depleted

Coverage of code/functionality/requirements reaches a specified point

Bug rate falls below a certain level

Beta or alpha testing period ends

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13. What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?
Use risk analysis to determine where testing should be focused.
Since it's rarely possible to test every possible aspect of an application, every possible
combination of events, every dependency, or everything that could go wrong, risk analysis is
appropriate to most software development projects.
This requires judgement skills, common sense, and experience. (If warranted, formal methods
are also available.)
Considerations can include:

Which functionality is most important to the project's intended purpose?

Which functionality is most visible to the user?

Which functionality has the largest safety impact?

Which functionality has the largest financial impact on users?

Which aspects of the application are most important to the customer?

Which aspects of the application can be tested early in the development cycle?

Which parts of the code are most complex, and thus most subject to errors?

Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?

Which aspects of similar/related previous projects caused problems?

Which aspects of similar/related previous projects had large maintenance expenses?

Which parts of the requirements and design are unclear or poorly thought out?

What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the application?

What kinds of problems would cause the worst publicity?

What kinds of problems would cause the most customer service complaints?

What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?

Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio?

14. What if the project isn't big enough to justify extensive testing?
Consider the impact of project errors, not the size of the project.
However, if extensive testing is still not justified, risk analysis is again needed and the same
considerations as described previously in.
The tester might then do ad hoc testing, or write up a limited test plan based on the risk analysis.

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15. What can be done if requirements are changing continuously?
A common problem and a major headache.

Work with the project's stakeholders early on to understand how requirements might
change so that alternate test plans and strategies can be worked out in advance, if
possible.

It's helpful if the application's initial design allows for some adaptability so that later
changes do not require redoing the application from scratch.

If the code is well-commented and well-documented this makes changes easier for the
developers.

Use rapid prototyping whenever possible to help customers feel sure of their
requirements and minimize changes.

The project's initial schedule should allow for some extra time commensurate with the
possibility of changes.

Try to move new requirements to a 'Phase 2' version of an application, while using the
original requirements for the 'Phase 1' version.

Negotiate to allow only easily-implemented new requirements into the project, while
moving more difficult new requirements into future versions of the application.

Be sure that customers and management understand the scheduling impacts, inherent
risks, and costs of significant requirements changes. Then let management or the
customers (not the developers or testers) decide if the changes are warranted - after all,
that's their job.

Balance the effort put into setting up automated testing with the expected effort required
to re-do them to deal with changes.

Try to design some flexibility into automated test scripts.

Focus initial automated testing on application aspects that are most likely to remain
unchanged.

Devote appropriate effort to risk analysis of changes to minimize regression testing

needs.

Design some flexibility into test cases (this is not easily done; the best bet might be to
minimize the detail in the test cases, or set up only higher-level generic-type test plans)

Focus less on detailed test plans and test cases and more on ad hoc testing (with an
understanding of the added risk that this entails).

16. What if the application has functionality that wasn't in the

requirements?
It may take serious effort to determine if an application has significant unexpected or hidden
functionality, and it would indicate deeper problems in the software development process.

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If the functionality isn't necessary to the purpose of the application, it should be removed, as it
may have unknown impacts or dependencies that were not taken into account by the designer or
the customer.
If not removed, design information will be needed to determine added testing needs or regression
testing needs.
Management should be made aware of any significant added risks as a result of the unexpected
functionality.
If the functionality only effects areas such as minor improvements in the user interface, for
example, it may not be a significant risk.

17. How can Software QA processes be implemented without stifling

productivity?
By implementing QA processes slowly over time, using consensus to reach agreement on
processes, and adjusting and experimenting as an organization grows and matures, productivity
will be improved instead of stifled. Problem prevention will lessen the need for problem detection,
panics and burn-out will decrease, and there will be improved focus and less wasted effort. At the
same time, attempts should be made to keep processes simple and efficient, minimize
paperwork, promote computer-based processes and automated tracking and reporting, minimize
time required in meetings, and promote training as part of the QA process. However, no one especially talented technical types - likes rules or bureacracy, and in the short run things may
slow down a bit. A typical scenario would be that more days of planning and development will be
needed, but less time will be required for late-night bug-fixing and calming of irate customers.

18. What if an organization is growing so fast that fixed QA processes are

impossible?
This is a common problem in the software industry, especially in new technology areas. There is
no easy solution in this situation, other than:

Hire good people

Management should 'ruthlessly prioritize' quality issues and maintain focus on the customer

Everyone in the organization should be clear on what 'quality' means to the customer

19. How does a clientserver environment affect testing?

Client/server applications can be quite complex due to the multiple dependencies among clients,
data communications, hardware, and servers.
Thus testing requirements can be extensive. When time is limited (as it usually is) the focus
should be on integration and system testing.
Additionally, load/stress/performance testing may be useful in determining client/server
application limitations and capabilities.
There are commercial tools to assist with such testing.

20. How can World Wide Web sites be tested?

Web sites are essentially client/server applications - with web servers and 'browser' clients.

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Consideration should be given to the interactions between html pages, TCP/IP communications,
Internet connections, firewalls, applications that run in web pages (such as applets, javascript,
plug-in applications), and applications that run on the server side (such as cgi scripts, database
interfaces, logging applications, dynamic page generators, asp, etc.).
Additionally, there are a wide variety of servers and browsers, various versions of each, small but
sometimes significant differences between them, variations in connection speeds, rapidly
changing technologies, and multiple standards and protocols.
The end result is that testing for web sites can become a major ongoing effort.
Other considerations might include:

What are the expected loads on the server (e.g., number of hits per unit time?), and what kind
of performance is required under such loads (such as web server response time, database
query response times).

What kinds of tools will be needed for performance testing (such as web load testing tools,
other tools already in house that can be adapted, web robot downloading tools, etc.)?

Who is the target audience? What kind of browsers will they be using? What kind of
connection speeds will they by using? Are they intra- organization (thus with likely high
connection speeds and similar browsers) or Internet-wide (thus with a wide variety of
connection speeds and browser types)?

What kind of performance is expected on the client side (e.g., how fast should pages appear,
how fast should animations, applets, etc. load and run)?

Will down time for server and content maintenance/upgrades be allowed? how much?

What kinds of security (firewalls, encryptions, passwords, etc.) will be required and what is it
expected to do? How can it be tested?

How reliable are the site's Internet connections required to be? And how does that affect
backup system or redundant connection requirements and testing?

What processes will be required to manage updates to the web site's content, and what are
the requirements for maintaining, tracking, and controlling page content, graphics, links, etc.?

Which HTML specification will be adhered to? How strictly? What variations will be allowed
for targeted browsers?

Will there be any standards or requirements for page appearance and/or graphics throughout
a site or parts of a site??

How will internal and external links be validated and updated? how often?

Can testing be done on the production system, or will a separate test system be required?
How are browser caching, variations in browser option settings, dial-up connection
variabilities, and real-world internet 'traffic congestion' problems to be accounted for in
testing?

How extensive or customized are the server logging and reporting requirements; are they
considered an integral part of the system and do they require testing?

How are cgi programs, applets, javascripts, ActiveX components, etc. to be maintained,
tracked, controlled, and tested?

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Pages should be 3-5 screens max unless content is tightly focused on a single topic. If larger,
provide internal links within the page.

The page layouts and design elements should be consistent throughout a site, so that it's
clear to the user that they're still within a site.

Pages should be as browser-independent as possible, or pages should be provided or

generated based on the browser-type.

All pages should have links external to the page; there should be no dead-end pages.

The page owner, revision date, and a link to a contact person or organization should be
included on each page.

21. How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?

Well-engineered object-oriented design can make it easier to trace from code to internal design to
functional design to requirements.
While there will be little affect on black box testing (where an understanding of the internal design
of the application is unnecessary), white-box testing can be oriented to the application's objects. If
the application was well-designed this can simplify test design.

22. What is Extreme Programming and what's it got to do with testing ?

Extreme Programming (XP) is a software development approach for small teams on risk-prone
projects with unstable requirements.
It was created by Kent Beck who described the approach in his book 'Extreme Programming
Explained' .
Testing ('extreme testing') is a core aspect of Extreme Programming.
Programmers are expected to write unit and functional test code first - before the application is
developed.
Test code is under source control along with the rest of the code.
Customers are expected to be an integral part of the project team and to help develop scenarios
for acceptance/black box testing.
Acceptance tests are preferably automated, and are modified and rerun for each of the frequent
development iterations.
QA and test personnel are also required to be an integral part of the project team.
Detailed requirements documentation is not used, and frequent re-scheduling, re-estimating, and
re-prioritizing is expected

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