This document discusses various coal mining methods used around the world. It begins by outlining the development process of a new coal mine, including geological surveys, exploration, mine development, mining, and rehabilitation. It then describes surface/open cut mining methods like strip mining and open pit mining. Underground mining methods discussed include room-and-pillar, longwall/shortwall, and other techniques depending on seam conditions. Specific equipment used for surface and underground coal mining is also outlined. The document concludes by discussing environmental issues like acid mine drainage and methods for mine site rehabilitation.
This document discusses various coal mining methods used around the world. It begins by outlining the development process of a new coal mine, including geological surveys, exploration, mine development, mining, and rehabilitation. It then describes surface/open cut mining methods like strip mining and open pit mining. Underground mining methods discussed include room-and-pillar, longwall/shortwall, and other techniques depending on seam conditions. Specific equipment used for surface and underground coal mining is also outlined. The document concludes by discussing environmental issues like acid mine drainage and methods for mine site rehabilitation.
This document discusses various coal mining methods used around the world. It begins by outlining the development process of a new coal mine, including geological surveys, exploration, mine development, mining, and rehabilitation. It then describes surface/open cut mining methods like strip mining and open pit mining. Underground mining methods discussed include room-and-pillar, longwall/shortwall, and other techniques depending on seam conditions. Specific equipment used for surface and underground coal mining is also outlined. The document concludes by discussing environmental issues like acid mine drainage and methods for mine site rehabilitation.
This document discusses various coal mining methods used around the world. It begins by outlining the development process of a new coal mine, including geological surveys, exploration, mine development, mining, and rehabilitation. It then describes surface/open cut mining methods like strip mining and open pit mining. Underground mining methods discussed include room-and-pillar, longwall/shortwall, and other techniques depending on seam conditions. Specific equipment used for surface and underground coal mining is also outlined. The document concludes by discussing environmental issues like acid mine drainage and methods for mine site rehabilitation.
Department of Earth Resources and Mining Engineering Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819819-0395, Japan e-mail: il [email protected]@mine.kyushu t i@ i k h -u.ac.jp j
Development p p process of a new mine
Geological survey Exploration Mine development Mining Rehabilitation: acid mine drainage, drainage selective mining, waste rock dumping site, it cover system, t erosion i control, t l revegetation etc. Environmental monitoring 2
Mining methods Surface/open cut mines: p mining; g; dragline g Strip open pit mining; truck & shovel, BWE etc etc. Underground mines: manual, semisemimechanized, h i d fullyfully f ll -mechanized h i d Bord/Room Bord/Room--andand-pillar mining Longwall/ Longwall/shortwall shortwall mining Other methods depending on seam conditions
Open cut/surface mining:
40% of total produced coal (WCI
(WCI
For example, 80%: Australia,67%: USA
USA
Strip mining: horizontal
horizontalgentle dip seams (side (side--casting casting, inin-pit disposal) Open pit: Steep dip and multimulti-seams (dump site, out out--ofof-pit disposal) Mountain top removal mining (Appalachian coal field, field USA) Stripping Ratio = Volume of Material (bcm (bcm)/ )/ Extraction of Coal (ROM (ROM--ton ton*)) 4
Strip Mining
Open p pit p mining g (shovel ( & truck): flexible
E l i Explosives () ) ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil Explosive) Slurry, Watergel Watergel,, Emulsion Explosives High Density ANFO (emulsion blends or heavy ANFO) Velocity of detonation: ANFO 2,200-4,000 m/s 2,200Watergels 3 3,500 3,500500-5 5,000 000 m/s 12 Emulsions 4,5004,500-6,100 m/s
Dragline (50 million US$)
13
14
Bucket Wheel Excavator
(over 1 billion US$)
15
Truck and shovel
16
Super dump trucktruck-Komatsu 960E
(P l d 327t) 5 million (Payload:327t) illi US$
17
Coal extraction (truck, dozer &
shovel)
18
The major equipment for the
mine producing 7 Mt/yr 6 x electric rotary drills (250 mm dia.) for overburden 12 x electric shovels with 17 m3 buckets for overburden 4 x hydraulic shovels with 11 m3 buckets for coal 6 x rubber tired front end loaders with 9.6 m3 buckets 50 x 154 t 900 kW rear dump trucks for waste haulage 14 x 109 t 900 kW rear dump trucks for coal haulage 19 x 300 kW track track--mounted bulldozers 3 x 224 kW wheeled h l d bulldozers b lld Other vehicles (Pick(Pick-up cars, SiteSite-mixing truck, Graders Water spray trucks etc Graders, etc.)) 19
P f Performance off equipment i t Availability = Operated hours/Scheduled h hours x 100 (%) Efficiency y = Operated p hours/Available hours x 100 (%) Utilization = Real work hours/Operated hours x 100 (%) The bigger bigger, the better! 20
Typical underground mining systems
21
Room (Bord) (Bord)--and and--pillar (Continuous miner and shuttle car)
22
Wongawilli method and break line
supportt (BLS)
23
Longwall Long all mining Shield Supports Shearing Machine
Plow mining for thin seams: Seam thickness: 0.6--2.3 m 0.6 F ll automation Full t ti
26
Shortwall Mining g
27
Prop and cap mining system
28
Kakkuchi Kakkuchi (Cut & fill) mining for steep coal seam
29
Longwall g top p coal caving g ((LTCC)) method for extraextra-thick seam
30
Multi-slicing method for thick
Multiseam
31
Blasting gallery (BG) method for thick seams using long blasting holes 32
Ring blasting pattern
Longwall Long all Panel Design Geological conditions: faults, coal seam Panel P l size: i Panel width; 5050-250 m, Panel length; 300 300--1000m, ave ave.. 450m Super panel in the USA Panel length; over 3000m T TwentyTwenty t -mile il mine: i Panel P l length; l th about b t 6000m 34
Vertical stress distribution
around a longwall panel
35
Interpanel--pillar system Interpanel
36
Stability of the longwall face using shield hi ld supports
37
38
39
Rapid p roadway y drivage g with S-100 Roadheader
40
Material transport
41
Rockbolts
42
Roadway y drivage g with bolter miner
43
Dual support system with
steel supports and bolts Roof R f b bolt lt (2.4m) Rib bolt(1.5m)
W-strap with steel mesh
Steel pipe Fiber mesh Standing steel support 44
Stress conditions in UK and Japan coal mines
45
Strata Behavior Monitoring
g System
(a) Monitoring System
(b) Tell Tell--tale System 46
Accidents in underground g coal mines 1) Roof and rib falls 2) O Outbursts tb rsts of coal coal, rock and gas 3) Spontaneous combustion 4) Coal dust explosion: frictional sparks from machine cutting 5) Gas explosion: frictional sparks from machine cutting 6) Mine fire 7) Water inrush and flooding
47
48
Causes Ca ses of roof fall Geological conditions: weak strata, deterioration due to water (humidity) (humidity), wet/dry cycle of ventilated air Stress conditions: magnitude and direction,, heading g faces,, intersections,, mining activities Support systems: bolting bolting, standing supports (steel arches, threethree-piece sets, articulated supports, yielding supports, 49 etc.)
Highwall High all mining s systems stems Transit a s mining g sys systems e s from o su surface ace to o underground Safest underground ndergro nd mining ssystem stem because of none working in underground Mining systems 1) Auger mining 2) Metec Miner System 3) Continuous Highwall Mining (CHM) System: Add car system system, Archveyor system
50
Auger A ger mining
51
Metec miner system
s stem
52
Add car system (CHM)
53
Archveyor A h system t (CHM)
54
Longwall punch mining
55
Room/Bord-andRoom/Bordand-pillar punch mining
56
Environmental problems: Acid mine drainage (AMD) Acid drainage is low pH water with dissolved metals and sulphate that drains from pyrite-rich rocks that have been exposed to oxidation. F S2 + O2 + H2O FeS O Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4
57
Methane gas emission/diffusion at ponds
58
Rehabilitation
Sedimentation pond
Recovery of a disturbed land into a stable, safe and forming a sustainable
59 forest ecosystem
60
Safet first! Safety Thank you for your kind attention! 61
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910
The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
The Cross-Town Tunnels. Paper No. 1158
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910
The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
The Cross-Town Tunnels. Paper No. 1158
