Entropy
By: S K Mondal
7.
Chapter 7
Entropy
Some Important Notes
1.
Clausius theorem:
2.
Sf Si =
dQ
=0
T rev.
d Qrev.
= (S) irrev. Path
T
Integration can be performed only on a reversible path.
4.
dQ
0
T
At the equilibrium state, the system is at the peak of the entropy hill. (Isolated)
5.
TdS = dU + pdV
6.
TdS = dH Vdp
7.
Famous relation S = K ln W
3.
Clausius Inequality:
Where K = Boltzmann constant
W = thermodynamic probability.
8.
General case of change of entropy of a Gas
p
V
S2 S1 = m cv ln 2 + c p ln 2
p1
V1
Initial condition of gas p1 , V1, T1, S1 and
Final condition of gas p2 , V2, T2, S2
Page 70 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
Questions with Solution P. K. Nag
Q7.1.
On the basis of the first law fill in the blank spaces in the following table
of imaginary heat engine cycles. On the basis of the second law classify
each cycle as reversible, irreversible, or impossible.
Cycle
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Temperature
Source
327C
1000C
750 K
700 K
Rate of Heat Flow
Sink
Supply
27C
420 kJ/s
100C kJ/min
300 K
kJ/s
300 K
2500
kcal/h
Rejection
230 kJ/s
4.2 MJ/min
kJ/s
kcal/h
Rate of
work
Output
kW
kW
26 kW
1 kW
Efficiency
65%
65%
(Ans. (a) Irreversible, (b) Irreversible, (c) Reversible, (d) Impossible)
Solution:
Cycle
Temperature
Rate of Heat Flow
Rate of
work
Efficiency
Remark
(a)
Source
327C
Sink
27C
Supply
420 kJ/s
Rejection
230 kJ/s
190kW
0.4523
max = 50%,
irrev.possible
(b)
1000C
100C
12000
kJ/km
4.2 kJ/m
7800 kW
65%
max=70.7%
irrev.possible
(c)
750 K
300 K
43.33 kJ/s
17.33 kJ/s
26 kW
60%
300 K
2500
kcal/h
1640
kcal/h
1 kW
4.4%
(d)
700 K
Q7.2
max= 60% rev.
possible
max=57%
irrev.possible
The latent heat of fusion of water at 0C is 335 kJ/kg. How much does the
entropy of 1 kg of ice change as it melts into water in each of the
following ways:
(a) Heat is supplied reversibly to a mixture of ice and water at 0C.
(b) A mixture of ice and water at 0C is stirred by a paddle wheel.
(Ans. 1.2271 kJ/K)
1 335
Ice + Water
kJ/ K
Solution : (a) (S) system = +
273
Q
= 1.227 kJ/K
273 K
(b) (S) system
Page 71 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
273
mc
273
Chapter 7
dT
=0
T
W
Q7.3
Solution:
Two kg of water at 80C are mixed adiabatically with 3 kg of water at
30C in a constant pressure process of 1 atmosphere. Find the increase in
the entropy of the total mass of water due to the mixing process (cp of
water = 4.187 kJ/kg K).
(Ans. 0.0576 kJ/K)
If final temperature of mixing is Tf then
2 c P (353 Tf )
2 kg
3 kg
= 3 c P ( Tf 303)
80C = 353 K
30C = 303 K
I
II
or Tf = 323 K
(S) system = (S) I + (S) II
323
353
323
m1 cP
dT
dT
+ m1 cP
T 303
T
323
323
= 2 4.187 ln
+ 3 4.187 ln
303
353
= 0.05915 kJ/K
Q7.4
In a Carnot cycle, heat is supplied at 350C and rejected at 27C. The
working fluid is water which, while receiving heat, evaporates from
liquid at 350C to steam at 350C. The associated entropy change is 1.44
kJ/kg K.
(a) If the cycle operates on a stationary mass of 1 kg of water, how much
is the work done per cycle, and how much is the heat supplied?
(b) If the cycle operates in steady flow with a power output of 20 kW,
what is the steam flow rate?
(Ans. (a) 465.12, 897.12 kJ/kg, (b) 0.043 kg/s)
Solution:
If heat required for evaporation is Q kJ/kg then
Q
= 1.44
(a)
(350 + 273)
or Q = 897.12 kJ/kg
(273 + 27)
It is a Carnot cycle so = 1
(350 + 273)
W = .Q = 465.12 kJ
P
20
kg/s = 0.043 kg/s
(b)
P = mW or m =
=
W
465.12
Q7.5
A heat engine receives reversibly 420 kJ/cycle of heat from a source at
327C, and rejects heat reversibly to a sink at 27C. There are no other
heat transfers. For each of the three hypothetical amounts of heat
rejected, in (a), (b), and (c) below, compute the cyclic integral of d Q / T .
Page 72 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
from these results show which case is irreversible, which reversible, and
which impossible:
(a) 210 kJ/cycle rejected
(b) 105 kJ/cycle rejected
(c) 315 kJ/cycle rejected
(Ans. (a) Reversible, (b) Impossible, (c) Irreversible)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Q7.6
dQ
+420
210
=
=0
T
(327 + 273) (27 + 273)
Cycle is Reversible, Possible
dQ
420 105
= +
= 0.35
T
600 300
Cycle is Impossible
dQ
420 315
= +
= 0.35
T
600 300
Cycle is irreversible but possible.
In Figure, abed represents a Carnot cycle bounded by two reversible
adiabatic and two reversible isotherms at temperatures T1 and T2 (T1 >
T2).
The oval figure is a reversible cycle, where heat is absorbed at
temperature less than, or equal to, T1, and rejected at temperatures
greater than, or equal to, T2. Prove that the efficiency of the oval cycle is
less than that of the Carnot cycle.
Page 73 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
Solution:
b
T1
P
d
c T2
V
Q7.7
Solution:
Water is heated at a constant pressure of 0.7 MPa. The boiling point is
164.97C. The initial temperature of water is 0C. The latent heat of
evaporation is 2066.3 kJ/kg. Find the increase of entropy of water, if the
final state is steam
(Ans. 6.6967 kJ/kg K)
(S)Water
437.97
dT
= 1 4187
T
273
p = 700 kPa
437.97
= 4.187 ln
kJ/ K
273
T = 437.97 K
= 1.979 kJ/K
(S)Eva pour
T
273
K
1 2066.3
kJ/ K
437.97
= 4.7179 kJ/K
(s) system
= 6.697 kJ/kg K
Q7.8
One kg of air initially at 0.7 MPa, 20C changes to 0.35 MPa, 60C by the
three reversible non-flow processes, as shown in Figure. Process 1: a-2
consists of a constant pressure expansion followed by a constant volume
cooling, process 1: b-2 an isothermal expansion followed by a constant
pressure expansion, and process 1: c-2 an adiabatic
Page 74 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
Expansion followed by a constant volume heating. Determine the change
of internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy for each process, and find the
work transfer and heat transfer for each process. Take cp = 1.005 and c v
= 0.718 kJ/kg K and assume the specific heats to be constant. Also assume
for air pv = 0.287 T, where p is the pressure in kPa, v the specific volume
in m3/kg, and T the temperature in K.
p1 = 0.7 MPa = 700 kPa
v1 = 0.12013 m3/kg
Ta = 666 K
p 2 = 350 kPa
v 2 = 0.27306 m3/kg
Solution:
T1 = 293 K
p a = 700 kPa
v a = 0.27306 m3/kg
T2 = 333 K
For process 1a2
Q1 a = ua - u1 +
va
p dV
v1
= u a u1 + 700(0.27306 0.12013)
= u a u1 + 107
Qa 2 = u 2 u a + 0
u a u1 = 267.86 kJ/kg
Page 75 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
u 2 u a = 239 kJ/kg
Q1 a =
Ta
dT
T1
= 1.005 (666 293)
= 374.865 kJ/kg
Qa 2 =
T2
dT
Ta
= 0.718 (333 666)
= 239 kJ/kg
(i) u = u 2 - u1 = 28.766 kJ/kg
(ii) h = h2 h1 = u 2 - u1 + p 2 v 2 p1 v1
= 28.766 + 350 0.27306 700 0.12013 = 40.246 kJ/kg
(iii) Q = Q2 + Q1 = 135.865 kJ/kg
(iv) W = W1 + W2 = 107 kJ/kg
(v) s = s2 s1 =
T
= Cv ln 2
Ta
( s2
sa ) +
( sa
s1 )
Ta
+ CP ln T
1
= 0.3275 kJ/kg K
Q7.9
Ten grammes of water at 20C is converted into ice at 10C at constant
atmospheric pressure. Assuming the specific heat of liquid water to
remain constant at 4.2 J/gK and that of ice to be half of this value, and
taking the latent heat of fusion of ice at 0C to be 335 J/g, calculate the
total entropy change of the system.
(Ans. 16.02 J/K)
Solution:
273
S2 S1 =
m cP dT
T
293
273
kJ/ K
293
= 0.00297 kJ/K
= 2.9694 J/K
mL
S3 S2 =
T
0.01 335 1000
=
273
= 12.271 J/K
293 K
= 0.01 4.2 ln
3
T
273 K
4
268 K
S
Page 76 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
268
m cP dT
268
4.2
= 0.01
kJ/ K
ln
T
273
2
273
= 0.3882 J/K
S4 S3 =
Q7.10
S4 S1 = 15.63 J/K
Net Entropy change = 15.63 J/K
Calculate the entropy change of the universe as a result of the following
processes:
(a) A copper block of 600 g mass and with Cp of 150 J/K at 100C is placed
in a lake at 8C.
(b) The same block, at 8C, is dropped from a height of 100 m into the
lake.
(c) Two such blocks, at 100 and 0C, are joined together.
(Ans. (a) 6.69 J/K, (b) 2.095 J/K, (c) 3.64 J/K)
Solution:
281
(a)
dT
T
373
281
= 150 ln
J/ K
373
= 42.48 J/K
As unit of CP is J/K there for
It is heat capacity
i.e.
Cp = m c p
(S) copper =
mc
(S) lake =
C p (100 8)
J/ K
281
150(100 8)
J/ K = 49.11 J/K
=
281
(S) univ = (S) COP + (S) lake = 6.63 J/K
(b) Work when it touch water = 0.600 9.81 100 J = 588.6 J
As work dissipated from the copper
(S) copper = 0
As the work is converted to heat and absorbed by water then
W=Q
588.6
=
J/ K = 2.09466 J/K
(S) lake =
281
281
(S) univ = 0 + 2.09466 J/k = 2.09466 J/K
100 + 0
(c) Final temperature (Tf) =
= 50 C = 323 K
2
Page 77 of 265
100 m
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
Tf
dT
(S)I = C p
;
T
T1
(S)II = C p
Tf
dT
T
T2
T
T
(S) system = 150 ln f + 150 ln f
T1
T2
323
323
J/ K = 3.638 J/K
+ ln
= 150 ln
373
273
Q7.11
A system maintained at constant volume is initially at temperature T1,
and a heat reservoir at the lower temperature T0 is available. Show that
the maximum work recoverable as the system is cooled to T0 is
T
W = Cv (T1 T0 ) T0 ln 1
T0
Solution:
For maximum work obtainable the process should be reversible
T0
dT
T
(S)body = Cv
= Cv ln 0
T
T1
T1
QW
T0
(S)cycle = 0
T QW
(S)univ. = Cv ln 0 +
0
T0
T1
T1
Q1
(S)resoir =
or
or
or
or
T QW
0
Cv ln 0 +
T0
T1
T
Cv T0 ln 0 + Q W 0
T1
T
W Q + Cv T0 ln 0
T1
Cv = mcv
H.E.
(Q1 W)
T0
Q = Cv(T1 T0)
T
W Cv (T1 T0) + Cv T0 ln 0
T1
T
W Cv (T1 T0 ) + T0 ln 0
T1
T
Maximum work Wmax = Cv (T1 T0 ) + T0 ln 0
T1
Q7.12
If the temperature of the atmosphere is 5C on a winter day and if 1 kg of
water at 90C is available, how much work can be obtained. Take cv, of
water as 4.186 kJ/kg K.
Solution:
TRY PLEASE
Q7.13
A body with the equation of state U = CT, where C is its heat capacity, is
heated from temperature T1 to T2 by a series of reservoirs ranging from
Page 78 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
T1 to T2. The body is then brought back to its initial state by contact with
a single reservoir at temperature T1. Calculate the changes of entropy of
the body and of the reservoirs. What is the total change in entropy of the
whole system?
If the initial heating were accomplished merely by bringing the body
into contact with a single reservoir at T2, what would the various
entropy changes be?
Solution:
TRY PLEASE
Q7.14
A body of finite mass is originally at temperature T1, which is higher
than that of a reservoir at temperature T2. Suppose an engine operates in
a cycle between the body and the reservoir until it lowers the
temperature of the body from T1 to T2, thus extracting heat Q from the
body. If the engine does work W, then it will reject heat QW to the
reservoir at T2. Applying the entropy principle, prove that the maximum
work obtainable from the engine is
W (max) = Q T2 (S1 S2)
Where S1 S2 is the entropy decrease of the body.
Solution:
If the body is maintained at constant volume having constant volume
heat capacity Cv = 8.4 kJ/K which is independent of temperature, and if
T1 = 373 K and T2 = 303 K, determine the maximum work obtainable.
(Ans. 58.96 kJ)
Final temperature of the body will be T2
S2 S1 =
T2
mc
T1
dT
T
= m cv ln 2
T
T1
[ cv = heat energy CV]
(S) reservoir =
QW
T2
(S) H.E. = 0
or
QW
0
T2
T2 (S2 S1) + Q W 0
or
W Q + T2 (S2 S1)
or
W [Q T2 (S1 S2)]
Wmax = [Q T2 (S1 S2)]
(S) univ. = (S2 S1 ) +
Wmax = Q T2 (S1 S2)
T
= Q + T2Cv ln 2
T1
T
= Cv (T1 T2) + T2 CV ln 2
T1
303
= 8.4 373 303 + 303 ln
373
Page 79 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
= 58.99 kJ
Q7.15
Each of three identical bodies satisfies the equation U = CT, where C is
the heat capacity of each of the bodies. Their initial temperatures are
200 K, 250 K, and 540 K. If C = 8.4 kJ/K, what is the maximum amount of
work that can be extracted in a process in which these bodies are
brought sto a final common temperature?
(Ans. 756 kJ)
Solution:
U = CT
Therefore heat capacity of the body is C = 8.4 kJ/K
Let find temperature will be (Tf)
W = W1 + W2
Q = Q1 + Q2
T
(S) 540K body = C ln f kJ/ K
540
T
(S) 250 K = C ln f
250
T
(S) 200 K = C ln f
200
(S) surrounds = 0
(S)H.E. = 0
540 K
Q
H.E.
Q1 W1
250 K
W
Q2 W 1
200 K
Tf3
(S)univ. = C ln
0
540 250 200
For minimum Tf
Tf3 = 540 250 200
Tf = 300 K
Q7.16
Q = 8.4(540 300) = 2016 kJ
Q1 W1 = 8.4(300 250) = 420 kJ
Q2 W2 = 8.4(300 200) = 840 kJ
Q1 + Q2 (W1 + W2) = 1260
or (W1 + W2) = 2016 1260 kJ = 756 kJ
Wmax = 756 kJ
In the temperature range between 0C and 100C a particular system
maintained at constant volume has a heat capacity.
Cv = A + 2BT
With
A = 0.014 J/K and B = 4.2 10-4 J/K2
A heat reservoir at 0C and a reversible work source are available. What
is the maximum amount of work that can be transferred to the reversible
work source as the system is cooled from 100C to the temperature of the
reservoir?
(Ans. 4.508 J)
Solution:
Page 80 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
Find temperature of body is 273 K
373 K
273
Q =
273
C v dT = AT + BT2 ]373
373
Q
2
= A(100) + B( 273 373 ) J
H.F.
= 28.532 J (flow from the system)
273
(S) body =
373
273
Cv
QW
273 K
dT
T
A + 2 BT
dT
T
373
273
= A ln
+ 2 B (273 373) J/ K
373
= 0.08837 J/K
QW
; (S)H.E. = 0
273
QW
0
(S)univ = 0.08837 +
273
24.125 + Q W 0
W Q 24.125
W (28.532 24.125) J
W 4.407 J
Wmax = 4.407 J
(S)res. =
or
or
or
or
Q7.17
(S)surrounds = 0
Each of the two bodies has a heat capacity at constant volume
Cv = A + 2BT
Where
Solution:
Q7.18
A = 8.4 J/K and B = 2.1 10-2 J/K2
If the bodies are initially at temperatures 200 K and 400 K and if a
reversible work source is available, what are the maximum and
minimum final common temperatures to which the two bodies can be
brought? What is the maximum amount of work that can be transferred
to the reversible work source?
(Ans. Tmin = 292 K)
TRY PLEASE
A reversible engine, as shown in Figure during a cycle of operations
draws 5 MJ from the 400 K reservoir and does 840 kJ of work. Find the
amount and direction of heat interaction with other reservoirs.
200 K
300 K
Q3
Q2
E
W = 840 kJ
Page 81 of 265
400 K
Q1 = 5 MJ
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Solution:
Chapter 7
(Ans. Q2 = + 4.98 MJ and Q3 = 0.82 MJ)
Let Q2 and Q3 both incoming i.e. out from the system
Q2 +ve,
Q3 +ve
Q3
Q2
5000
(S) univ =
+
+
+ ( S)H.E. + ( S)surrounds = 0
200 300 400
200 K
300 K
Q3
400 K
Q2
Q1 = 5 MJ
Or
or
W = 840 kJ
Q3 Q2 5000
+
+
+ 0+ 0 = 0
2
3
4
6 Q3 + 4 Q2 + 3 5000 = 0
Q3 + Q2 + 5000 840 = 0
Heat balance
or
4 Q3 + 4 Q2 + 16640 = 0
(i) (iii) gives
Q7.19
2 Q3 = +1640
Q3 = +820 kJ
Q2 = 4980 kJ
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(Here ve sign means heat flow opposite to our assumption)
For a fluid for which pv/T is a constant quantity equal to R, show that
the change in specific entropy between two states A and B is given by
sB sA =
TB
TA
Cp
pB
dT R ln
pA
T
A fluid for which R is a constant and equal to 0.287 kJ/kg K, flows
steadily through an adiabatic machine, entering and leaving through
two adiabatic pipes. In one of these pipes the pressure and temperature
are 5 bar and 450 K and in the other pipe the pressure and temperature
are 1 bar and 300 K respectively. Determine which pressure and
temperature refer to the inlet pipe.
(Ans. A is the inlet pipe)
For the given temperature range, cp is given by
Cp = a ln T + b
Where T is the numerical value of the absolute temperature and a = 0.026
kJ/kg K, b = 0.86 kJ/kg K.
(Ans. sB s A = 0.0509 kJ/kg K. A is the inlet pipe.)
Page 82 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
Solution:
A
p
C dT R
+ dV
dS = v
T
V
pV
=R
T
V
R
=
T
p
dQ = dH Vdp
or
or
or
TdS = dH Vdp
C dT Vdp
ds = P
T
T
CPdT R
dp
ds =
T
p
Intrigation both side with respect A to B
SB
TB
PB
dp
CP
dT
R
d
s
=
S
T T
P p
A
A
A
or
sB s A
TB CP
pB
=
dT R ln
proved
pA
TA T
300
sB s A =
a lnT + b
1
dT 0.287 ln
T
5
450
300
(ln T)2
1
= a
+ b ln T 0.287 ln
2
450
5
a
300
1
{(ln 300)2 (ln 450)2 } + b ln
0.287 ln
2
450
5
or sB s A = 0.05094 kJ/kg K
A is the inlet of the pipe
sB s A =
Q7.20
Two vessels, A and B, each of volume 3 m3 may be connected by a tube of
negligible volume. Vessel a contains air at 0.7 MPa, 95 C, while vessel B
contains air at 0.35 MPa, 205C. Find the change of entropy when A is
connected to B by working from the first principles and assuming the
Page 83 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Solution:
Chapter 7
mixing to be complete and adiabatic. For air take the relations as given
in Example 7.8.
(Ans. 0.959 kJ/K)
Let the find temperature be (Tf)
p V
Mass of ( m A ) = A A
RTA
700 3
kg
=
0.287 368
= 19.88335 kg
0.7 MPa
700 kPa
368 K
350 kPa
478 K
Mass of gas ( m B ) =
Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K
cv = 0.718 kJ/kg-K
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
pB VB
350 3
= 7.653842 kg
=
R TB
0.287 478
For adiabatic mixing of gas Internal Energy must be same
u A = m A c v TA
= 19.88335 0.718 368 kJ = 5253.66 kJ
u B = m B c v TB
Umixture
Or
= 7.653842 0.718 478 kJ = 2626.83 kJ
= ( m A c v + m B c v ) Tf
Tf = 398.6 K
If final pressure (pf)
Q7.21
pf
Vf = mf RTf
27.5372 0.287 398.6
kPa = 525 kPa
pf =
6
T
p
(S)A = m A c P ln f R ln f = 3.3277
TA
pA
T
p
(S)B = m B c P ln f R ln f = 2.28795 kJ/K
TB
pB
(S)univ = (S)A + (S)B + 0 = 0.9498 kJ/K
(a) An aluminium block (cp = 400 J/kg K) with a mass of 5 kg is initially
at 40C in room air at 20C. It is cooled reversibly by transferring
heat to a completely reversible cyclic heat engine until the block
reaches 20C. The 20C room air serves as a constant temperature
sink for the engine. Compute (i) the change in entropy for the block,
Page 84 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
(ii) the change in entropy for the room air, (iii) the work done by the
engine.
(b) If the aluminium block is allowed to cool by natural convection to
room air, compute (i) the change in entropy for the block, (ii) the
change in entropy for the room air (iii) the net the change in entropy
for the universe.
(Ans. (a) 134 J/K, + 134 J/K, 740 J;
(b) 134 J/K, + 136.5 J/K, 2.5 J/K)
Solution:
293
(a)
(S) A1 =
m cP dT
T
313
293
J/ K = 132.06 J/K
313
QW
(S) air =
293
And Q = m c P (313 293) = 40000 J
5 400 ln
313 K
5 kg
Q
H.E.
As heat is reversibly flow then
(S)Al + (S) air = 0
W
or
132.06 + 136.52
=0
293
or
W = 1.306 kJ
QW
293 K
(b) (S)f = Same for reversible or irreversible = 132.06 J/K
4000
(S) air =
= 136.52 J/K
293
(S) air = +4.4587 J/K
Q7.22
Two bodies of equal heat capacities C and temperatures T1 and T2 form
an adiabatically closed system. What will the final temperature be if one
lets this system come to equilibrium (a) freely? (b) Reversibly? (c) What
is the maximum work which can be obtained from this system?
Solution:
(a)
Freely Tf =
(b)
T1 + T2
2
Reversible
Let find temperature be Tf
the (S)hot =
Tf
T1
dT
T
= C ln
(S)cold =
Tf
T2
Tf
T1
dT
T
= C ln f
T
T2
(S)univ. = (S)hot = (S)cold = (S)surroundings
T
T
= C ln f + C ln f = 0
T1
T2
Page 85 of 265
T1
H.E.
QW
T2
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
or
Chapter 7
Tf =
T1 T2
Q = C(T1 Tf )
Q W = C(Tf T2 )
W = C(T1 Tf Tf + T2 )
= C {T1 + T2 2 Tf }
= C[T1 + T2 2 T1T2 ]
Q7.23
Solution:
A resistor of 30 ohms is maintained at a constant temperature of 27C
while a current of 10 amperes is allowed to flow for 1 sec. Determine the
entropy change of the resistor and the universe.
(Ans. ( S) resistor = 0, ( S) univ = 10 J/K)
If the resistor initially at 27C is now insulated and the same current is
passed for the same time, determine the entropy change of the resistor
and the universe. The specific heat of the resistor is 0.9 kJ/kg K and the
mass of the resistor is 10 g.
(Ans. ( S) univ = 6.72 J/K)
As resistor is in steady state therefore no change in entropy. But the work = heat
is dissipated to the atmosphere.
i 2 Rt
So (S)atm =
Tatm
102 30 1
= 10 kJ/kg
300
If the resistor is insulated then no heat flow to
surroundings
So
(S) surroundings = 0
=
And, Temperature of resistance (t)
102 30 1
= 333.33 C
=
900 0.01
Final temperature (Tf) = 633.33 K
W=Q
Initial temperature (To) = 300 K
633.33
dT
(S) = m c
T
300
633.33
= 0.01 0.9 ln
= 6.725 J/K
300
(S)univ = (S)rev. = 6.725 J/K
Q7.24
An adiabatic vessel contains 2 kg of water at 25C. By paddle-wheel work
transfer, the temperature of water is increased to 30C. If the specific
heat of water is assumed constant at 4.187 kJ/kg K, find the entropy
change of the universe.
(Ans. 0.139 kJ/K)
Page 86 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Solution:
Chapter 7
(S)surr. = 0
(S)sys =
303
mc
298
dT
T
303
= 0.13934 kJ/K
298
+(S)surr = 0.13934 + 0 = 0.13934 kJ/K
= 2 4.187 ln
(S)univ = ( S)sys
Q7.25
2 kg
298 K
303 K
A copper rod is of length 1 m and diameter 0.01 m. One end of the rod is
at 100C, and the other at 0C. The rod is perfectly insulated along its
length and the thermal conductivity of copper is 380 W/mK. Calculate the
rate of heat transfer along the rod and the rate of entropy production
due to irreversibility of this heat transfer.
(Ans. 2.985 W, 0.00293 W/K)
Solution:
0.01 m
1m
K = 380 W/m K
373 K
Q = kA
A = 7.854 105 m2
273 K
T
x
= 380 7.854 10 5
100
W = 2.9845 W
1
At the 373 K end from surrounding Q amount heat is go to the system. So at this
end
( S)charge
Q
=
373
And at the 273 K and from system Q amount of heat is rejected to the
surroundings.
Q7.26
( S)charge
Q
=
273
Q
Q
( S)univ. =
= 0.00293 W/K
273 373
A body of constant heat capacity Cp and at a temperature Ti is put in
contact with a reservoir at a higher temperature Tf. The pressure
remains constant while the body comes to equilibrium with the
reservoir. Show that the entropy change of the universe is equal to
Page 87 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
Ti Tf
Cp
ln
Tf
Ti Tf
1 +
Tf
Prove that entropy change is positive.
x2 x3 x 4
+
.....
Given ln (1 + x) = x
{where x < 1}
2
3 4
Solution:
Final temperature of the body will be Tf
(S) resoier =
Tf
dT
T
= C p ln f
T
Ti
Ti
C p (Tf T1 )
(S) body = C p
Tf
Total entropy charge
T
T Ti
+ ln f
(S) univ = C p f
T
Ti
f
T
T Ti
ln i
= Cp f
Tf
Tf
T Ti
T Tf
= Cp f
ln 1 + i
Tf
Tf
Let
Tf
CP
Ti
Tf Ti
=x
as Tf > Ti
Tf
Tf Ti
<1
Tf
(S) in = CP {x ln (1 + x)}
x
x3 x4
C p x x +
+
+ .......... ........
2
3
4
=
x2 x3 x 4 x5
Cp
+
+ ............
3
4
5
2
=
x 2 (3 2 x) x 4 (5 4 x)
Cp
+
+ .......
6
20
Q7.27
(S) univ is +ve
An insulated 0.75 kg copper calorimeter can containing 0.2 kg water is in
equilibrium at a temperature of 20C. An experimenter now places 0.05
kg of ice at 0C in the calorimeter and encloses the latter with a heat
insulating shield.
(a) When all the ice has melted and equilibrium has been reached, what
will be the temperature of water and the can? The specific heat of
copper is 0.418 kJ/kg K and the latent heat of fusion of ice is 333
kJ/kg.
Page 88 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
(b)
Compute the entropy increase of the universe resulting from the
process.
(c) What will be the minimum work needed by a stirrer to bring back
the temperature of water to 20C?
(Ans. (a) 4.68C, (b) 0.00276 kJ/K, (c) 20.84 kJ)
Solution:
Mass of ice = 0.05 kg
(a) Let final temperature be ( Tf )
0.75 0.418 (293 Tf )
+ 0.2 4.187 (293 Tf )
= 333 0.05 + 0.05 4.187
( Tf 273)
or 1.1509(293 Tf )
= 16.65 57.15255 + 0.20935 Tf
or 337.2137 1.1509 Tf
Wab = 0.2 kg
cv = 0.75 kJ /kg-K
T1 = 293 K
or Tf = 277.68 K = 4.68 C
(b) (S)system
T
T
= 0.75 0.418 ln f + 0.2 4.187 ln f
293
293
333 0.05
T
+
+ 0.05 4.187 ln f
273
273
= 0.00275 kJ/K = 2.75 J/K
(c) Work fully converted to heat so no
Rejection.
W = C (20 4.68) = 20.84 kJ
Q7.28
C = (Heat capacity) = 1.36025
Show that if two bodies of thermal capacities C1 and C2 at temperatures
T1 and T2 are brought to the same temperature T by means of a
reversible heat engine, then
ln T =
C1lnT1 + C2lnT2
C1 + C2
Solution:
T
(S) 1 =
T1
dT
T
= C1 ln
T
T1
T
(S) 2 =
T2
dT
T
= C2 ln
T
T2
(S)univ = (S)1 + (S)2
For reversible process for an isolated system (S) since.
T
T
0 = C1 ln + C2 ln
T1
T2
Page 89 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
C
or
or
or
Solution:
T1
ln T =
C1
Q
H.E.
(C1 + C2) ln T = C1 ln T1 + C2 ln T2
or
Q7.29
1
2
T T
T T = 1
1 2
TC1 + C2 = T1C1 T2C2
QW
C1ln T1 + C2 ln T2
Proved
C1 + C2
T2
C2
Two blocks of metal, each having a mass of 10 kg and a specific heat of
0.4 kJ/kg K, are at a temperature of 40C. A reversible refrigerator
receives heat from one block and rejects heat to the other. Calculate the
work required to cause a temperature difference of 100C between the
two blocks.
Mass = 10 kg
C = 0.4 kJ/kg K
T = 40 C = 313 K
T
(S) hot = mc ln f
313
T 100
(S) cold = m c ln f
313
Tf
For minimum work requirement process must be reversible
T1 = 313 K
so (S)univ = 0
Tf (Tf 100)
= 0 = ln 1
(313)2
ln
or
Tf2 100 Tf 3132 = 0
or
100 1002 + 4 3132
Tf =
2
Q+W
W
R
Q
T1 = 313 K
Tf 100
= 367 K or (267)
Q7.30
Q + W = 10 10.4 (367 313) = 215.87 kJ
Q = 10 0.4 (313 267) = 184 kJ
Wmin = 31.87 kJ
A body of finite mass is originally at a temperature T1, which is higher
than that of a heat reservoir at a temperature T2. An engine operates in
infinitesimal cycles between the body and the reservoir until it lowers
the temperature of the body from T1 to T2. In this process there is a heat
flow Q out of the body. Prove that the maximum work obtainable from
the engine is Q + T2 (S1 S2), where S1 S2 is the decrease in entropy of
the body.
Page 90 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
Solution:
Try please.
Q7.31
A block of iron weighing 100 kg and having a temperature of 100C is
immersed in 50 kg of water at a temperature of 20C. What will be the
change of entropy of the combined system of iron and water? Specific
heats of iron and water are 0.45 and 4.18 kJ/kg K respectively.
(Ans. 1.1328 kJ/K)
Let final temperature is tf C
100 0.45 (100 tf) = 50 4.18 (tf 20)
100 tf = 4.644 tf 20 4.699
or
5.644 tf = 192.88
or
tf = 34.1732 C
tf = 307.1732 K
Solution:
Q7.32
ENTROPY = (S) iron + (S) water
307.1732
307.1732
= 100 0.45 ln
+ 50 4.180 ln
373
293
= 1.1355 kJ/K
36 g of water at 30C are converted into steam at 250C at constant
atmospheric pressure. The specific heat of water is assumed constant at
4.2 J/g K and the latent heat of vaporization at 100C is 2260 J/g. For
water vapour, assume pV = mRT where R = 0.4619 kJ/kg K, and
Cp
= a + bT + cT2, where a = 3.634,
R
b = 1.195 10-3 K-1 and c = 0.135 10-6 K-2
Calculate the entropy change of the system.
Solution:
(Ans. 277.8 J/K)
m = 36 g = 0.036 kg
T1 = 30C = 303 K
T2 = 373 K
T3 = 523 K
(S) Water
373
= m cP ln
kJ/ K
303
= 0.03143 kJ/K
mL
(S) Vaporization =
T2
0.036 2260
=
373
= 0.21812 kJ/K
523
dT
(S) Vapor = m c p
T
373
523
= mR
(T
T3
T2
T1
+ b + CT) dT
373
Page 91 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 7
523
CT2
= mR a ln T + bT +
2 373
523
C
= mR a ln
+ b (523 373) + (5232 3732 )
373
2
= 0.023556 kJ/kg
(S) System = (S) water + (S) vaporization + (S) vapor = 273.1 J/K
Q7.33
Solution:
Q7.34
Solution:
Q7.35
A 50 ohm resistor carrying a constant current of 1 A is kept at a constant
temperature of 27C by a stream of cooling water. In a time interval of 1s
(a) What is the change in entropy of the resistor?
(b) What is the change in entropy of the universe?
(Ans. (a) 0, (b) 0.167 J/K)
Try please.
A lump of ice with a mass of 1.5 kg at an initial temperature of 260 K
melts at the pressure of 1 bar as a result of heat transfer from the
environment. After some time has elapsed the resulting water attains the
temperature of the environment, 293 K. Calculate the entropy
production associated with this process. The latent heat of fusion of ice
is 333.4 kJ/kg, the specific heat of ice and water are 2.07 and 4.2 kJ/kg K
respectively, and ice melts at 273.15 K.
(Ans. 0.1514 kJ/K)
Try please.
An ideal gas is compressed reversibly and adiabatically from state a to
state b. It is then heated reversibly at constant volume to state c. After
expanding reversibly and adiabatically to state d such that Tb = Td, the
gas is again reversibly heated at constant pressure to state e such that Te
= Tc. Heat is then rejected reversibly from the gas at constant volume till
it returns to state a. Express Ta in terms of Tb and Tc. If Tb = 555 K and Tc
= 835 K, estimate Ta. Take = 1.4.
Tb +1
T
, 313.29 K
Ans.
=
Tc
Solution:
T
(S) bc = Cv ln c
Tb
T
(S) de = Cp ln e
Tb
T
(S) ea = Cv ln a
Tc
(S) Cycles = 0
Page 92 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
or
Tc
Tb
Or
( Tc )
+ 1
Solution:
Q7.37
Solution:
Q7.38
(555)
8351.4
V=C
a
S
= 1.4 + Gas
= 313.286 K
Liquid water of mass 10 kg and temperature 20C is mixed with 2 kg of
ice at 5C till equilibrium is reached at 1 atm pressure. Find the
entropy change of the system. Given: cp of water = 4.18 kJ/kg K, cp of ice =
2.09 kJ/kg K and latent heat of fusion of ice = 334 kJ/kg.
(Ans.190 J/K)
Try please.
A thermally insulated 50-ohm resistor carries a current of 1 A for 1 s. The
initial temperature of the resistor is 10C. Its mass is 5 g and its specific
heat is 0.85 J g K.
(a) What is the change in entropy of the resistor?
(b) What is the change in entropy of the universe?
(Ans. (a) 0.173 J/K (b) 0.173 J/K)
Try please.
The value of cp for a certain substance can be represented by cp = a + bT.
(a) Determine the heat absorbed and the increase in entropy of a mass m
of the substance when its temperature is increased at constant
pressure from T1 to T2.
(b) Find the increase in the molal specific entropy of copper, when the
temperature is increased at constant pressure from 500 to 1200 K.
Given for copper: when T = 500 K, cp = 25.2 103 and when T = 1200 K,
cp = 30.1 103 J/k mol K.
T
b
(a) m a(T2 T1 ) + T22 T12 , m a ln 2 + b(T2 T2 ) ;
Ans.
2
T1
(b) 24.7 kJ/k mol K
dQ = Cp dT
Solution:
e
C
Ta
.Ta . = Tb + 1
1.4 + 1
V=C
b
Ta =
Ta =
Q7.36
Tb = Td
Ta
=1
Tc
Tb + 1
Tc
Given Tb = 555 K, Tc = 835 K,
Tc = Te
or
T
T
(Cp + Cv ) l n c + Cv ln a = 0
Tb
Tc
T
T
( + 1) ln c + ln a = ln 1
Tb
Tc
Chapter 7
T2
Q = m cP dT
T1
T2
T2
bT2
= m (a + bT) dT = m aT +
2 T1
T1
Page 93 of 265
Entropy
By: S K Mondal
or
Chapter 7
= m a(T2 T1 ) + (T22 T12 )
2
TdS = Cp dT
dT
or
dS = m c p
T
S2
T2
2
(a + bT)
dT
m
dS
=
c
=
m
S
1 p T
T T dT
1
1
(S2 S1) = [a ln T + bT]TT12 = m a ln 2 + b(T2 T1 )
T1
For a and b find
25.2 = a + b 500
30.1 = a + b 1200
b 700 = 4.9
b = 0.007 kJ/kg K a = 21.7 kJ/kg K
1200
S2 S1 = 21.7 ln
+ 0.007 (1200 500) kJ/ K = 23.9 kJ/K
500
Page 94 of 265
