Announcements

• Quiz on Friday February 13 at 8:00 am

• Coverage: Chapter 4 and Chapter 5
• Important: we will provide equations but not definitions like average
speed and velocity, instantaneous speed and velocity, instantaneous and
average acceleration…
• Come early to be seated on time (7:45 am) especially if you are in the main
auditorium.
• Remember your recitation section and show up in auditorium where
you are assigned.
• Main Aud. - Rec. sec. 1-21
• Disque 103 – Rec. sec. 22-27
• Disque 108 – Rec. sec. 28-30
• Help center in Disque 919 every day from 4-6pm except Thursday, 5-7pm
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
1
CHAPTER 6
Work and Kinetic Energy

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 Goals for Chapter 6
• To understand and calculate work done by a
force
• To study and apply kinetic energy
• To learn and use the work-energy theorem
• Calculate work done by a varying force along
a curved path
• Determine the power in a physical situation
by adding time

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 Introduction
• We’ve studied how Newton’s Second Law allows us to
calculate an acceleration from a force but what if the force
changes during its application?

• We must be able to account for things like an archer’s

bow.

• We will use:
• Principle of conservation of energy: it cannot be created
nor destroyed
• Work and energy.
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 Work, a force through a distance
• As in the illustration, pushing in the same direction that the object moves
• The total work done on particle by all forces acting on it equals the change in
kinetic energy (energy of motion, related to particle’s speed)
• More work is done if you push harder (stronger force), or displacement is
greater.

Unit is J (Joule) = 1N (newton) 1 m (meter)

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 Use the parallel component if the force acts at an angle
• Force at the angle with respect to displacement

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 The scalar product

• Termed the
“dot
product.”
• The result is
a scalar!

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 Work – general case

Constant force
Straight line
displacement

Notice that work W is SCALAR quantity.

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 Problem 6.8.
• A loaded grocery cart is rolling across a parking
lot in a strong wind. You apply a constant force
F = (30 N)i – (40 N)j to the cart as it undergoes
a displacement s = (-9.0 m)i – (3.0 m)j. How
much work does the force you apply do on the
grocery cart?

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 Work: positive, negative and zero
• Depending on the angle, work can be positive,
negative and even zero.

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 Q6.1
Motor
An elevator is being lifted at a constant speed
by a steel cable attached to an electric motor.
Which statement is correct? Cable
v
A. The cable does positive work on the
elevator, and the elevator does positive Elevator
work on the cable.
B. The cable does positive work on the elevator, and the
elevator does negative work on the cable.
C. The cable does negative work on the elevator, and the
elevator does positive work on the cable.
D. The cable does negative work on the elevator, and the
elevator does negative work on the cable.

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 A6.1
Motor
An elevator is being lifted at a constant speed
by a steel cable attached to an electric motor.
Which statement is correct? Cable
v
A. The cable does positive work on the
elevator, and the elevator does positive Elevator
work on the cable.
B. The cable does positive work on the elevator, and the
elevator does negative work on the cable.
C. The cable does negative work on the elevator, and the
elevator does positive work on the cable.
D. The cable does negative work on the elevator, and the
elevator does negative work on the cable.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

 Q6.2
Motor
An elevator is being lowered at a constant
speed by a steel cable attached to an electric
motor. Which statement is correct? Cable
v
A. The cable does positive work on the
elevator, and the elevator does positive Elevator
work on the cable.
B. The cable does positive work on the elevator, and the
elevator does negative work on the cable.
C. The cable does negative work on the elevator, and the
elevator does positive work on the cable.
D. The cable does negative work on the elevator, and the
elevator does negative work on the cable.

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 A6.2
Motor
An elevator is being lowered at a constant
speed by a steel cable attached to an electric
motor. Which statement is correct? Cable
v
A. The cable does positive work on the
elevator, and the elevator does positive Elevator
work on the cable.
B. The cable does positive work on the elevator, and the
elevator does negative work on the cable.
C. The cable does negative work on the elevator, and the
elevator does positive work on the cable.
D. The cable does negative work on the elevator, and the
elevator does negative work on the cable.

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 Q6.8
Three blocks are connected as
shown. The ropes and pulleys are of
negligible mass. When released,
block C moves downward, block B
moves up the ramp, and block A
moves to the right.

After each block has moved a distance d, the force of gravity has done

A. positive work on A, B, and C.

B. zero work on A, positive work on B, and negative work
on C.
C. zero work on A, negative work on B, and positive work
on C.
D. none of these
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 A6.8
Three blocks are connected as
shown. The ropes and pulleys are of
negligible mass. When released,
block C moves downward, block B
moves up the ramp, and block A
moves to the right.

After each block has moved a distance d, the force of gravity has done

A. positive work on A, B, and C.

B. zero work on A, positive work on B, and negative work
on C.
C. zero work on A, negative work on B, and positive work
on C.
D. none of these
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How can it be such a great “workout” with no work?
• When positive and negative work cancel, the net work
is zero even though muscles are exercising.

Positive work: Negative work:

barbell on hands hands on barbell
When one body does negative work
on the second body,
the second body does an equal amount of
positive
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Inc., publishing as Pearsonon the first body
Addison-Wesley
 Total Work – How to find it?
• 2 options
– find the net force acting on the body and then find
the scalar product of net force and total
displacement to find the total work
– Find the work by every force acting on the body
and sum them all (algebraically) to find the total
work

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Stepwise solution of work done by several forces – 6.2.
• A farmer hitches her tractor
to a sled loaded with
firewood and pulls it a
distance 20 m along level
ground. The total weight of
sled and load is 14,700 N.
The tractor exerts a
constant 5000-N force at an
angle of 36.9° above the
horizontal, as shown in Fig.
There is a 3500-N friction
force opposing the sled’s
motion. Find the work
done by each force acting
on the sled and the total
work done by all the forces.

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 The work-energy theorem
• Work done on an object can change its motion and energy.

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 Kinetic energy of object
• Lets quantify energy related to objects speed-
kinetic energy

Kinetic energy
It is scalar! (unit J)
It does not depend on
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley velocity only speed!
 We can compare the kinetic energy of different bodies

• Changes in the energy of

a moving body under the
influence of an applied
force change differently
depending on the
direction of application.

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 Work-energy Theorem

Work = Final KE – Initial KE

• The work done by the net force on a particle equals the

change in the particle’s kinetic energy:

Work-energy theorem
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 The work-energy theorem - analysis

KE increases KE decreases KE stays the same

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 Problem 6.73.
• You and your bicycle have a combined mass 80.0 kg. When you reach
the base of a bridge, you are traveling along the road at 5m/s. At the top
of the bridge, you have climbed a vertical distance of 5.2 m and have
slowed to 1.5 m/s. You can ignore work done on by friction and any
inefficiency in the bike or your legs.
• A) What is the total work done on you and your bicycle when you go
from the base to the top of the bridge?
• B) How much work have you done with the force you apply to your
pedals?

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 Q6.3
Two iceboats (one of mass m, one of
mass 2m) hold a race on a frictionless,
horizontal, frozen lake. Both iceboats
start at rest, and the wind exerts the
same constant force on both iceboats.
Which iceboat crosses the finish line with more kinetic energy (KE)?

A. The iceboat of mass m: it has twice as much KE as the other.

B. The iceboat of mass m: it has 4 times as much KE as the other.
C. The iceboat of mass 2m: it has twice as much KE as the other.
D. The iceboat of mass 2m: it has 4 times as much KE as the other.
E. They both cross the finish line with the same kinetic energy.

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 A6.3
Two iceboats (one of mass m, one of
mass 2m) hold a race on a frictionless,
horizontal, frozen lake. Both iceboats
start at rest, and the wind exerts the
same constant force on both iceboats.
Which iceboat crosses the finish line with more kinetic energy (KE)?

A. the iceboat of mass m: it has twice as much KE as the other

B. the iceboat of mass m: it has 4 times as much KE as the other
C. the iceboat of mass 2m: it has twice as much KE as the other
D. the iceboat of mass 2m: it has 4 times as much KE as the other
E. they both cross the finish line with the same kinetic energy

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 Q6.4

A tractor driving at a
constant speed pulls
a sled loaded with
firewood. There is
friction between the
sled and the road.
The total work done on the sled after it has moved a distance
d is
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to
decide

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 A6.4

A tractor driving at a
constant speed pulls
a sled loaded with
firewood. There is
friction between the
sled and the road.
The total work done on the sled after it has moved a distance
d is
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. not enough information given to
decide

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 Q6.5

A nonzero net force acts on an object. Which of the

following quantities could be constant?

A. the object’s kinetic energy

B. the object’s velocity
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

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 A6.5

A nonzero net force acts on an object. Which of the

following quantities could be constant?

A. the object’s kinetic energy

B. the object’s velocity
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

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 How fast?—What is the final speed of the sled? 6.3.

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 Forces on a hammerhead—Example 6.4
• In a pile driver, a steel hammerhead with mass 200 kg is lifted 3.00m above the top of a
vertical I-beam being driven into the ground. The hammer is then dropped, driving the I-
beam 7.4 cm farther into the ground. The vertical rails that guide the hammerhead exert a
constant 60 N friction force on the hammerhead. Use the work-energy theorem to find:
• A) the speed of the hammerhead just as it heats the I-beam
• B) the average force the hammerhead exerts on the I-beam. Ignore the effects of the air.

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 Work and energy with varying forces
• So far we considered only work done by a
constant force and resulting in straight-line motion
• But both the force can be varying (spring) and
trajectory can be curved
• The first case: varying force, straight line motion
• Perhaps the best example is driving a car,
alternating your attention between the gas and the
brake.
• The effect is a variable positive or negative force
of various magnitude along a straight line.

Area under
the curve
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 The stretch of a spring and the force that caused it
• The force applied to an
ideal spring will be
proportional to its stretch
– Hooke’s law

• Fx = kx
• k – force (spring)
constant (N/m)
• The graph of force on
the y axis versus stretch
on the x axis will yield a
slope of k, the spring
constant.

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 Problem 6.39.
• At a waterpark, sleds with riders are sent along a slippery,
horizontal surface by the release of a large compressed
spring. The spring with force constant k = 40 N/cm and
negligible mass rests on the frictionless horizontal surface.
One end is in contact with a stationary wall. A sled and rider
with total mass 70.0 kg are pushed against the other end,
compressing the spring 0.375 m. The sled is then released
with zero velocity. What is the sled’s speed when the spring
• A) returns to its uncompressed length?
• B) is still compressed 0.20 m?

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 Stepping on a scale—Example 6.6
• Whether you like the result or not, stepping on a scale is an excellent example of
applied force and the work being done to compress that spring.
• A woman weighing 600 N steps on a bathroom scale containing a stiff spring. In
equilibrium the spring is compressed 1 cm under her weight. Find the force
constant of the spring and the total work done on it during the compression.

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 Motion with a varying force – 6.7.
• An air-track glider of mass 0.1
kg is attached to the end of a
horizontal air track by a spring
with force constant 20 N/m.
Initially the spring is
unstretched and the glider is
moving at 1.5 m/s to the right.
Find the maximum distance d
that the glider moves to the
right
• A) if the air-track is turned on
so that there is no friction
• B) if the air is turned off so that
there is kinetic friction with
coefficients μk = 0.47.

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 Work-energy Theorem for Motion Along a Curve
• Force varies in direction and magnitude
• Displacement lies along the curved path

dW = F · cos φ · dl = Fk · dl = F · dl
R P2 R P2 R P2
W = P1 F · cos φdl = P1 Fk dl = P1 F · dl
Wtot = K2 − K1 = ∆K
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 Motion on a curved path – Example 6.8.
• If you watch a child on a swing set, you can also consider the motion of a
particle along a curved path.
• At a family picnic you are appointed to push your cousin in a swing. His weight
is w, the length of the chains is R, and you push the boy until the chains make an
angle θ0 with the vertical. To do this, you exert a varying horizontal force F that
starts at zero and gradually increases just enough so that the boy and the swing
move very slowly and remain very nearly in equilibrium. What is the total work
done on the boy by all forces? What is the work done by the tension T in the
chains? What is the work you do by exerting the force F? (Neglect the weight of
the chains and seat).

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 Watt about power? How quickly is work done?
• Once work is calculated, dividing by the time that passed
determines power. Power is the time rate at which work is
done.
• Average power is
• Instantaneous power
• The pun is credit to James Watt. (You will see that scientists
of that era often were privileged to leave their names on the
topic of their efforts.) Unit is watt (W).
• Also note the popular culture power unit of horsepower: 1hp
= 550ft ⋅ lb/s = 746 W
• The energy you use may be noted from the meter the electric
company probably installed to measure your consumption of
energy in kilowatt-hours: 1 kW ⋅ h = 3.6 MJ

F ∆s
k
Pav = ∆t = Fk ∆s
∆t = Fk v P = Fk v
∆t → 0 − →
→
P = F ·− v
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 Q6.10
An object is initially at rest. A net force (which
always points in the same direction) is applied to
the object so that the power of the net force is
constant. As the object gains speed,

A. the magnitude of the net force remains

constant.
B. the magnitude of the net force increases.
C. the magnitude of the net force decreases.
D. not enough information given to decide

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 A6.10

An object is initially at rest. A net force (which

always points in the same direction) is applied to
the object so that the power of the net force is
constant. As the object gains speed,

A. the magnitude of the net force remains

constant.
B. the magnitude of the net force increases.
C. the magnitude of the net force decreases.
D. not enough information given to decide

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 Force and power you depend upon—Example 6.10
• Each of the two jet
engines in a Boing 767
airliner develops a thrust
(a forward force on the
airplane) of 197,000 N.
When the airplane is
flying at 250 m/s, what
horsepower does each
engine develop?

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An example you might do if the elevator is out - 6.11.
• A 50 kg marathon runner runs up the stairs to the top of 443 m tall Sears
Tower in Chicago. To lift herself to the top in 15 min, what must be her
average power output in watts? In kilowatts? In horsepower?
• It’s interesting how a lighter stair climber and heavier stair climber can expend
the same power by using different amounts of time.

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