REPUBLIKA SRBIJA

VISOKA SKOLA PRIMENJENIH STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA

VRANJE

SEMINARSKI RAD
IZ
ENGLESKOG JEZIKA
TEMA:

Planning,design and maintenance of transportation

infrastructure

Predmetni
Student:

Prof.

Milan Dencic 57/SI

profesor:

dr

Maja

Stanojevic

VRANJE, 2011

Contents:
Transportation
infrastructure...3
Planning
.....3

Engleski jezik
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Design
..4
Maintenance
..5
Conclusion
...7
Literature
8

Engleski jezik
Milan Deni 57/SI

Transportation infrastructure
Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the
operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an
economy to function. It can be generally defined as the set of interconnected structural
elements that provide framework supporting an entire structure of development.
Infrastructure can be hard and soft.
"Hard" infrastructure refers to the large physical networks necessary for the
functioning of a modern industrial nation and "soft" infrastructure refers to all the
institutions which are required to maintain the economic, health, and cultural and
social standards of a country, such as the financial system, the education system, the
health care system, the system of government, and law enforcement, as well as
emergency services. Transportation infrastructure is a part of the hard infrastructure.
Transportation infrastructure includes:
Road and highway networks, including structures (bridges, tunnels, culverts,
retaining walls), signage and markings, electrical systems (street lighting and
traffic lights), edge treatments (curbs, sidewalks, landscaping), and specialized
facilities such as road maintenance depots and rest areas
Mass transit systems (Commuter rail systems, subways, tramways, trolleys
and bus transportation)
Railways, including structures, terminal facilities (rail yards, train stations),
level crossings, signaling and communications systems
Canals and navigable waterways requiring continuous maintenance (dredging,
etc)
Seaports and lighthouses

Airports, including air navigational systems

Bicycle paths and pedestrian walkways
Ferries
For its great significance, transportation infrastructure and everything regarding its
planning, design and maintenance is in domain of the authorities.

Planning transportation infrastructure

Planning construction of any part of transportation infrastructure takes into
account present and future uses of the transportation system to assure maximum
service with a minimum of financial and environmental cost. The main objective of
this initial phase of transportation infrastructure development is to establish specific
goals and prescriptions for transportation network development along with the more
general location needs. These goals must result from a coordinated effort between the
transportation engineer and the land manager, forester, geologist, soil scientist,
hydrologist, biologist and others who would have knowledge or recommendations

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Milan Deni 57/SI

regarding alternatives or solutions to specific problems. The pattern of the

transportation network will govern the total area disturbed by construction of
transportation infrastructure.
Transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact regarding new
infrastructure. Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able to predict
future transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargo to
plan transport as part of the supply chain. Transport as a field is studied through
transport economics, the backbone for the creation of regulation policy by authorities.
Transport engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, and must take into
account trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and route assignment, while the
operative level is handles through traffic engineering.
Because of the negative impacts made, transport often becomes the subject of
controversy related to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity. Automotive
transport can be seen as a tragedy of the commons, where the flexibility and comfort
for the individual deteriorate the natural and urban environment for all. Density of
development depends on mode of transport, with public transport allowing for better
spatial utilization. Good land use keeps common activities close to peoples homes
and places higher-density development closer to transport lines and hubs; minimize
the need for transport. Beyond transportation some land uses are more efficient when
clustered. Transportation facilities consume land, and in cities, pavement (devoted to
streets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use. An efficient
transport system can reduce land waste.
Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle
throughput means that in many cities there is too much traffic and manyif not all
of the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional
practices have started to be questioned in many places, and as a result of new types of
analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied
onspanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociologists
as well as economists who increasingly are questioning the viability of the old
mobility solutions. European cities are leading this transition.

Transportation infrastructure design

Any part of transportation infrastructure should be designed to:
provide safe, short and fast thoroughfare and access to all road users, being
motor vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians;
clearly convey the primary function to road users and encourage
appropriate driver behavior;
deliver traffic volumes at speeds compatible with function;
provide convenient location for services;
provide an opportunity for landscaping;
allow for parking, where appropriate;
have due regard to topography, geology, climate, environment and heritage
of the site;
provide low cost of ownership;

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comply with relevant standards and laws of a country the infrastructure is

built in.
The appropriate design criteria for a specific part of transportation
infrastructure largely depend on a set of economic indicators, namely costs of
construction and operation on one side, and the financial benefits to the community on
another. These are strategic parameters that influence a decision to build a road.
Economic analysis, in conjunction with the traffic analysis, determine the functional
class of the infrastructure and the design speed.
Design criteria consist of a detailed list of considerations to be used in
negotiating a set of transportation infrastructure standards. These include resource
management objectives, environmental constraints, safety, physical environmental
factors (such as topography, climate, and soils), traffic requirements, and traffic
service levels. Objectives should be established for each part of transportation
infrastructure and may be expressed in terms of the area and resources to be served,
environmental concerns to be addressed, amount and types of traffic to be expected,
life of the facility and functional classification. Additional objectives may also be
defined concerning specific needs or problems identified in the planning stage.
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Design criteria refer to:

Resource management objectives
Physical and environmental factors
Environmental constraints
Traffic requirements
Traffic service level
Vehicle characteristics
Safety
Transportation infrastructure uses
Economics

All of above needs to be taken in account when designing transportation

infrastructure, otherwise it will not suite the needs it was preordained for and thus be
just a waste of money and time, possibly even a danger for the ones using it.

Maintenance of transportation infrastructure

Since transportation infrastructure is a very complex issue, it is hard to make
generalizations about the way it is maintained since every part has its own features
that determine the way of maintenance.
Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due
to accumulated damage from vehicles, however environmental effects such as frost
heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute. According to a series of
experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the AASHO Road Test, it was
empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly
proportional to the Fourth power of axle weight. A typical tractor-trailer weighing
approximately 40 t with 4 t on the steer axle and 8 t on both of the tandem axle
groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with

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Milan Deni 57/SI

0.907 t on each axle. Potholes on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle
braking or related construction works.
Pavements are designed for an expected service life or design life. In some UK
countries the standard design life is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement.
Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10, 20 and
30 year milestones. Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives (8-, 15-, 30-,
and 60-year designs). When pavement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have
been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. When a pavement fails
before its intended design life, the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation
costs. Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their
intended design lives.
Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the
end of their service life. Pro-active agencies use pavement management techniques to
continually monitor road conditions and schedule preventive maintenance treatments
as needed to prolong the lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies
monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment.
These measurements include road curvature, cross slope, asperity, roughness,
rutting and texture (roads). This data is fed into a pavement management system,
which recommends the best maintenance or construction treatment to correct the
damage that has occurred.
Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include crack sealing,
surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, micro-milling and surface treatments. Thin
surfacing preserves, protects and improves the functional condition of the road while
reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended service life without
increasing structural capacity.

Conclusion
Transportation infrastructure is extremely important for functioning of any
community, no matter how big it is, and should be carefully planned, designed and
maintained so that its performance would be on the best level possible. A problem that

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is often encountered is lack of financial means for supporting these activities,

especially today, when the economic crisis is a constant threat. When such a situation
happens, it is usually solved by using the cheaper solution which often means that
quality is put to the side. That results in short-term solving of the problem, repetition
of the problem which means needing more money and certainly the most important
thing is endangering lives of those using the road, train, ship, relying on a lighthouse
or a traffic light. And that is a risk that must be avoided at any cost.

LITERATURE:

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Milan Deni 57/SI

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