Capacitor Bank Switching

Capacitor Switching in
Power Distribution
Systems
Kirk Smith
Eaton Corporation
Horseheads, New York
Sept 2007
Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical
Capacitor Switching
Capacitor switching a special case of

load current switching
Cable charging current switching

Line charging current switching
Single bank capacitor switching
Back-to-back capacitor bank switching
Sept 2007
Capacitor Switching
Capacitor switching is encountered for all

load current switching devices
All load current switching devices
Cable charging current switching

Line charging current switching
Special duty load current switching devices
Sept 2007
Single bank capacitor switching

Back-to-back capacitor bank switching
Capacitor Switching
Bonfanti ELECTRA 1999
Sept 2007
Capacitor Switching
Ranges of typical capacitor switching currents
Line switching typically < 10A
Cable switching typically < 50A
Isolated Capacitor Bank switching:
12kV, 1 MVar 48A; 10 MVar 481A
24kV, 10 Mvar 242A; 40 Mvar 1157A
36kV, 10 Mvar 150A; 40 Mvar 770A
Sept 2007
The Current Interruption

Process - AC
Interruption stresses for a switch to

withstand
Current to interrupt
Voltage to withstand
Sept 2007

Process - AC
Current stress
Magnitude of current peak, Ip

Rate di/dt approaching Current Zero
Voltage stress
Magnitude of voltage peak, Vp

Rate dv/dt after Current Zero
Sept 2007

Process - AC
Three basic types of circuits
Resistive
Inductive
Capacitive
Lets compare the currents and

voltages in these 3 cases
Examples from Garzon - HVCBs
Sept 2007
Resistive Circuit Interruption
Resistive Circuits - Fig 1.6
V and I in phase
Recovery voltage rise is slow
cycle of power frequency to Vp

takes 4 to 5 milliseconds
Vp = to Vpeak of system voltage
Sept 2007
Resistive Circuit Interruption
Sept 2007
10
Inductive Circuit Interruption

Inductive Circuits - Fig 1.7
I lags V by 90 degrees
Recovery voltage rise is fast
10s to 100s of microseconds to Vp
Much faster than a resistive circuit
Recovery voltage is high

Vp = 1.5 x Vpeak of system voltage
Higher Vp than a resistive circuit
Sept 2007
11
Inductive Circuit Interruption
Sept 2007
12
Capacitive Circuit Interruption

Capacitive Circuits - Fig 1.8
I leads V by 90 degrees
Recovery voltage rise is slow
cycle of power frequency to Vp

takes 8 to 10 milliseconds
Slower than a resistive or inductive circuit
Recovery voltage is high

Vp > 2 x Vpeak of system voltage
Higher Vp than a resistive or inductive circuit
Sept 2007
13
Capacitive Circuit Interruption
Sept 2007
14
Capacitor Switching Topics
Energizing a single capacitor bank

Energizing back to back capacitor
banks (capacitor banks in parallel)
De-energizing capacitor banks
Cable switching & line dropping
Sept 2007
15
Energizing a Single Capacitor Bank

Vp
Va
Inductance, L1
V0
~
I(inrush) = (V0/Z)sin1t
1 = [1/L1C]0.5
I(inrush) = few kA, 1 = few 100s Hz
Sept 2007
When the switch

closes, the inrush
current flows from the
source to charge the
capacitance
The inrush current
affects the whole
system from the power
source to the capacitor
bank, and especially
the local bus voltage
which initially is
depressed to zero.
16

Inrush current has
high peak and
damps out quickly
Sept 2007
17
Bank Voltage goes

to zero momentarily
Sept 2007
18

Bus Voltage has extra
voltage zeros
Sept 2007
19
Energizing Back to Back

Capacitor Banks
~
L1
L2
V2
C1
C2
When the switch closes to

insert the second capacitor
bank, the inrush current affects
mainly the local parallel
capacitor bank circuits and bus
voltage.
I(inrush) = (V2/Z2)sin2t
I(inrush) = few 10s kA at 2 = few kHz
The peak inrush current should be limited for
Low probability re-strike performance
Sept 2007
20
Energizing Back to Back

Capacitor Banks Back to back inrush current
-Much higher peak
-Much higher Frequency
-Damps out more quickly
Sept 2007
21
Examples of Inrush Currents

Larry Smith, IEEE 1995
Three capacitor banks on one bus
Sept 2007
Vl-l = 145 kV, El-l = 138 kV

C1 = C2 = C3 = 10 Mvar, grounded wye
Fs = 60 Hz
Ls = 50,000 H, system inductance
L1 = L2 = L3 = 23 H, bank L
LB1 = LB2 = 13 H, bus L
22

Energize the first bank

Single or isolated bank
Inrush current
Sept 2007
Iinrush peak
Iinrush frequency
= 0.67 kA, peak

= 535 Hz
23

Energize the second bank

Back-to-back banks
Inrush current
Iinrush peak
Iinrush frequency
= 14.1 kA, peak

= 22.4 kHz
Inrush current - Back-to-back banks
Sept 2007
Peak and frequency much higher

24

Energize the third & fourth banks

Inrush current, third bank
Iinrush peak
Iinrush frequency
= 15.5 kA, peak

= 18.4 kHz
Inrush current, fourth bank
Iinrush peak
Iinrush frequency
Sept 2007
= 16.1 kA, peak

= 17.1 kHz
25
Effects of Inrush Currents
Inrush current - Back-to-back banks
First part of inrush during prestrike

arcing affects contact surfaces
Peak and frequency much higher
More on this later
High di/dt can couple to nearby

instrumentation & control circuits
Some example
Sept 2007
26
Effects of Inrush Currents
Examples of di/dt coupling
Ipeak inrush =
25 kA,pk 6400 Hz
Linear Coupler 1000 : 5 ratio
Current Transformer 1000 : 5 ratio
E secondary = Es
Es = 6400 / 60 x 5 / 1000 x 25000 = 13,300 V
E secondary = Es
Es = 6400 / 60 x 5 / 1000 x 25000 x 0.3 = 4000 V
Lower inrush f and I can lower effect
Sept 2007
27
De-energizing Capacitor Banks

Single-phase bank
Vs
Vp
Vp
0
Inductance, L1
current
C
V0
Vp
voltage
time
System voltage &

current
Capacitor voltage
2Vp
Vp
0
Sept 2007
Vs Vp
time
28

Three-phase banks
Grounded source and bank neutrals

Behaves like 3 single-phase banks
Sept 2007
Vp = 2 x Vpeak of system voltage
29

Three-phase banks
Grounded source neutral

Ungrounded bank neutral
First phase gets higher Vp
Vp = 2.5 x Vpeak of system voltage
Sept 2007
30
DISCONNECTING BELTED
CABLES & OVERHEAD LINES
Cables with individual grounded sheaths = similar to grounded banks

Belted cables & overhead lines are similar
Vmax From 2.2 Vp to 2.3 Vp
When testing belted cables & overhead lines, use a 2 bank circuit
Test Circuit for Cables

with individual grounded sheaths
Sept 2007
Test Circuit for Belted Cables

and Overhead Lines
31
De-energizing Capacitor Banks;

the Maximum Voltage
V = Vp(1 cos t)
Vp = [V(system) x 2 ]
a) Grounded capacitor banks:
Vmax = 2 Vp
b) Cables with individual grounded sheathes:

Vmax = 2 Vp
c) Cables with 3 conductors & 1 ground sheath or overhead lines:

Vmax = 2.2 to 2.3 Vp
d) Ungrounded capacitor banks:

Vmax = 2.5 Vp
e) Non simultaneous 3 phase switching:

Vmax can range from 2.5 Vp (<90) to 4.1 Vp (>210)
Sept 2007
32

the Effect of a Restrike
A
Approaches
2Vp
Source voltage
Voltage
Current
Capacitor voltage
Restrike
60 Hz Current
Sept 2007
If the current is interrupted at A

33

the Effect of Multiple Restrikes
R2
R1
Current
C1
R2
60 Hz current
interruption
Capacitor voltage
C2
R1
R1
C2
Voltage across the breaker
Sept 2007
C1
34
What would cause a Restrike

when Switching Capacitors?
1) During opening if the Electric Field between the contacts
E = Vmax/d > Ec
Solution: Open the contacts faster so that E << Ec
2) Typical Vmax < design voltages
Circuit
Voltage
Vmax for 3
grounded cct.
Vpeak for 1 minute

withstand
BIL
12 15 kV
24.5 kV
71
110
24 27 kV
44 kV
84
150
16 38 kV
62 kV
113
200
3) Possible Causes: particles & microdischarges will result

in an NSDD or a full breakdown
4) As switching progresses surface gas on contact
eliminated and rougher contact surface shields particles
Sept 2007
35
Inrush Current and Restrikes

when Switching Capacitors
1) During closing, the Electric Field between the contacts
increases as the contacts come closer together
1) Contact gap d becomes smaller
2)
E = Vmax/d becomes larger
3) Gap breaks down before the contacts touch

2) Gap at breakdown is around 1 to 2 mm
3) Closing speeds typically 1 mm/millisecond
4) Time before contacts touch 1 to 2 milliseconds
5) An arc forms once the gap breaks down
6) Inrush current passes through and arc
Sept 2007
36

Sept 2007
37

1) A high inrush current produces a large arc and the
melting of contact material
2) The contacts are pressed together with high force and
the melted material solidifies and forms a small weld
3) When the contacts are opened, the weld is broken and
the resulting contact surface is rough
4) Rough contact surface increases
1) E = Vmax/d = higher E stress as contacts open
2) Increased probability of restrikes
3) High inrush current increases the

probability of restrikes
Sept 2007
38

1) Decreasing the inrush current reduces the
probability of restrikes
2) Limit the peak inrush current to 6 kA or less to
achieve low or very low probability of re-strikes
Sept 2007
39

Re-strikes can result in system over-voltages
Finite probability of re-strikes with ALL switch technologies
Standards requirements
Classes of capacitor switching versus probability of re-strikes

C1 - Low probability of re-strikes
About 1 in 50 operations
C2 - Very Low probability of re-strikes
About 1 in 500 operations
Certification tests on new VIs are the most severe duty, more so than
actual operation in service
Protect capacitor banks from all over-voltage events
Restrikes can happen while de-energizing the capacitor bank and cause overvoltages
but is a low probability event
Overvoltages from other sources; Lightning surges, other circuit switching surges
IEEE C37.012 - application of circuit breakers to capacitor switching
Sept 2007
40

with vacuum circuit breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers have successfully performed

capacitor switching for over 30 years
Requires good high voltage vacuum interrupter design
Limit the peak inrush current to 6 kA or less to achieve

low or very low probability of re-strikes
Sept 2007
41
Capacitor Switching using a

Load Break Vacuum Interrupter
The load break vacuum interrupter uses a low
erosion, high voltage, contact material W-Cu
It is a shaped butt contact for high voltage

W-Cu generally better than Cr-Cu for capacitor
switching
Load break switches used for special duty

capacitor switches have no fault interrupting duty
Sept 2007
42
Capacitor Switching using a

Load Break Vacuum Interrupter
ANSI C37.66 Certification test for capacitor switches
Dielectric Tests
Inrush Current Tests e.g. @
15 kV; 200A circuit: 6kA, 6 kHz;
400A circuit: 13.5 kA, 4.2 kHz or 600A circuit: 24kA, 3.4 kHz;
Operating Duty: random opening
Operations
% of Rated Current
1 400
90 100
401 800
45 55
801 1200
15 20
Maximum over-voltage allowed 2.5 x Peak Line to Ground

Sept 2007
43
Vacuum Capacitor Switch
Oil Insulated Switch

Sept 2007
44
Vacuum Capacitor Switch
Solid Insulated
Pole Unit
Recloser
or
Capacitor Switch
Sept 2007
45
References on Capacitor Switching

High Voltage Circuit Breakers
Ruben Garzon
Electrical Transients in Power Systems

Allan Greenwood
Vacuum Switchgear
Allan Greenwood
Numerous technical papers in IEEE and

IEC and CIGRE publications
Sept 2007
46

Solver - Capacitor switching - State of Art - Electra 155 Aug 1994
Bonfanti - Shunt Capacitor Bank Switching Stresses &
Tests Part 1 - ELECTRA-182 1999
Bonfanti - Shunt Capacitor Bank Switching Stresses &
Tests Part 2 - ELECTRA-183 - 1999
Sept 2007
47

IEEE Circuit Breaker Standards
C37.04a, C37.06 and C37.09a
IEC Circuit Breaker Standards

IEC 62271-100
IEEE Capacitor Switch Standard

C37.66
IEEE Load Interrupter Switch Standard

IEEE 1247
IEC HV Switch Standards

IEC 60265
Sept 2007
48
Review Cap Switching

1. Some degree of capacitor switching is
a normal part of the duty of many
switching devices
o True or
False
2. The switching of capacitor banks

isolated from other banks or closely
coupled banks in back-to-back
applications are considered to be
special capacitor switching duties.
o True or
Sept 2007
False
49

3. In which of the following the capacitor
switching applications does the highest
peak recovery voltage occurs.
o
Circle one:
A.
B.
C.
A.
A three-phase system with both the source neutral and the neutral
of the wye- connected capacitor bank are grounded
B.
A three-phase system with the source neutral is grounded and the

neutral of the wye- connected capacitor bank is ungrounded
C.
A three-phase system with a cable load where the cable consists of

three conductors, surrounded by a single ground shield
Sept 2007
50

4. In which of the following the capacitor
switching applications does the lowest
peak recovery voltage occurs.
o
Circle one:
A.
B.
C.
A.
A three-phase system with both the source neutral and the neutral
of the wye- connected capacitor bank are grounded
B.
A three-phase system with the source neutral is grounded and the

neutral of the wye- connected capacitor bank is ungrounded
C.
A three-phase system with a cable load where the cable consists of

three conductors, surrounded by a single ground shield
Sept 2007
51

5. The magnitude of the peak inrush
current when energizing a bank is an
important parameter to limit to reduce
the stress on the interrupter and to
minimize the probability of restrikes.
o True or
Sept 2007
False
52

Capacitor Bank Switching

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Capacitor Bank Switching

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Capacitor Switching in

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Capacitor switching a special case of

Cable charging current switching

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Capacitor switching is encountered for all

All load current switching devices

Cable charging current switching

Special duty load current switching devices

Single bank capacitor switching

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Bonfanti ELECTRA 1999

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

The Current Interruption

Interruption stresses for a switch to

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

The Current Interruption

Magnitude of current peak, Ip

Magnitude of voltage peak, Vp

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

The Current Interruption

Three basic types of circuits

Lets compare the currents and

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Resistive Circuit Interruption

Resistive Circuits - Fig 1.6

cycle of power frequency to Vp

Vp = to Vpeak of system voltage

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Resistive Circuit Interruption

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Inductive Circuit Interruption

Recovery voltage is high

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Inductive Circuit Interruption

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Capacitive Circuit Interruption

cycle of power frequency to Vp

Recovery voltage is high

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Capacitive Circuit Interruption

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Capacitor Switching Topics

Energizing a single capacitor bank

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Energizing a Single Capacitor Bank

When the switch

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Energizing a Single Capacitor Bank

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Energizing a Single Capacitor Bank

Bank Voltage goes

Bonfanti ELECTRA 1999

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical

Energizing a Single Capacitor Bank

Bonfanti ELECTRA 1999

Kirk Smith - Eaton Electrical