Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

Microcontroller
Contents
•Introduction
•Inside 8051
•Instructions
•Interfacing
Introduction
• Definition of a Microcontroller
• Difference with a Microprocessor
• Microcontroller is used where ever
Definition
• It is a single chip
• Consists of Cpu, Memory
• I/O ports, timers and other peripherals
Difference

MICRO CONTROLLER MICRO PROCESSER

• It is a single chip • It is a cpu
• Consists Memory, • Memory, I/O Ports to be
• I/o ports connected externally.

CPU
CPU MEMORY
MEMORY

I/O PORTS I/O PORTS

Where ever
• Small size
• Low cost
• Low power
Architecture
•Harvard university
The Architecture given by Harvard University has the following advantages:
1: Data Space and Program Space are distinct
2: There is no Data corruption or loss of data
Disadvantage is:
1: The circuitry is very complex.
Features

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

• 8 bit cpu
• 64k Program memory (4k on chip)
• 64k Data memory
• 128 Bytes on chip
• 32 I/O
• Two 16 bit timers
• Full duplex UART
• 6 Source/5 Vector interrupts with two level priority levels
• On chip clock Oscillator.
Block Diagram
External Interrupts
4k On chip
Interrupt ETC Counter inputs
flash
control
128 Bytes Timer 1
RAM Timer 0

CPU

OSC Serial Port

Bus Control 4 I/O ports

PSEN ALE TXD RXD

P0 P2 P1 P3

Memory Architecture

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

FFFFH:

EXTERNAL

EXTERNAL

INTERNAL
FFH:

EA=0 EA=1
EXTERNAL INTERNAL 0000H:
00
0000
RD WR
PSEN
SFR Map

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

Internal Memory
7FH
Scratch Pad
30H
Bit Memory
20H
Bank 3 (R0-R7)
18H
Bank 2 (R0-R7)
10H
Bank 1 (R0-R7)
08H
Bank 0 (R0-R7)
00H
Pin connections

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

Overview of 8096 16 bit microcontroller

Features
• 232 Byte Register File.
• Register to Register Architecture.
• 10 bit A/D Converter with S/H.
• Five 8 bit I/O ports.
• 20 Interrupt Sources.
• Pulse Width Modulation Output.
• High speed I/O subsystem.
• Dedicated Baud Rate Generator.
• Full Duplex Serial Port.
• 16 bit Watchdog Timer.
Introduction
• The MSC-96 family members are all high performance microcontroller with a 16
bit CPU and atleast 230 bytes of on-chip RAM.
• Intel MSC-96 family easily handles high speed calculations and fast input/out
operations.
• All of the MCS-96 components share a common instruction set and architecture.

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

• However the CHMOS components have enhancements to provide higher

performance with lower power consumption.
• These microcontroller contains dedicated I/O subsystem and perform 16-bit
arithmetic instructions including multiply and divide operations.
• CPU: The major components of the MCS-96 CPU are the Register File and the
Register / Arithmetic Logic Unit (RALU).
• Location 00H through 17H are the I/O control registers or Special function
registers (SFR).
• Locations 18H and 19H contains the stack pointer, which can serve as general
purpose RAM when not performing stack operations.
• The remaining bytes of the register file serve as general purpose RAM, accessible
as bytes, words or double-words.
• Calculations performed by the CPU take place in the RALU. The RALU contains
a 17bit ALU, the program status word (PSW), the program Counter (PC), a loop
counter and three temporary registers.
• The RALU operates directly on the Register Files, thus eliminating accumulator
bottleneck and providing for direct control of I/O operations through the SFR.
Architecture
• The MCS-96 supports a complete instruction set which includes bit operations,
byte operations, word operations, double-word operations (unsigned 32 bit), long
operations (signed 32 bit), flag manipulations as well as jump and call
instructions.
• All the standard logical and arithmetic instructions function as both byte and word
operations.
• The jump bit set and jump bit clear instructions can operate on any of the SFR or
bytes in the lower register files. These fast bit manipulations allow for rapid I/O
functions.
• Byte and word operations make up the instruction set. The assembly language
ASM-96 uses a “B” suffix on a mnemonic for a byte operation or for word
operation.
• Addressing modes: This supports the following modes.
• Register-direct, indirect, indirect with auto-increment, immediate, short-indexed
and long-indexed.
• These modes increase the flexibility and overall execution speed of the MCS-96
devices.

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

Clock Generator Vcc

Internal On chip ROM/ Power
Vss
RAM EPROM (optional) and
CPU Vss
Peripheral ground Vss
transaction Register RALU Control signals
server File Memory controller
(PTS) 16 Address / data bus
Prefetch Queue
16

Vref A/D Programmable

interrupt Event Processor
converter Array or HSIO
(10 bit) controller
GND
Serial I/O
(UART &
SSIO) Timer 1 & 2 I/O Ports

T R
SS SS
XX T1T1 T2T2 EPA0-3
Po Po Po Po PoPo Po
CC DD
DD C DI C DI or HSIO
rt rt rt rt rt rt rt
0 L R L R 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
KR Only K K KR
MSC 96 Block Diagram
RALU Memory Controller
Master PC 6-bit loop
counter Bus controller
CPU
Upper word 2nd operand
register Register MUX
Register
File Lower word Constants
register 4 byte Slave Addr Data
Queue PC Reg. Reg.
Program Bit select
Register status word
RAM register

MUX Instruction
reg.

A B Micro code
Code PSW Engine
SFRs Control ALU
CPU control and
Status Signals Interrupt
Controller

16
CPU Buses 8

Block Diagram of Register File, RALU, Memory Controller and Interrupt Controller

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Mnem Dest or Src1 ; One operand direct

Mnem Dest, Src1 ; Two operand direct
Mnem Dest, Src1, Src2 ; Three operand direct
Mnem #Src1 ; One operand immediate
Mnem Dest, #Src1 ; Two operand immediate
Mnem Dest, Src1, Src2 ; Three operand immediate
Mnem [addr] ; one operand indirect
Mnem [addr] + ; one operand indirect auto-increment
Mnem Dest, [addr] ; Two operand indirect
Mnem Dest, [addr] + ; Two operand indirect auto-increment
Mnem Dest, Src1, [addr] ; Three operand indirect
Mnem Dest, Src1, [addr] + ; Three operand indirect auto-increment
Mnem Dest, offs [addr] ; Two operand indexed (short or long )
Mnem Dest, Src1, offs [addr] ; Three operand indexed (short or long )

Instruction Format
8096 Peripherals
• Standard I/O Ports – The 8096 has five 8 bit I/O ports.
• Port 0 is an input port that is also the analog input for the A/D converter.
• Port 1 is a quasi-bidirectional port.
• Port 2 contains three types of port lines.
• Quasi-Bidirectional, input and output. Other functions on the 8096 share the input
and output lines with Port 2.
• Port 3 and 4 are open-drain bidirectional ports that share their pins with the
address/data bus.
• Timers – The 8096 has two 16 bit timers. Timer 1 and Timer 2.
• An internal clock increments the Timer 1 value every 8 state times. (A state time
is 3 oscillator periods)
• An external clock increments Timer 2 on every positive and negative transition.
• Either an internal or external source can reset Timer 2.
• This two timers can generate an interrupt when crossing the 0FFFFH/0000H
boundary.
• The 8096 includes separate, dedicated timers for serial port baud rate generator
and watchdog timer.
• The watchdog Timer is an internal timer that resets the system if the software fails
to operate properly.
• High Speed Input Unit (HSI) – The 8096 HIS unit can record times of external
events with a 9 state time resolution. It can monitor four independently
configurable HSI lines and captures the value of timer 1 when events takes place.
• The four types of events that can trigger captures include: rising edge only, falling
edge only, rising or falling edges, or every eight rising edge.
• The HSI unit can store upto 8 entries (Timer 1 values ).
• Reading the HSI holding register unloads the earliest entry placed in the FIFO.

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• The HSI unit can generate an interrupt when loading an entry into the HSI
holding register or loading the sixth entry into the FIFO.
• High Speed Output Unit (HSO) – The 8096 HSO unit can trigger events at
specified times based on Timer1 or Timer2.
• These programmable events include: starting an A/D conversion, resetting
Timer2, generating upto four software time delays, and setting or clearing one or
more of the six HSO output lines.
• The HSO unit stores pending event and specified times in a Content Addressable
Memory (CAM) file. This file stores upto 8 commands.
• Each command specifies the action time, the nature of the action, whether an
interrupt is to occur, and whether Timer1 or Timer2 is the reference timer.
• Every 8 state times the HSO compares the CAM locations for time matches. The
HSO unit triggers the specified event when it finds a time match.
• A command is cleared from the CAM as soon as it executes.
• Serial Port – The serial port on the 8096 has one synchronous (Mode 0) and
three asynchronous modes (Modes 1, 2 and 3).
• The asynchronous modes are full duplex.
• Mode 0, the synchronous mode, is to expand the I/O capability of the 8096 using
shift register.
• Mode 1 is the standard asynchronous mode used for normal serial
communication.
• Modes 2, 3 are 9-bit modes commonly used for multiprocessor communications.
• Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) – The PWM output waveform is a variable
duty cycle pulse that repeats every 256 state times.
• The PWM output can perform digital to analog conversions and drive several
types of motors that require a PWM waveform for more efficient operation.
• A/D Converter – The 8096 A/D converts an analog input to a 10 bit digital
equivalent.
• The main components of the A/D Converter are: 8 analog inputs, an 8 to 1
multiplexer, a sample and hold capacitor and resistor ladder.
• The A/D Converter can start a conversion immediately or the High Speed Output
unit can trigger a conversion at a preprogrammed time.
• The A/D converter performs a conversion in 88 state times. Upon completion of
each conversion the converter can generate a conversion complete interrupt.
• The 8X9X provides separate VREF and ANGND supply pins to isolate noise on
the Vcc or Vss lines.
• Interrupts – There are 21 interrupts sources and 8 interrupt vector on the 8096.
• When the interrupt controller detects one of the 8 interrupts it sets the
corresponding bit in the interrupt pending register. Individual interrupts are
enabled or disabled by setting or clearing bits in the interrupt mask register.
• When the interrupt controller decides to process an interrupt, it executes a “call”
to an interrupt service routine ISR. The corresponding interrupt vector contains
the address of the ISR. The interrupt controller then clears the associated pending
bit.

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 1 1 Chip configuration byte
CCB (2018H) (ROM or EPROM)
Set to 1 for compatibility with future parts.
Bus width select
If set, then BUSWIDTH pin determines the bus
width. If cleared, then external 8-bit data bus is
selected.
Write strobe mode select
If set, then WRH# / BHE# becomes BHE# and WRL# /
WR# becomes WR#.
If cleared, then WRH# / BHE# becomes WRH# and
WRL# / WR# becomes WRL#.
Address valid strobe select
If set, then ALE / ADV# becomes ALE
If cleared , then ALE / ADV# becomes ADV#
IRC1 IRC0 Internal ready control mode
0 0 Limit to 1 wait state
0 1 Limit to 2 wait state
1 0 Limit to 3 wait state
1 1 Disable internal ready control
LOC1 LOC0 Internal ROM / EPROM lock modes
0 0 Read protected ; EPROM is also write protected.
0 1 Read protected
1 0 EPROM part is write protected
1 1 No operation
Chip configuration byte (CCB)
Configuring the 8096
• The 8096 can be operated in either the single-chip mode, or two of its ports can be
redefined to bring out the internal address bus and data bus.
• For the single chip mode, the internal ROM and EPROM must be accessed. This
choice is made by tying the EA# pin high.
• When EA pin is tied high, the internal ROM or EPROM is accessed during
instruction and data fetches from addresses 2080 to 3FFFH and for interrupt
vectors located at addresses 2000 to 2011H.

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

8096BH

+5V EA

Single chip mode

READY Memory read EA: Tie to +5V to

8096BH use internal ROM
INST Instruction fetch
+5V BUSWIDTH ADV Address valid or EPROM
RD Read control
+5V or EA WRH Write high control EA: Tie to GND to
GND WRL Write low control disable internal
AD15 – AD0 Multiplexed bus
CCB (2018H) 16 ROM or EPROM
0 01

Expanded mode with 16 bit multiplexed bus

Modes of Intel 8096 operation.
READY Memory read EA: Tie to +5V to
8096BH use internal ROM
INST Instruction fetch
BUSWIDTH ADV Address valid or EPROM
RD Read control
EA WR Write control EA: Tie to GND to
+5V or A15 – A8 8 Write low control disable internal
GND AD7 – AD0 8 Multiplexed bus ROM or EPROM
CCB (2018H)
0 01

Expanded mode with 8 bit multiplexed bus

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

+ 5V
8096BH READY

CCB (No wait state)

x x

(a ) Avoiding wait states entirely, for use with fast external parts.

GND
8096BH READY

CCB (One, two or three wait states)

0 0 One wait state = 250 extra nanoseconds

0 1 Two wait state = 500 extra nanoseconds
1 0 Three wait state = 750 extra nanoseconds
(b ) Use with slower external parts.
Alternative use of the READY input.
8096BH READY
+5V AD15 A15
(16 bit BUSWIDTH
CCB
multiplexed
bus) 0 0 (Address-dependent wait state)

8096BH READY
BUSWIDTH A15 A15
(8 bit CCB (Address-dependent wait state)
multiplexed 0 0
bus)

(c ) external accesses to address below 8000H get an extra wait state, where as accesses
above 8000H get no extra wait state.
• When operated in the expanded mode the internal ROM or EPROM can still be
used by tying EA# high.

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

• Accesses to the addresses 2000 to 2011H and 2080 to 3FFFH can be made to
access off-chip memory by tying the EA# pin low.
• If the EA pin is high, then we have the option of using the internal ROM or
EPROM together with external memory and devices.
• One of the options made available by the BH series over the original 8096 family
is the option to deal with either a 16 bit external data bus or else an 8 bit external
data bus.
• The latter options permits expanding the 8096 with a single byte wide static RAM
chip or with a single byte wide EPROM chip for program memory.
• The latter is particularly convenient for users who can either put their application
program into a single EPROM or who do not have the EPROM programming
capability to separate their object code into even addresses and odd addresses as
required for the two byte wide EPROM used with a 16 bit data bus.
• The choice of bus width is made in two places. When the 8096 comes out of reset,
it reads the content of address 2018H of our ROM or EPROM. This is called the
chip configuration CCB.
• The 8096 stores this byte in a chip configuration register which is unaccessable by
our software.
• Bit 1 works together with the external BUSWIDTH pin to determine the data bus
width (when the EA pin is tied low).
• While the BUSWIDTH pin is tied either high or low, it can actually be changed
during each bus cycle of normal operation.
• If it is tied to the A15 address lines, then accesses to external addresses 8000 to
FFFFH would use a 16-bit data bus while accesses to external addresses below
this would use an 8-bit data bus. In either case, the full 16 bit address bus is
brought out.
• When an 8-bit data bus is brought out, the lines which bring out the upper half of
the address bus do not have to be multiplexed.
• In this case, the designers of the chip have saved users the need for an external
latch for the upper half of the address bus by latching the address internally.
• The original 8096 parts gave the user of the expanded chip an ALE output. This
was used to latch the address. The new option is selected with a 0 in bit 3 of CCB.
The ADV# line remains high during any machine cycles which are not accessing
external memory, but goes low during external accesses. Because of this ADV#
can be used to simplify the decoding to enable external devices.
• In addition to the external access, ADV# drop low at precisely the current time to
latch the multiplexed address. Consequently, it can serve double duty, both
helping with decoding and also latching the multiplexed address.
• Another feature of the original 8096 parts operating in the expanded mode was
the need to decode a BHE# signal.
• This was used during writes to a byte at an odd address so that the lower byte on
the 16-bit data bus could be left unchanged.
• Users of the original 8096 parts had to gate BHE# together with a WR# signal to
generate two write signals.
• One for chips connected to the upper half of the data bus and one for chip
connected to the lower half of the data bus.

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

• This option is selected with 0 bit 2 of CCB.

• INST output is a signal which takes on when the RD# line is active, signaling that
a read from an external device is taking place. If the read is an instruction fetch,
then INST will be high. Otherwise it will be low during the read cycle.
• Users of logia analyzers and designers of 8096 emulators can use this signal to
help sort out the activity on external bus.
• The READY control line permits the 8096 to run at full speed for its internal
accesses and yet to slow down for some of its external accesses.
• It is used in conjunction with bits 4 and 5 of CCB to introduce extra 250ns
(assuming a 12 MHz crystal) wait states into external read and write cycles.
• If the READY line is tied high then the CCB bits do not matter and no external
wait states are introduced into external read or writes.
• If the READY line is tied low (signifying that external devices are not ready),
then this READY signal can be overridden by the CCB bits.
• Thus 00 in bits 4 and 5 of CCB will now limit the delay to a signal wait state.
• READY line can be changed by dynamically from cycle to cycle. If it is tied to
the upper address lines, then we can position external devices which can run at
full speed in the 8000 to FFFF address range and slower external device needing
an extra wait state at lower addresses.
• The lock mode is selected by the coding of bit 6 and 7. Whether the software is in
on-chip manage to get the chip to execute code from external memory and then
have that external program dump the internal memory to the serial port.
• In a read-protected mode, only code executing from internal memory can read
from memory addresses between 2020 to 3FFFH.
• In a write-protected mode, no code can write to memory address between 2000
and 3FFFH.
• One problem arises with a memory protection scheme such as, if we purchase
ROM-protected parts from Intel, then before we use them, we would like to test
them.
• We can drive the EA# line low and use our own program to test all the resource
on the chip. This does not test the ROM contents.
• Intel supports the verification of ROM by including a 16byte security key, located
at address 2020 to 202FH. Before protected memory can read, the chip must read
external memory locations 4020 to 402FH and compare the contents with the
internal security key.
• Access to protected memory will only be allowed if a match I found for all 16
bytes.
• The first 26 addresses from the register file, used to set up and access almost all of
the on-chip resources. The rest of the page 0 is dedicated to internal RAM, for a
total of 230 bytes of RAM.
• While the ROM or EPROM extends from 2000 to 3FFFH, Intel reserves address
2012 to 2017H.

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Neither external read

External read cycle External write cycle
XATL nor external write cycle

(12 MHZ)
250 ns
CLK OUT

(4 MHz)

ADV#

RD#

WRH#

WRL#

Address out Data in Address Data out

AD15 – AD0 out
Timing for expand mode with 16 bit multiplexed bus
Neither external read
External read cycle External write cycle
XATL nor external write cycle

(12 MHZ)
250 ns
CLK OUT

(12 MHz)

ADV#

RD#

WRH#

Address out Address out

A15 –
A0

Address out Data in Address Data out

AD15 – AD0 out
Timing for expand mode with 8 bit multiplexed bus

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

REGISTERS EQU 0000H ; Registers extend upto 0019H

RAM EQU 001AH ; RAM extend upto 00FFH
EXTERNAL 1 EQU 0100H ; External memory space (upto 1FFDH)
PORT3 EQU 1FFEH
PORT4 EQU 1FFFH
ROM EQU 2000H ;ROM or EPROM, extends up to 3FFFH
INTERRUPT EQU 2000H ;Vector extends up to 2011H
- VECTORS
RESERVED EQU 2012H ;ROM up to 207FH is reserved for factory
;test code (except for CCB)
CCB EQU 2018H ;Chip configuration byte
START EQU 2080H ;User program or data up to 3FFFH

EXTERNAL2 EQU 4000H ;External memory space (upto FFFFH)

Intel 8096 memory space allocation.

SYMBOLIC NAMES FOR THE I/O REGISTERS OF THE 8096

R0 EQU 00H:WORD ;R Zero register (reads as 0000H)

AD_COMMAND EQU 02H:BYTE ; W A/D command register
AD_RESULT_LO EQU 02H:BYTE ;R A/D result, lo byte (byte read only )
AD_RESULT_HI EQU 03H:BYTE ;R A/D result, hi byte (byte read only )
HSI_MODE EQU 03H:BYTE ; W HSI mode register
HS0_TIME EQU 04H:WORD ; W HS0 time hi/lo (word write only)
HSI_TIME EQU 04H:WORD ;R HSI time hi/lo (word read only)
HS0_COMMAND EQU 06H:BYTE ; W HS0 command register
HSI_STATUS EQU 06H:BYTE ;R HSI status register
SBUF EQU 07H:BYTE ;R/W Receive buffer (read), Transmit buffer (write)
INST_MASK EQU 08H:BYTE ;R/W Interrupt mask register
INT_PENDING EQU 09H:BYTE ;R/W Interrupt pending register
WATCHDOG EQU 0AH:BYTE ; W Watchdog timer register
TIMER 1 EQU 0AH:WORD ;R Timer 1 hi/lo (word read only )
TIMER 2 EQU 0CH:WORD ;R Timer 2 hi/lo (word read only )
BAUD_RATE EQU 0EH:BYTE ; W Baud rate control register
PORT 0 EQU 0EH:BYTE ;R Port 0
PORT 1 EQU 0FH:BYTE ;R/W Port 1
PORT 2 EQU 10H:BYTE ;R /W Port 2
SP_CON EQU 11H:BYTE ; W Serial port control register
SP_STAT EQU 11H:BYTE ;R Serial port status register
SP EQU 18H:BYTE ;R /W Stack pointer

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

0000 On-chip registers 0000 - 0019

On-chip RAM 000A – 00FF

2000 On-chip ROM :

Interrupt vectors 2000 - 2011
Factory test code 2012 – 207F
User program 2080 – 3FFF
3FFF

* Off chip accessible address

*
* Intel 8096 cannot use direct (page 0) addressing for the off-
chip addresses.

FFFF
Intel 8096 expanded memory map
General Purpose I/O Ports
• Port 0 whose lines can serve as either general purpose inputs or alternatively as
input to the analog-to-digital converter family.
• Port 1 is a quasi-bidirectional I/O port.
• Port 2 includes four input lines, two output lines, and two quasi-bidirectional I/O
lines.
• Port 3 and 4 when used as ports, they have open drain outputs.
• By writing anything but a 1 to a line, it can serve as an input even as other lines
serve as outputs.
• Each output line needs the addition of a pullup resistor having a value of 15kΩ.
• In the expanded mode the bus lines gain the ability to drive both high and low,
forming the expansion bus without the need of pullup resistors.

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

8096 A/D PORT 0

Converter (000E)
ACH7 7
ACH6 6
ACH5 5
ACH4 4
ACH3 3
ACH2 2 Not available with 48 pin
ACH1 1 DIP package.
ACH0 0
Vref +5v
0.1µF
Angnd

Port 0
8096 PORT 1
(000F)
7
6
5
4 Not available with 48 pin
3 DIP package.
2
1
0

Port 1 use as a quasi-bidirectional I/O port.

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers/Architecture of Micro controllers Lecture Notes

8096 PORT 2
(0010H)
7
6
Pulse width mode. 5
Out. PWM
T2RST 4
Inputs to timer 2 T2CLK 3
External interrupt EXTINT 2
RXD 1
Serial Port TXD 0

Not available with 48

pin DIP package.
Bit 6 and 7 are quasi bidirectional I/O lines with same
behavior and drive characteristic as port 1 lines.

Port 2
Expansion PORT 4 + 5V
8096 15KΩ
bus (1FFF)
AD15 7
AD14 6
AD13 5
AD12 4
AD11 3
AD10 2
AD9 1
AD8 0
Expansion PORT 3 (1FFE)
bus AD7 7
AD6 6
AD5 5
AD4 4
AD3 3
AD2 2
AD1 1
AD0 0
Pullup resistors are only needed on lines to
be used as output port lines

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