1

Residue Theory
Definition.1. (Residue). Let f (z) has a non-removable isolated singularity at the point z0. Then
z
f(z) has the Laurent series representation for all z in some punctured disk DR*( 0 ) given

by

f ( z )=

an ( zz 0 )n

n=

The coefficient a-1 of

1
z z0

is called the residue of f(z) at z0 .

It is denoted by Res[f,z0] = a-1

Example .1.1.
Consider f (z) = e2/z
Then the Laurent series of f about the point z0 = 0is given by
2
3
2
2
2
1+
+
+
+,
1 ! z 2! z 2 3 ! z 3

The co-efficient of

1
z z0

1
z0

1
z is 2

Hence by definition of residue, residue of f (z) = e2/z at z0 = 0 is given by Res [f, z0] = 2
Example .1.2. Find residue of f (z) =

f(z) =

Now

3
z ( 2+ zz 2 )

3
z ( z+1 )( 2z ) =

3
2 z + z 2z 3

3
z ( z+1 )( 2z )

A
z

B
+ z +1

A(z+1)(2-z) + Bz(2-z) + Cz (z+1) = 3

A(-z2 +2 + z) +B(2z z2) +C(z2 +z) = 3

C
2z

at z0 = 0

-A B +C = 0---- (a)
A +2B +C = 0 ---- (b)
2A =3 ---- ( c) A = 3/2
(a) -B + C = A= 3/2
(b) 2B + C = -A = -3/2
----------------------------Adding B + 2C =0 B = - 2C
Put B = - 2C in -B + C = 3/2
3C = 3/2C= 1/2
Put C= 1/2, B = -2C = -1 B = -1
Hence f(z) = =

A
z

B
+ z +1

3
2z

- (1+z) +

3
2z

1
- (1- z+ z2 -.) + 4

3
2z

-1

1
2

C
2z

-1

(2-z) =

3
2z
3
2z
z
2

1
z +1

1
- (1- z+ z -.) + 2
z
2

()

The residue of f at 0 is given by Res [f,0] = coefficient of

1
z

3
4

+ .)

9z
8 - ..

Example 1.3. Find residue of f (z) =

Laurent expansion of f(z) =

1
2( 2z)

(1 +

ez
z3

at z0 = 0

1
z2 z3
{1+
z+
+ }
2! 3 !
z3

3
2

-1

z
2

( )
1

1 1
1
1
+ 2+
+
3
z
2
!
3!
z z
1
z

The residue of f at 0 is given by Res [f,0] = coefficient of

1
2

Contour integration
Contour integration is the process of calculating the values of a contour integral around a given
contour in the complex plane.
The Cauchy integral formulae are useful in evaluating contour integrals over a simple closed
f ( z)
k
( zz 0 )

contour C where the integrand has the form

and f is an analytic function

Example 1.

Evaluate

ydz

along the curve C : x = t-1, y = et-1, 2< t < 3

Solution.
Let z = x+iy dz = dx + i dy
Given curve x = t-1 dx = dt
And y = et-1 dy = et-1dt
3

ydz
C

et 1 ] 3 +
2

Example 2.

3
t 1

ie

2 t2

(dx+idy) =

3
2
2 =e e+

3
t 1

t 1

(dt +i e

i e 4e2
2

dt ) =

e
2

3
t 1

dt

ie2 (t 1) dt
2

If C is the curve y = x3-3x2+4x-1 joining the points (1,1) and (2,3) then

find the value of

(12 z 24 iz)dz
C

2+3 i

(12 z 24 iz)dz =
C

(12 z 24 iz)dz

1+i

12 z
3

4 i z 2+3 i
2
1+i

= 4(2+3i)3 2i(2+3i)2 - 4(1+i)3 + 2i(1+i)2 = -156 +38i

Recall (i).(Cauchys integral Theorem)
Let D be any simply connected domain. Let C be any closed contour contained in D and f(z)

analytic in D, then

f ( z)dz
C

=0

Recall (ii).
For a function f(z) analytic in DR*(

z0

)and for any r with 0 < r < R, the Laurent series

coefficients of f(z) are given by

an =

f ( )
1
d

for n =0,1 ,2, .. ------(I)

2 i C ( z 0 )n +1

WhereC denotes the circle {z: |z-z0| = r} with positive orientation.

Put n = -1 in Equation (I) and replace C with any positively oriented simple closed contour C
containingz0, provided z0 is the still only singularity of f(z) that lies inside C,

then we obtain

a-1 =

1
f (z )dz .
2 i C

We know that a-1 is the Res[f,z0] Res[f,z0] =

f ( z) dz

1
f ( z )dz
2 i C

= 2i Res[f,z0]

If we know the Laurent series expansion for f(z), then using above equation we can evaluate
contour integrals.
Example ii.1. Evaluate

e
C

2
z

dz where C denotes the circle C = {z: |z| =1}with positive

orientation.

Solution.
2

Let f(z) = e z
From Example.1, we have Res [f, 0] = 2
Recall 2. gives us

Hence

e
C

2
z

dz

f ( z)dz
C

= 2i Res[f,z0]

= 2i Res[f,0] = 2i (2) = 4i

Theorem 1 (Cauchy's Residue Theorem).

Let D be a simply connected domain, and let C D be a closed positively oriented contour
within and on the functionf(z) is analytic, except finite number of singular z1,z2,.,zn , then

f ( z)dz
C

= 2i

Res [ f , z k ]
k=1

Proof.
Let Ci be the neighborhood of zi, (i=1,2n) lies inside C such that all Ciare disjoint.
Since each zi is a singular point of f and each Ci is a neighborhood of corresponding zi(i=1,2,..n),
f is analytic in and on C except these neighborhoods Ci (i=1,2n).
Then by Cauchys Theorem,(Recall 1)

f ( z)dz
C

f ( z)dz
C1

f ( z) dz

- -

f ( z) dz
Cn

=0

f ( z)dz

f ( z) dz

f ( z)dz

= 2iRes[f,z1] +.. + 2i Res [f,zn] ( by Recall 2)

f ( z)dz
C

C1

+ +

Cn

Res[f , z k ]
= 2 i
k=0

Note 1.1: The residue at z0depend only the coefficient a-1in the Laurent expansion, if f(z) has a

removable singularity at z0, then the Laurent expansion has no negative power term and
hencea-1=0 Res[f,z0] = 0.
Theorem 2.(Residues at Poles).
(i)

If f(z) has a simple pole at z0, then Res[f,z0] =

lim z z 0 ( zz 0 ) f ( z )

( zz 0 )
(ii)

If f(z) has a pole of order 2 at z0, then Res[f,z0] =

d
( 2 f (z ))
dz

lim z z 0

( zz 0 )
(iii)

(v)

If f(z) has a pole of order 3 at z0, then Res[f,z0] =

d2
(3 f (z))
d z2

1
lim z z0
2!

If f(z) has a pole of order k at z0,

( zz 0 )
then Res[f,z0] =

d k1
( k f (z ))
d z k1

1
lim z z 0
(k 1)!

Proof.
i) Suppose f(z) has a simple pole at z = z0, then the Laurent series expansion

f(z) =

an ( z z0 ) n +a1 ( zz 0 )1
n=0

an ( z z0 ) n

(z -z0)f(z) = (z-z0)

n=0

+ a-1

an ( z z0 ) n

(z -z0)f(z) = (z-z0)

n=0

+ Res [f,z0]

Taking lim zz0, both sides

zz 0
lim z z 0 ( f (z)

an ( z z0 ) n

lim z z 0 (z-z )
0

n=0

+ lim z z 0 Res[f,z0]

= 0 + Res[f,z0]
zz 0
Hence Res[f,z0] = lim z z 0 ( f (z)
v) Suppose f(z) has a pole of order k at z = z0, then the Laurent series expansion

f(z) =

an ( z z0 ) n +a1 ( zz 0 )1
n=0

2
k
+ a2 ( zz 0 )
+ + ak ( zz 0 )

Multiply both sides by (z-z0)k

(z-z0)kf(z) =

ak

k1

+ .. + a1 ( zz 0 )

an ( z z0 ) n ( zz o ) k
n=0

Differentiate both sides k-1 times with respect to z,

( zz o )
d k1
k
zz 0 ) f ( z)
k1 (
= 0+0+..+ a1 ( k1 ) ! +
dz

an ( z z0 ) n
n=0

a1 ( k1 ) ! + a0 (z z0 ) k ! +

k1

d z k1

a1 ( zz 0 )2

( ( k +12 ! ) ! )

+ .

Taking lim zz0, both sides

lim z z 0

d k1
k
zz 0 ) f ( z ) = lim z z 0 a1 ( k1 ) ! + 0 +
k1 (
dz

Hence Res [f,z0] =

a1 ( k1 ) !

= Res [f,z0] (k-1)!

1
d k1
k
lim z z 0 k1 ( z z0 ) f ( z)
( k1 ) !
dz

ii) and iii) are the particular case of v) (take k = 2 and k= 3)

Example 2.1.
Find residue of f (z) =

ez
z 21

at z0 = 1

Solution.
ez
z 21

Given f (z) =

ez
( z1)(z+1)

The poles of f(z) are z = 1 , z =-1 (simple poles)

Res [f,1] =

lim z 1 ( z1 ) f ( z )

lim z 1

( z1 ) e z
( z1 ) ( z+ 1 )

e
2
Example 2.2 .
Find the residue of f(z) = (z8- 8)-1, where is any complex constant.
Solution.

ez
lim

z
1
=
( z +1 )

10

8 -1

Given f(z) = (z - ) =

1
8
( z )
8

The poles of f(z) are the zeros of z8-8 zeros are given by z8-8 = 0
z8 = 8 z8 = 8(cos2n +isin2n), n = 0,1,2,7 z8 = 8 e2ni
z = e2ni/8 z = eni/4 , n = 0,1,2,7
Hence z = eni/4 , n = 0,1,2,7 are the simple poles of f(z)
Let an = eni/4, n = 0,1,2,7
The residue of f (z) at z = an , is given by Res [f, an] =

lim z a n ( zan )

lim z a n ( zan ) f ( z)

1
(z a n8)
8

Since it is not easy to factories (z8- an8) into eight factors , so we have to use LHospitals rule
(that is differentiating Nr and Dr separately w.r.to z)
=

lim z a n

1
8 z7

1
8
8 an

, n = 0,1,.7.

Example 2.3
Find the residue of

1
sinhz

Solution.
Given f(z) =

1
sinhz

The poles of f(z) are the zeros of sinhz,

Also the zeros of sinhz are z = ni, for all integer n (since sinhni = 0 for all n)

11

Hence Res [f,ni] = lim z ( z )

1
sinhz

By using LHospitals rule

Res [f,ni] = lim z

1
coshz

1
coshni

1
co sn

(Since coshix= cosx)

= (-1)n/ (Since
Example 2.3. Find the residue of f(z) =

cot ( z )
2
z

at z0 = 0

Solution.
Given f(z) =

cot ( z )
z2

cos ( z )
z 2 sin ( z )

Since z2 has a zero of order 2 at z0 = 0 and sin(z) has a simple zero 1 at z0 = 0, we have
z2sin(z) has a zero of order 3at z0 = 0 and cos(z) 0.
Hence f(z) has a pole of order 3 at z0 = 0 .
By part (iii) of Theorem .2, we have

12

( z0 )

Res [f,0] =

d2
( 3 f ( z))
d z2

1
lim z 0
2!
z

cot ( z )
d
( 3
)
2
2
dz
z

1
lim z 0
2!

d
( cot ( z))
2
dz

1
lim z 0
2!

d
( cot ( z ) zcs c 2 (z ) )
dz

1
lim z 0
2!

d
( cot ( z ) 2 zcs c2 ( z ))
dz

1
lim z 0
2!

( csc 2 ( z ) 2 cs c 2 ( z ) + 2 z 2 csc ( z ) csc ( z) cot (z ) )

=
1
lim z 0
2!

( 2 2 csc 2 ( z ) +2 3 z csc 2 ( z ) cot ( z))

1
lim z 0
2!

13

( 1+ z cot ( z))
csc 2 (z )
2 2
lim z 0
2!

( 1+ z

cos ( z )
)
sin ( z )

sin ( z )
2 lim z 0

Res [f,0]

lim z 0

(zcos ( z )sin ( z ) )
sin 3 ( z )

As lim z 0, LHS is indeterminate, so we have to use LHospitals rule to evaluate the limit
(that is differentiating Nr and Dr separately w.r.to z)
Res [f,0]

lim z 0

(cos ( z )zsin(z) cos ( z ))

2

3 sin (z )cos ( z)

2 zsin(z )
lim z 0
3 sin2 ( z ) cos ( z)
2

2 lim z 0

z
3 sin ( z ) cos ( z )
2

z
lim z 0
3
sin ( z ) cos ( z )

2
3

1
lim z 0

( sinz( z ) )

z
1
lim z 0
lim z 0
3
cos ( z )
sin ( z )

lim z 0

1
cos ( z )

2
2
(1)(1) =
3
3

14

Example 2.4.
Find

z 4 + zdz32 z2
C

where C denotes the circle {z: |z| =3} with positive orientation.

Solution.
1
4
3
z + z 2 z 2

Let f(z) =

z
z ( 2+ z2)
1

z
z ( + 2)(z1)
1

The singularities of f(z) that lie inside C are simple poles at the points z =1 and z= -2, and a pole
of order 2 at z =0.
To find the Residue at z = 0 :
( z0 )
2
z

2
z ( z +2 ) ( z1 )
d
( 2 f (z ))

Res [f,0] = dz
=
d

lim z 0
lim z 0
dz

1
( z +2 ) ( z1 )

=
=
d
lim z 0
dz

lim z 0

2 z1
( z 2 + z2)2

1
z + z2

lim z 0

=-

1
4

dz

15

To find the Residue at z = 1 :

z
Res [f,1]

lim z 1 ( z1 ) f ( z)

1
z ( +2)( z1)
lim z 1

( z1 )

z
1
1
z 2 ( +2) = 3
=
lim z 1

To find the Residue at z = -2 :

z
Res [f,-2]

lim z 2 ( z+2 ) f ( z)

lim z 2

1
z ( z1)
2

Res[f , z k ]
= 2 i
k=0

= 2i(Res[f,0] +Res[f,1]+Res[f,-2]) = 2i(

Example 2.5. Find

orientation

1
12

f ( z)dz
By Cauchys residue theorem
C

z 4 + zdz32 z2

1
z ( + 2)(z1)
lim z 2

( z+ 2 )

z 4dz+4
C

1 1 1
+ =0
4 3 12

where C denotes the circle {z: |z-1| =2 } with positive

16

Solution.
Let f(z) =

1
z +4
4

To find the poles of f(z) , we know that poles of f(z) is nothing but the zeros of z4 +4
Now we have to find the zeros of z4 +4
Put z4 +4 =0 z4 = -4 = 4i2 = (2i)2 z2 = 2i
Let z = a+ib z2 = (a+ib)2 = a2 + 2iab b2
Supposez2= 2i a2b2+ 2iab = 2i a2 b2=0 and ab = 1
a2 = b2and b = 1/a
a = b and b = 1/a
If a = b , then b = 1 a,b=1
If a = -b , then b = -1a = 1 , b = -1
The zeros are z = a+ib , 1+i, 1-i
Suppose z2= -2i a2 b2+ 2iab = -2i a2 b2 =0 and ab = -1
a2 = b2 and b = -1/a
a = b and b = -1/a
If a = b , then b = -1 a,b=-1
If a = -b , then b = 1a = -1 , b =1
The zeros are z = a+ib ,-1-i, -1+i

17

Hence the poles of f(z) are 1i, -1i (simple poles)

The poles lie inside the circle {z: |z-1| =2} with positive orientation are 1i
Res[f,1+i] =

lim z 1+i ( z(1+i) ) f (z )

lim z 1+i ( z( 1+i )) (

1
)
z +4
4

As lim z 1+i, LHS is indeterminate, so we have to use LHospitals rule to evaluate the limit
(that is differentiating Nr and Dr separately w.r.to z)
=

lim z 1+i(

1
)
4 z3

lim z 1+i (

z
)
4 z4

1+i
4
4 ( 1+i )

1+i
4(4)

1+i
16
Similarly
1i
Res[f,1-i] = 16

By Cauchys residue theorem

z 4dz+4
C

f ( z)dz
C

Res[ f , z k ]
= 2 i
k=0

1+i 1i
= 2i(Res[f,1+i] +Res[f,1-i]) = 2i( 16 + 16 = -

i
4

Result 3.
Let P(z) be a polynomial of degree at most 2. If a ,b and c are distinct complex numbers, then
P( z)
A
B
C
f(z) = ( za)(zb)( zc) = ( za) + (zb) + ( zc )

Where A = Res [f,a] =

P ( a)
(ab)(ac )

B = Res [f,b] =

P(b)
(ba)(bc )

18

C = Res [f,c] =

P( c)
(ca)( cb)

Example 3.1.
Find the residue of f(z) =

3 z +2
z ( z1 ) ( z2)

and express f(z) in partial fractions.

Solution.
In Result I, take a= 0, b = 1, c= 2 and P(z) = 3z+2.
The residues are
A = Res[f,0] =

P(0)
(01)(02)

=1

P(1)
B = Res [f,1] = (10)(12)

= -5

P(2)
(20)(21)

=4

C = Res [f,2] =

The partial fraction expression of f(z)is given by

A
B
C
f(z) = (za) + ( zb) + ( zc )

1
( z0)

1
z

5
( z1)

5
( z1)

4
( z2)

4
( z2)

Example 3.2. Find the residue of f (z) =

1
z 1
4

and express in partial fractions.

19

1
4
z 1

f (z) =
C
z i

z
( 21)(z 2+ 1)
1

lim z 1(z1)

1
2( 1(1))

1
4

lim z 1( z +1)f (z)

1
2 i(11)

1
2 i(1(1 ))

1
( z 1 ) (z+1)(z +i)( zi)

1
4

lim z i( z+ i) f (z )

1
2 i(i+1)(i1)

lim z 1( z +1)

2(11)
1
=

lim z i( zi) f (z)

1
2 i(i+ 1)(i1)

D=Res[f,-i] = =

lim z 1(z1)f ( z )

1
2(1+i)(1i)

C= Res [f,i] =

B
z +1

1
( z1 ) ( z +1)(z+i)( zi)

1
2( 1+i)(1i)

B= Res[f,-1] =

A
z 1

D
z +i

Where A = Res[f,1] =

1
( z1 )( z+1)(z +i)(zi)

lim z i( zi)

1
( z1 ) ( z+ 1)(z +i)( z i)

1
4i

lim z i( z+ i)

1
4i

1
( z1 ) (z +1)( z+i )(zi)

20

f(z) =

A
z 1

B
z +1

C
z i

D
z +i

1
4( z1)

z
4 ( +1)
1

z
z
4 i( i)
4 i( +i)
+
1
1

Result 4.
If a repeated root occurs in partial fraction, and P(z) has degree of at most 2, then f(z) =
P( z)
A
B
C
2
2
=
+
+
(za)
(zb)
( za )
( za ) ( zb)
Where A = Res [(z-a)f(z),a]
B = Res [f, a]
C = Res [f, b]

Example 4.1. Find the residue of f(z) =

z 2 +3 z+ 2
z 2 (z1)

and express in partial fraction.

Solution.
In Result II, take a = 0, b = 1 and P(z) =

f(z) =

P(z )
( z0)2 ( z1)

A
( z0 )2

Where A = Res [(z-0)f(z),0] = Res [ z

z 2+3 z +2

B
(z0)

, we have

C
( z1)

z 2 +3 z+ 2
z 2 +3 z+ 2
z 2 (z1) ,0] = Res [ z (z1) ,0]

z 2 +3 z+ 2
lim z 0 ( z0)(
)
=
z (z1)

z 2 +3 z+2
lim z 0 (
)
( z1)

= -2

21
2

B = Res [f, 0] =
lim z 0

lim z 0

d (
2 z +3 z+2
z0 ) 2
dz
z ( z1) =

lim z 0

d 2 z +3 z +2
z 2
dz
z ( z 1)

d z2 +3 z +2
dz ( z1)

[ ( 2 z +3 ) ( z1 )( 1 ) ( z 2+3 z +2 ) ]

[ ( z2 2 z5 ) ]

( z1 )

lim z 0

( z1 )
= -5

lim z 0

z +3 z+ 2
z +3 z +2
lim z 1(z1)( 2
)
C = Res [f, 1] = Res [ z 2 (z1) ,1] =
z (z1)

= lim z 1(

f(z) =

2
( z0 )2

z 2+3 z +2
) =6
2
z

5
(z0)

6
( z1)

Example 4.2. Find the residue of f(z) =

2
2
z

5
+ z

6
( z1)

1
( z1 ) ( z 3)
2

Take P(z) = 1, a= 1, b=3

f(z) =

P ( z)
( z1 )2 (z 3)

A
( z1 )2

A = Res [(z-1)f(z),1] = Res [ (z-1)

1
(13)

1
= 2

B
( z1 )

C
( z3)

1
,1
=
( z1 ) ( z 3)
2

lim z 1(z1)(

1
)
( z1)(z3)

22

B = Res [f,1] =

C = Res [f,3] =

lim z 1

d
1
( z1 )2
2
dz
(z1) (z3)

lim z 3(z 3)(

= lim z 1

1(1)
( z3 )2

1
1
)
lim z 3
( z1 ) (z3) =
( z 1 )2
2

1
4

1
4

EVALUATION OF REAL DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Cases of poles are not on the real axis.
Type I
2

f ( cossin ) d

Evaluation of the integral

where f(cos sin) is a real rational function

of sin,cos.
First we use the transformation z = ei = cos + i sin ------ ( a)
And

1
z

1
i
e

= e-i = = cos - i sin -------- (b)

From (a) and (b) , we have cos =

1
1
(z+ )
2
z , sin =

Now z = e dz = ie d d =

dz
iz

f [

Hence

f ( cossin ) d
0

1
1
(z )
2i
z

1
1 1
1 dz
z+ , (z )]
2
z 2i
z iz

( )

Where C, is the positively oriented unit circle |z| = 1

The LHS integral can be evaluated by the residue theorem and

23

1
1 1
1 dz
z+ , (z )]
2
z 2i
z iz

( )

f [

= 2i Res(zi) , where zi is any pole in the interior of the

circle |z| =1
Example I.1.
2

ecos cos ( n+ sin ) d , where nis a positive integer .

Evaluate

Solution.

( n+ sin )isin(n+sin)
cos

cos
e

Let I =
2

cos i ( n+ sin)

e(cos+isin) ei( n) d =
=
0

Therefore I =

ez dz
z n zi
C

( )

dz
iz

1 ez dz

i C z n+1

By Cauchys residue theorem,

ee ei (n ) d
dz
i e i

Let z = e , dz = ie d d =
i

of f(z)

ecosisin ei ( n) d

d =

f ( z ) dz
C

and C denotes the unit circle |z| = 1

f ( z ) dz
C

where f(z) =

ez
i z n+1

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

24

To find the poles of f(z) :

Since poles of f(z) = to the zeros of izn+1 ,and the only zero of izn+1 is z = 0 of order n+1
Hence the pole of f(z) is z =0 of order n+1
There are no poles on the real axis
To find the residue of f(z):
Res [f,0] =

1
n!

1
n!

lim z 0

lim z 0

lim z 0 (1 )

dn
n +1
1
z0 ) f ( z)
n(
=
n!
dz

d n n +1 ez
z
d zn
i z n+1

1
n!

lim z 0

n
z
l d e
z 0 d zn i

ez
i

(1 )n
n!i

Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,0]=

Therefore

I = 2

f ( z ) dz
C

(1 )n
n!i

= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i

(1 )n
n!

( n+ sin )isin(n+sin )
cos

cos
e

= 2
2

(1 )n
n!

(1 )n
n !i

= 2

(1 )n
n!

z
dn
n +1 e
z0
(
)
d zn
i z n+1

1
n!

25

sin(n +si n)

cos

cos ( n+ sin ) d

ecos d

= 2

(1 )n
n!

Equating real and imaginary parts,

2

ecos cos ( n+ sin ) d

(1 )n
n!

= 2

sin(n +sin )
2

And

=0

ecos d
0

Example I.2.
2

Prove that

d
a+ bcos
0

2
a 2b2

, a >b >0.

Solution.
2

Let I =

d
a+ bcos
0

dz
iz

Put z = ei d =

and let C denotes the unit circle |z| = 1

Since z = ei = cos + isin and

d
I=
0 a+ bcos

f ( z ) dz
C

i C

where f(z) =

1
z

= cos isin, we have cos =

dz
b
1
z a+ z +
2
z

( ( ))
2
2 2 az
bi(z +
+1)
b

i C

dz
z2 b b
z a+
+
2 2

1
2

(z +

2
dz
bi C 2 a 2
z
+ z +1
b

26

By Cauchys residue theorem,

f ( z ) dz

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
To find the poles of f(z):
2 az
b

Poles of f(z) = to the zeros of bi(z2+

+1) and the zeros are given by bi(z2+

2 az
b

+1) =

0
(z2+

z =

2 az
b

+1) =0 -------- (a)

2 a
4 a2

4
b
b2
2

2 a
4 a24 b2

b
b2
2

2 a
2
2
2 a b
b
2b

a a2b 2
b
a+ a2b 2
z=
b

Let =

a a2b2
or
b

a+ a2b 2
b

and =

Now the product of the roots =

1
1

are the simple poles of f(z)

a a2b2
b

, these the roots of the equation (a)

=1

Now | | = 1 |||| = 1
Since a > b > 0, || =

a a2 b2
b

Here a > b a2 > b2 a2- b2>0

a2b 2

a+ a2b2
b

>0a+

a2b 2

> a >b

27

a+

a2b 2

a+ a2b 2
b

>b

a+ a2b 2
b

Hence z = =

>1

a+ a2b2
b

>1

< 1 is the only simple pole lie inside the circle |z| = 1

There are no poles on the real axis

To find the residue of f(z):
lim z ( z )f (z)

Res [f,] =

2
2 az
bi( z 2 +
+1)
b

Here f(z) =

2
2 az
bi(z 2 +
+1)
b

f(z) =

Res [f,] =
lim z

and , are the factors of z2+

lim z (z )

bi

((

2
2 i a 2b2

)(

a+ a b
a a b

b
b

2
bi( z )( z )

2
bi( )
2

+1

2
bi(z )(z )

lim z (z )f ( z)

2
bi(z ) =

2 az
b

1
i a2b 2

Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,]=

1
i a2b 2

))

2
bi (
a+ a2b 2+ a+ a2b 2 )
b

28

f ( z ) dz

= 2i Res[f,zk] =

2 i
i a2b 2

d
a+ bcos
0

2
a 2b2

2
a 2b2

Example I.3.
2

d
2
=
1+a 22
2
acos 1a

Prove that

, 0 a < 1.

Solution
2

d
1+a 22
acos

Let I =

Let z = ei d =

dz
iz

and let C denotes the unit circle |z| = 1

Since z = ei = cos + isin and

I=

1
i
C

d
1+a 22
acos
0

dz
z
2
( 1+a ) za ( z 2 +1 )
z

1
z

= cos isin, we have cos =

dz
iz
2
1
C
1+ a 2 a
2

1
z

( )( )
z+

i C

1
2

(z +

dz
z
2

(
)
( 1+a ) a z +1
z
2

29

1
dz

i C ( 1+a 2 ) za ( z 2+1 )

1
dz

i C z +a2 za z 2a

1
dz

= ai C z az + z 2+1
a

1
dz

ai C z 2
+ z +(az+1)
a

ai C

dz
z

1
dz

= ai C 1 + z ( za)
a

1
1
+ z a(z )
a
a

f ( z ) dz
C

1
Where f(z) =

ai

( 1a + z )( za)

By Cauchys residue theorem,

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
To find the poles of f(z):
Poles of f(z) = zeros of

these zeros are given by

ai(

1
+z)(za)
and
a

ai(

1
+ z)(za)
=0
a

1
( a + z) = 0 or (za) = 0

z=

1
a

or z = a which are the simple poles of f(z)

Since 0 a < 1,

1
a

>1

Hence a<1 is the only pole lie inside the unit circle |z| =1

30

There are no poles on the real axis

To find the residue of f(z):

Res[f,a] =

1
1
ai
+z
a

lim z a

ai

( 1a + z )( za)

1
i (1+ a2 )

1
i ( a 1 )

1
1
ai
+a
a

lim z a (za)

lim z a (za)f ( z )

1
Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,a] =

f ( z ) dz

i ( a 1 )

= 2i Res[f,zk] =

2 i
i ( a2 1 )

2
( a21 )

2
( a21 )

I=
2

d
1+a 22
acos
0

2
( a21 )

Example I.4.

Evaluate

a d
a2 +sin
2

Solution.
First we have to change the limits to 0 to 2 from 0 to for the given integral.

Let I =

a d
a2 +sin
2

a d
2 1cos 2
a+
2

To change the limit , take 2 = 2d = d

a d
2 a2+21cos
2
0

31

If =0 , then = 0
If = , then = 2
2

Hence I =

a d
2 a2 +1cos
0

Put z = ei d =

dz
iz

and let C denotes the unit circle |z| = 1

1
z

Since z = ei = cos + isin and

dz
iz
2 1 1
C 2 a + 1 ( z + )
2
z

a d
2 a2 +1cos

I=

2a
dz

2
i C 4 z a + 2 zz 21

Where f(z) =

(z +

dz
iz
2
4 za +2 z( z 2+1 )
2z
a

1
2

= cos isin, we have cos =

2 a
dz

2
i C z 2 z ( 2 a2 +1 ) +1

f ( z ) dz

z
i( 22 z ( 2 a2 +1 ) +1 )
2 a

By Cauchys residue theorem,

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
To find the poles of f(z):
Poles of f (z) = zeros of i(z2-2z(2a2+1)+1) , these zeros are given by i(z2-2z(2a2+1)+1) = 0
z2-2z(2a2+1)+1 = 0
z=

2( 2a 2+1) ( 2 ( 2 a2 +1 ) ) 4 (1)(1)
2(1)

2( 2a 2+1)2

(( 2 a +1 ) ) 1
2

32

2 a2 +1 ( 2 a2 +1 ) 1

2
4
2
= 2 a +1 4 a + 4 a

2 a2 +1+ 2 a a 2+1

z=

2
4
2
= 2 a +1 4 a +1+4 a 1

2 a2 +1 2 a a2 +1
= (say)

2
2
Or z = 2 a +12 a a +1 = (say)

Hence the poles of f(z) are , which are simple poles.

Now , are the roots of the equation z2-2z(2a2+1)+1 = 0
Product of the roots = 1 | | = 1|||| = 1
2
2
Clearly || = | 2 a +1+ 2 a a +1

| > 1 || < 1

2
2
the only pole lie inside the unit circle |z| =1 is = 2 a +12 a a +1

There are no poles on the real axis

To find the residue of f(z) :

Res[f,] =

lim z (z ) f (z)

lim z ( z )

2 a
i ( z )( z ) =

z
2 a
i( 22 z ( 2 a2 +1 ) +1 )
lim z ( z)

lim z

2 a
i ( z )

2 a
i ( )

2 a
i(2 a +12a a +1( 2 a2 +1+2 a a2+ 1 ) )
2

2 a
=

i(2 a2 +12a a 2+12 a212 a a2 +1)

i(4 a a2 +1)

2i a +1
1

2 a
=

33

2i a2 +1
1

Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,] =

2i a +1
2 i

a2 +1

f ( z ) dz

= 2i Res[f,zk] =

a2 +1

a d
a2 +sin
2

I=

Example I.5.
2

Evaluate

d
2
( a+ bcos )

( a > 0, b > 0 ; a > b)

Solution
2

Let I =

d
2
( a+ bcos )

Take z = ei d =

dz
iz

and let C denotes the unit circle |z| = 1

Since z = ei = cos + isin and

I =

dz
iz

b
1
a+ ( z+ )
2
z

2 az+ b z2 +b
4 zdz

i C ( )2

1
z

dz
iz

(z +

4
zdz

i C ( 2 az +b ( z 2+1) )2

= cos isin, we have cos =

2 az+ b ( z +1 )
2z

1
2

34
2

2 az+ b z +b
4z
where f(z) =
i ()2

f ( z ) dz
C

f ( z ) dz

By Cauchys residue theorem,

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
To find the poles of f(z):
Poles of f(z) = zeros of i(2az+bz2+b)2 , these zeros are given by i(2az+bz2+b)2 = 0
2 az
b

bz2+2az +b = 0 z2+

z=

2 a
2a 2
( ) 4
b
b
2

a+ a2b 2
z=
b
a a2b2
Or z =
b

+1 = 0

2 a 4 a24 b 2
=
2b

a a2b 2
=
b

= (say)

= (say)

Hence the poles of f(z) are , both order 2

Since , are the roots of the equation bz2+2az +b = 0
Product of the root = b/b = 1 | | = 1 |||| = 1
Given a > b a2 > b2 a2- b2>0

a+

a b
2

Hence z = =

>b

a+ a2b 2
b

a+ a2b 2
b

a2b 2
>1

>0a+

a2b 2

a+ a2b2
b

> a >b

>1

< 1 is the only pole lie inside the circle |z| = 1

35

There are no poles on the real axis

To fine the residue of f(z):
2 az 2
+ z +1
b
d
2
lim z ( z ) f ( z)
Res [f,] =
=
d
2
4z
dz
lim z ( z ) 2 2
dz
i b ( )

z
( ( z) )

2
ib 2

d
24z
( z )
dz
lim z
lim z

lim z

d
4z
2
dz i b ( z )2

lim z

4 ( z ) z 2 ( z )
lim z 2
ib
( z )4

d
4z
( z )2 2
dz
i b ( z )2 ( z )2

( z ) z 2
4
(
)
= lim z i b2 z
( z )4

4 ( )2
2
ib
( )3

4 d
z
2
i b dz ( z )2

lim z

4 ( z )z 2
2
ib
( z )3

36

4 +
2
3
ib ( )

4 +
2
3
ib ( )

4
ib 2

[(
)]
[( ) ] [

[(

a a2b 2 a+ a2b 2
+
b
b
a+ a2b2 a a 2b2

b
b

)]
3

2 a
b

4
2
ib a+ a2b2 a+ a2b2
+
b
b

4
= i b2

2 a
b

2 a b
b
2

8 a b3

2 3

8 b3 i ( a2b 2)

i ( a b
2

2 3

Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,] =

f ( z ) dz
C

I=

i ( a b
2

2 3

2 ia
= 2i Res[f,zk] =

d
2
( a+ bcos )

2 a
2 3

i ( a2b

( a2b 2 )

2 a
=

( a2b 2 )

Type II.

Evaluation of the integral

f ( x ) dx

where f(x) is a real rational function of the real

variable x.
If the rational function f(x) =

g ( x)
h(x ) , then degree of h(x) exceeds that of g(x) and g(x)

0.To find the value of the integral, by inventing a closed contour in the complex plane which
includes the required integral. For this we have to close the contour by a very large semi-circle in
the upper half-plane. Suppose we use the symbol R for the radius. The entire contour integral

37

comprises the integral along the real axis from R to +R together with the integral along the
semi-circular arc. In the limit as Rthe contribution from the straight line part approaches the
required integral, while the curved section may in some cases vanish in the limit.

g ( x)
h(x ) , that lie in the upper half-plane

The poles z1,z2,.,zk of

f ( x ) dx

g( x)

h(x ) dx

= 2i Res[f,zk]

Example II.1

Using the residue of calculus compute

dx
( x +1 ) ( x 2+4 )
2

Solution
Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz
C

1
where f(z) =

( z +1 ) ( z 2+4 )

To find the poles of f(z) :

The poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+1)(z2+4) , these zeros are given by (z2+1)(z2+4) = 0
z2+1 = 0 or z2+4 = 0
z2 = -1 = i2 z = i
Or z2 = -4 = (2i)2 z = 2i
Hence the poles of f(z) are i, 2i (all are simple poles)

38

And the poles z = i and z = 2i are the only poles lie inside the upper half of semi-circle.
There are no poles on the real axis

By Cauchys residue theorem,

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
R

Now

f ( z ) dz
C

f ( x ) dx
R

f ( z ) dz
CR

------------- (a) ( on the real line R to R (LR)+

the upper half of the semi circle CR)

To find the residue of f(z):

Res[f,i] =

lim z i(zi) f (z)

zi

z +2i
()(z2 i)
( z +i )
1

lim z i(zi)

lim z i(zi )

( z +1 ) ( z 2 +4 ) = =
2

39

lim z i

1
( z +i ) (z +2i)( z2 i)

1
( i+i ) (i+2 i)(i2 i)

1
(2 i)(3 i)(i)

1
6i

=-

i
6
lim z 2 i (z2i) f (z )

Res[f,2i] =

lim z 2 i (z2i)

( z + 1 )( z2 + 4 ) = =
2

zi

z+2 i
( )( z 2i)
( z +i )
1

lim z 2 i(z2i)

lim z 2 i

1
(zi ) ( z +i ) ( z +2 i)

1
( 2 ii ) (i+2i)(2i +2 i)

1
(i)(3 i )( 4 i)

i
12

Consider

dz

| | |
f ( z ) dz

CR

2
( z +1 ) ( z +4 )

CR

CR

1
2

( z +1 ) ( z +4 )

dz

CR

dz

( z +1 ) ( z 2 +4 )
2

1
12 i

40
2

z 1

z24

dz

---------(b)

CR

Let z = Rei, dz = iReid

|dz| = |iReid| = R d ( |i| =1 =|ei|)
If z = -R, then Rei = -R ei = -1 =
If z = R, then Rei = R ei = 1 = 0

| |
f ( z ) dz

Hence (b)

CR

2 Rd 2
0 ( R 1 ) ( R 4 )

R
=

( R 21 ) ( R24 )

R
( R 1 ) ( R24 )
2

As R ,

R
( R 1 ) ( R24 )
2

f ( z ) dz
CR

Now as R , (a)

f ( z ) dz
C

f ( x ) dx

+0=

f ( x ) dx

1
Where f(x) =

Hence

( x +1 ) ( x 2+ 4 )
1

( x 2 +1 ) ( x 2+ 4 )

dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk]

d
0

41

= 2i{Res[f,i] + Res[f,2i]} = 2i{

i
6

i
12

}=2i(

12 =

6
Example II.2

Using the residue of calculus compute

dx
2

( x +4 )

Solution
Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz

where f(z) =

( z2 + 4 )

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+4)3, these zeros are given by (z2+4)3 = 0
z2 +4 = 0 z2 = -4 z2 = (2i)2
z = 2i z = 2i or z = -2i
Hence the poles of f(z) are z = 2i , z = -2i , both of order 3

The only pole lie inside the upper half of the semi-circle is z = 2i of order 3
There are no poles on the real axis
By Cauchys residue theorem,
of f(z).

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

42
R

f ( z ) dz

Now

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz
CR

( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half

of the semi circle CR)

To find the residue of f(z):
Res[f,2i] =

z2 i
(z +2 i)
( )

d
31
z2 i )
2(

dz
1
lim z 2 i
2

1
d2
3
1
lim z 2 i 2 ( z2 i )
3
3
2
dz
( z2 i ) ( z+ 2i )

1
d2
1
lim z 2 i 2
2
d z ( z+ 2i )3

1
d
3
lim z 2 i
4
2
d z ( z+2 i )

12
1
lim z 2i
5
2
( z +2 i)

=6

1
5
( 2i +2 i )

1
d d
1
lim z 2 i
2
d z d z ( z +2i )3

1
d 3 ( z +2i )
lim z 2 i
6
2
d z ( z +2i )

1
d2
3
1
lim z 2 i 2 ( z2 i )
3
2
dz
( z 2 +4 )

1
d2
3
lim z 2 i 2 ( z2 i ) f ( z )
=
(2) !
dz

)
3
3 ( 4 ) ( z+2 i )
1
lim z 2 i
8
2
( z +2 i)

6
1024 i

6
5
(4i)

3
512 i

43

dz

| |

f ( z ) dz

Consider

CR

CR

1
3

(z +4)

dz

CR

dz
2

(z +4)

3
( z + 4 )

CR

z 4

dz

---------(b)

CR

Let z = Rei, dz = iReid

|dz| = |iReid| = R d ( |i| =1 =|ei|)
If z = -R, then Rei = -R ei = -1 =
If z = R, then Rei = R ei = 1 = 0

f ( z ) dz

Hence (b)

CR

As R ,

( R 4 )

( R 4 )

f ( z ) dz
CR

( R 4 )

d
0

Now as R , (a) f ( z ) dz

Rd

f ( x ) dx + 0 =

f ( x ) dx

1
Where f(x) =

Hence

( x + 4)
1

( x 2 +4 )

dx
3

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk]

R
=

( R 4 )

44

= 2i{Res[f,2i]} = 2i{

3
i 512

}=

3
256

Example II.3
x
( 2x +2) dx
Prove that

( x 4 +10 x 2+ 9 )

5
12

Solution

Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz
C

where f(z) =

z
( 2z +2)

( z 4 +10 z 2 +9 )

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of z4+10z2+9 , these zeros are given by z4+10z2+9 =0
z4+z2+9z2+9=0 (z2+1)(z2+9) = 0
z2 = -1 = i2 or z2 = -9 = (3i)2
z = i or z = 3i
Hence the poles of f(z) are i,-i,3i,-3i (all are simple poles)

The poles that are lying the upper half of the semi-circle are i,3i
There are no poles on the real axis

45

f ( z ) dz

By Cauchys residue theorem,

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
R

Now

f ( z ) dz

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz

CR

( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half

of the semi-circle CR)

To find the residue of f(z):

Res[f,i] =

z
( 2z +2)

lim z i (zi)f (z)

( z 4 +10 z 2 +9 )

lim z i(zi)

z
( 2z +2)
(z+i)(z+ 3i)( z3 i)
lim z i

Res[f,3i] =

i
( 2i +2)
(i+i)(i+ 3i)(i3 i)

lim z 3 i( z3 i) f ( z)

z
zi
( 2z+ 2)
( ( z+i)( z+3 i)( z3 i)
lim z i( z i)

1i
(2i)(4 i)(2i)

z
( 2z +2)
=

( z 4 + 10 z 2 +9 )
lim z 3 i( z3 i)

z
zi
( 2z+ 2)
( ( z+i)( z+3 i)( z3 i)
lim z 3 i( z 3i )

2i
73 i
( ( 4 i)(6 i)

( 7+3 i)
48i

z
zi
( 2z+ 2)
( ( z+i)( z+3 i)
lim z 3 i

7 +3 i
48 i

(3 i)
3 ii
( 2(3 i)+2)
( ( 3i+i)( 3i+3 i)

1i
1 6i

46

Consider

f ( z ) dz
CR

z
( 2z +2)
=

( z 4 +10 z 2 +9 )

dz

( z 4 +10 z 2+9 )

CR

CR

z
( 2z+ 2) dz

z
( 2z +2) dz

( z 4 + 10 z 2 +9 )

CR

z
2
z +1

2
z +9

( 2z+2) dz

z21

( z29)

( z2 z + 2)dz

CR

CR

Let z = Rei, dz = iReid

|dz| = |iReid| = R d ( |i| =1 =|ei|)
If z = -R, then Rei = -R ei = -1 =
If z = R, then Rei = R ei = 1 = 0

---------(b)

47

f ( z ) dz

Hence (b)

CR

R 2 d
2
2
0 ( R 1 ) (R 9)

2 2 d 2
0 ( R 1 ) (R 9)

Rd
( R 1 ) (R2 9)
2

R2
d
( R 21 ) (R2 9) 0

R
d
2
( R 1 ) (R2 9) 0

2
d
2
( R 1 ) (R2 9) 0
R2
( R 21 ) ( R2 9)

As R ,

f ( z ) dz
CR

( R 1 ) (R 9) + ( R 1 ) ( R2 9)
2

R
0 , ( R 1 ) (R2 9)

R
2
( R 1 ) ( R2 9)

0 and

2
( R 1 ) (R2 9)
2

Now as R , (a)

f ( z ) dz

f ( x ) dx

+0=

f ( x ) dx

x
( 2x+ 2)

Where f(x) =

( x 4+ 10 x 2 +9 )

x
( 2x+ 2)
Hence

( x 4+ 10 x 2 +9 )

dx

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk]

= 2i

7+ 3i
+
{1i
1 6i 48 i }

Example II.4

2 i

i
{3348i+7+3
}
i

10
24

5
12

48

Evaluate

x 4dx+a 4
0

Solution

Let us take

x 4dx
+ a4

Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz

1
4
z +a

where f(z) =

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of z4+a4 , these zeros are given by z4+a4 =0
z4 = - a4 z4 = a4ei ( ei = -1)
z4 = a4ei ei2n ( ei2n = 1)
z4 = a4ei+2ni = a4ei(2n+1)
z = a ei(2n+1)/4 , n = 0,1,2,3
If n=0, z = a ei/4 = a(

cos +i sin
4
4

If n = 1, z = a ei3/4 = a(

cos

3
3
+isin

4
4

If n = 2, z = a e

cos

5
5
+i sin

4
4

i5/4

If n=3, z = a e

= a(

i7/4

= a(

cos

= a(

7
7
+i sin

4
4

1
i
+
2 2

= a(

= -a(

= a(

= (say)

1 i
+
2 2

= (say)

1
i
+
2 2

= (say)

1
i

2 2

= (say)

49

The poles lying inside the upper hemi circle are aei/4 = , aei3/4 = (both are simple
poles)
There are no poles on the real axis

f ( z ) dz

By Cauchys residue theorem,

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
R

f ( z ) dz
Now
C

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz
CR

( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half

of the semi-circle CR)

To find the residue of f(z):
Res[f,] =

lim z (z )f ( z)

lim z ( z )

It is difficult to solve while factoring

1
z + a4
4

1
z +a 4
4

and taking limit, so we will use

LHospital rule (that is differentiating Nr and Dr separately w.r.to z)

=

lim z

1
4 z3

1
43

Now = a ei/4 4 = a4ei

Res [f,] =

4 a4

44

4 =- a4 (ei = -1)
i

=-

ae 4
4 a4

Now = a ei3/4 4 = a4ei3

Similarly , Res [f,] =

1
4 3

= -

e4
4 a3

4 =- a4 (ei3 = -1)

4 4

3 i

=-

ae 4
4 a4

3 i

=-

e4
4 a3

50

dz

| | |
f ( z ) dz

Consider

CR

CR

1
dz
z +a 4
4

z 4dz+a 4

CR

z +a 4

CR

dz

z4 a 4

---------(b)

CR

Let z = Rei, dz = iReid

|dz| = |iReid| = R d ( |i| =1 =|ei|)
If z = -R, then Rei = -R ei = -1 =
If z = R, then Rei = R ei = 1 = 0

Hence (b)

As R ,

f ( z ) dz
CR

Rd
4
4
0 ( R a )

R
( R a4 ) 0
4

f ( z ) dz
CR

R
d
4
( R a4 ) 0

Now as R , (a) f ( z ) dz
C

Where f(x) =

f ( x ) dx + 0 =

f ( x ) dx

1
( x + a4 )
4

4 1 4 dx
Hence
(x +a )

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk]

R
( R a4 )
4

51
i
4

= 2i { -

e
4 a3

1
i
+
2 2
2
2 2a 3

i3
4

+(

e
4 a3

} =-

1 i
+
2 2

i
4

e +

i3
4

}= -

i
2 a3

{(

2 a3

4 1 4 dx
We know that
(x +a )

1
dx
4
4

0 ( x +a )

2 i
4 a3

= 2

1
dx
( x +a 4 )
4

1
1
dx

4
2 ( x +a 4 )

2 2a 3

Type III.

Evaluation of the integral

f ( x ) sin mx dx

f ( x ) cos mx dx

where m > 0 and f(x) is

a real rational function of the real variable x.

If the rational function f(x) =

g ( x)
h(x ) , then degree of h(x) exceeds that of g(x) and g(x) 0.

Let g(x) and h(x) be polynomials with real coefficients, of degree p and q, respectively,
where q p+1.
If h(x) 0 for all real x, and m is a real number satisfying m > 0, then

g( x)
g (x)
cos mx dx= lim
cos mx dx
h( x )
R R h(x )

We know that Eulers formula

and

g( x)
g ( x)
sinmx dx = lim
sin mx dx
h(x )
R R h(x )

e imx = cos mx + i sin mx , where cos mx = Re[ e imx ]

52

and sin mx = Im[ e

We have

imx

] , m is a positive real.

g( x) imx
e dx
h( x )

g( x)
cos mx dx
h( x )

Here we are going to use the complex function f(z) =

g( x)

h( x ) cos mx dx

g( x)

h(x ) sinmx dx

g( x)

h(x ) sinmx dx

+i

g ( z) imz
e
to evaluate the given integral.
h( z )

= Re {2i Res[f,zk]} and

= Im {2i Res[f,zk]}, where z1,z2,..zk are the poles lies on the upper

half of the semi-circle.

Lemma III.1.(Jordans Lemma)

If f (z) 0 uniformly as z , then

imz
e f ( z ) dz

lim

C1

= 0, (m > 0) where C1 denotes the

semi-circle |z| = R, I(z) > 0.

Proof.
Given f (z) 0 uniformly as z
given > 0 , a R0 > 0 such that | f(z) 0| < , R R0
That is | f(z)| < , R R0 --------(a)
Let |z| = R which is the semi-circle

53

Put z = Rei dz = R ei i d dz = izd,

e imRcosmRsin

e imz

Now
e

e e

imR(cos+isin)

e imR(cos+isin)

e imRcos

|=

emRsin

emRsin

imRcos
= e

imRcos
= 1)
( e

----- (b)
sin

We know that

If 0

sin

sin

- sin

mR 2

, then

sin

is monotonically decreases as increases from 0 to

sin ( )
2

- mRsin

mR 2

mRsin
e

------ ( c)

From (a), (b) and (c),

e imz f ( z ) dz
C1

e imz f ( z ) dz

C1

e imz|f ( z )|dz
C1

sin

emRsin

2 .

54

emRsin R d

( |dz| = |izd| = |z|d =

Rd)

m Rsin

2R

2R

mR 2

[ ]
mR 2

e
2
2 mR
0

2R

2R{ (mR) 2 mR

e imz f ( z ) dz
C1

As lim R ,

e imz f ( z ) dz
C1

Example III.1.

2 R
2 mR {

- (e0) 2 mR

emR +1 }
{
m

= (say)

e imz f ( z ) dz0
C1

0 as R

mR
({ e +1 }< 1

55

Use the method of contour integration to prove that

ema
2a

dx
cosmx
2
2
0

(x +a )

and

sinmx
dx
( x 2+ a2 )

=0

Solution.
f ( z ) dz
Consider the integral
C

where f(z) =

eimz
( z2 +a 2 )

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of z2+a2 , these zeros are given by z2+a2 =0
z2 = - a2 z = (ai)2 z = ai z = ai or z = -ai
Poles of f (z) are ai, -ai (both are simple poles)
There are no poles on the real axis

The only pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z = ai

By Cauchys residue theorem,

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
R

Now

f ( z ) dz
C

of the semi-circle CR).

f ( x ) dx
R

f ( z ) dz
CR

( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half

56

To find the residue of f(z):

lim z ai( zai)f ( z )

Res[f,ai] =

lim z ai(zai)

e imz
( z 2 + a2 )

zai

e imz
lim z ai( zai)
( (z +ai)
imz

imai

e
= lim z ai (z +ai)
lim z

Now

ema
= 2 ai

e
(ai+ai)

1
( z +a 2 )

=0

lim R

by Jordans lemma ,

CR

e imz
dz
( z 2 +a2 )

=0

As R ,

f ( z ) dz
C

e imz
lim

dz
f
(
x
)
dx

2
2
=
+
C ( z +a )

e i mx
dx
( x 2 +a 2)

+0

eimx
2 2 dx
( x +a )

Hence

eimx
2 2 dx
( x +a )

f ( z ) dz
C

dx
cosmx+isinmx
2
2

( x +a )

cosmx
dx
( x 2 +a 2)

= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i

ema
a

sinmx
dx
( x 2 +a2 )

Equating real and imaginary parts,

ema
a

ema
2 ai

ema
a

57

dx
cosmx
2
2
( x +a )

ema
a

cosmx
dx
2
2

0 (x +a )

and

sinmx
dx
( x 2 +a 2)

1
cosmx dx
2 ( x2 + a2 )

=0

ema
2a

Example III.2.

Apply the calculus of residue to evaluate

cosx
dx
( x +a 2) ( x2 +b 2)
2

, (a > b > 0)

Solution.
Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz

where f(z) =

eiz
( z2 +a 2 ) (z 2+ b2)

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+a2) (z2+b2), these zeros are given by (z2+a2) (z2+b2) =0
z2 = - a2 or z2 = - b2 z = (ai)2 or z = (bi)2 z = ai or z = bi
z = ai or z = -ai or z =bi or z = -bi
Poles of f (z) are ai,-ai, bi,-bi (all are simple poles)
There are no poles on the real axis.

The poles lie inside the upper half of semi-circle are z = ai , z = bi

By Cauchys residue theorem,

of f(z).

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

58
R

f ( z ) dz

Now

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz

( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half

CR

of the semi-circle CR).

To find the residue of f(z):
Res[f,ai] =

lim z ai( zai)f ( z )

iz

e
lim z ai(zai) 2 2 2 2
=
( z +a ) (z +b )

iz

e
= lim z ai( zai) ( z +ai ) ( zai)(z+ bi)(zbi)
iai

e
( ai+ ai ) ( ai+ bi)(aibi)

ea
2 ai(a 2b2 )

iz

e
= lim z ai ( z +ai ) (z +bi)(z bi)
ea
2 ai(b 2a2 )

Similarly,
Res[f,bi] =

lim z bi( zbi)f (z )

lim z

Now

1
( z +a ) ( z 2+ b2)
2

eb
2 bi(a 2b2 )

=0

By Jordans Lemma,
lim R
CR

e iz
dz
( z 2 +a2 ) (z 2 +b2 )

=0

As R ,

f ( z ) dz
C

f ( x ) dx

+0

e ix
dx
( x 2 +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )

iz

dz =
2
2
2
2
+ lim R
C ( z +a ) ( z + b )
R

ix

( x 2 +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )

dx

59

Hence

ix

( x 2 +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )

dx

f ( z ) dz

= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i

e
2
2
2 ai(b a )

2
2
2 bi(a b )
2 i (b eaa eb )
2 abi (b 2a2 )

( b ea a eb)
ab( b2a 2)

cosx+isinx
dx
( x 2 +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )

( b ea a eb)
ab( b2a 2)

Equating real and imaginary parts,

dx
2 cosx
2
2
2
( x +a ) ( x +b )

( b ea a eb)
ab(b2a 2)

and

sinx
dx
( x +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )
2

Example III.3

Evaluate

xcosx
dx
x 2+ 4

and

dx
xsinx
x 2+ 4

Solution
f ( z ) dz
Consider the integral
C

where f(z) =

z e iz
z 2 +4

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+4), these zeros are given by (z2+ 4) =0
z2 = - 22 z = (2i)2 z = 2i
z = 2i or z = -2i
Poles of f (z) are 2i,-2i (both are simple poles)
There are no poles on the real axis.

= 0

60

The only pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z = 2i

f ( z ) dz

By Cauchys residue theorem,

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
R

f ( z ) dz
Now
C

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz

CR

( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half

of the semi-circle CR).

To find the residue of f(z):
Res[f,2i] =

lim z 2 i( z2i) f (z )

lim z 2 i( z2i)

ze iz
( z +2 i)( z2 i)

iz

ze
= lim z 2 i ( z +2 i)

Now

ze iz
lim

z
2
i
(z2i)
=
z 2+ 4

lim z

i2i

2i e
(2 i+2 i)

z
( z + 4)
2

e2
2

=0

By Jordans Lemma,
lim R
CR

zeiz
dz
( z 2 +4 )

=0

As R ,

f ( z ) dz
C

z e iz
f ( x ) dx + lim R ( z 2 +4 ) dz
=
C
R

x e ix
2 dx +0
=
( x +4 )

61

ix

dx =
xe
2
( x +4 )

Hence

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i

e
2

= e-2i

dx
xcosx+ixsinx
2

( x +4 )

= e-2i

Equating real and imaginary parts,

dx
xcosx
2
( x +4 )

= 0

and

sinx
dx
( x 2 +4 )

= e-2

Example III.4

Evaluate

dx
xcosmx
4
+x 2+1
0

(m > 0)

Solution
f ( z ) dz
Consider the integral
C

imz

where f(z) =

e
4
z + z2 +1

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z4+z2+1), these zeros are given by z4+z2+1=0
z4+- z2 + z2+ z2 +1=0 z2 (z2 +1) + z2 +1 = z2
(z2 +1)2 - z2 = 0 (z2 +1-z)( z2 +1+z) = 0
z2 +1-z = 0 or z2 +1+z = 0
z=

1+ 3 i
2

,or z =

Poles of f (z) are

1 3 i
1+ 3i
, or z =
2
2

1+ 3 i
2

1 3 i
1+ 3i
,
2
2

poles)
There are no poles on the real axis.

1 3 i
,or z =
2

1 3 i
2

(all are simple

62

The poles lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z =

1+ 3i
2

1+ 3 i
2

= (say) and z =

= (say)

By Cauchys residue theorem,

f ( z ) dz
C

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
R

Now

f ( z ) dz
C

f ( x ) dx
R

f ( z ) dz
CR

(on the real line R to R (LR) + the upper half

of the semi-circle CR).

To find the residue of f(z):
Res[f,] =

lim z (z )f ( z)
imz

lim z

e
( z)( z + )(z + )

imz

e
= lim z (z ) ( z )(z)( z + )( z+ )

63

e im
( )( + )( + )

eim
( )(2 )( + )

eim
( )( 2 )( + )

2 ( 1+ 3 i ) ( 1+ 3 i ) (1+ 3 i )
[
+
]
2
2
2
1+ 3i 1+ 3 i
[
]
2
2
e

( 1+ 3 i)
2

(1+ 3 i )

e 2
= 2 ( 1+ 3 i ) 2 3 i
(
)
2
2

( 1+ 3 i)

e 2
( 3i3)

3 m

e2 e 2
( 3i3)

Similary,
( 1 + 3 i )
2

Res[f,] =

e
(1+ 3i ) 1+ 3i 2 (1+ 3i ) ( 1+ 3i ) ( 1+ 3 i)
[

](
)[
+
]
2
2
2
2
2
(1+ 3i )
2

e
(1 ) ( 2 (1+ 3i ) )
( 2 3 i )
2

(1 + 3i )

e 2
2 (1+ 3 i ) 2 3 i
(1)(
)
2
2

Now lim z
By Jordans Lemma,

(1 + 3i )

e 2
( 3 i+ 3)

1
( z + z2 +1 )
4

=0

3 m

e2 e 2
( 3 i+3)

64

lim R
CR

imz

e
dz
4
( z +z 2 +1 )

=0

As R ,

eimz
f ( x ) dx + lim R ( z 4 +z 2 +1 ) dz
=
C

f ( z ) dz
C

eimx
4 2 dx +0
=
( x + x +1 )

eimx
4 2 dx =
( x + x +1 )

Hence

= 2i

[
[

2 i

( ( ) ( )) (

e
12

3 m
2

e
12

]
( ))}
]

m
m
m
m
+isin ( ) + ( 3 i3 ) cos ( )isin
(
)
( 2 2)
( 2 2

{ ( )
2 3i cos

3 m
2

( )}

m
m
+6 isin
2
2

3 cos

( m2 )+3 sin ( m2 )

=
e

3 m

( ( ) ( ))}

m
m
m
m
+isin
+ 3 i3 ) cos
isin
2
2
2
2

( m2 )+3 sin ( m2 )

4 e

3 m
2

3 m

e2 e 2
e2 e 2
+
( 3 i3 ) ( 3i+3 )

( 3+ 3 i ) cos

3 m
2

2 i

(39 )

3 cos
=

{( 3+ 3i ) e + ( 3 i3 ) e }
( 3+ 3 i ) cos

3 m
2

= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i

( 3 i3 ) ( 3 i+ 3 )

= 2 i e

3 m
2

f ( z ) dz

65

3 cos

dx
cosmx+isinmx
4
2

( x + x +1 )

( m2 )+3 sin ( m2 )
e

3 m
2

Equating real and imaginary parts,

3 cos

cosmx
dx
( x 4 + x2 +1 )

and

Hence

( m2 )+3 s ( m2 )

3 m
2

sinmx
dx
( x + x2 +1 )

= 0

cosmx
dx
( x 4 + x 2+ 1 )

3 cos

1
cosmx
dx

2 ( x 4 +x 2+1 )

( m2 )+3 sin ( m2 )

=
e

3 m
2

Example III.5

Prove that

cosmx
2

2 2

(a + x )

dx=

( 1+ma ) ema
3
2a

(m > 0, a > 0)

Solution
Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz
C

e imz
where f(z) =

( a2 + z 2 )

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+a2 )2, these zeros are given by (z2+a2 )2=0
z2 = - a2 z = (ai)2 z = ai z = ai (twice)or z = -ai(twice)
Poles of f (z) are ai, -ai (both are order 2)

66

There are no poles on the real axis

The only pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z = ai (order 2)

f ( z ) dz

By Cauchys residue theorem,

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
R

Now f ( z ) dz
C

f ( x ) dx
R

f ( z ) dz
CR

( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half

of the semi-circle CR).

To find the residue of f(z):
d
2
lim z ai ( zai ) f ( z)
Res[f,ai] =
dz

lim z ai

lim z ai

d (
2
e imz
zai )
2
dz
( a2 + z 2 )

d (
2
eimz
d e imz
zai )
lim

z
ai
dz
dz ( z +ai )2
( z+ ai )2 ( zai )2 =

( z +ai )2 e imz e imz 2 ( z + ai ) ]

[
lim z ai
( z +ai )

( z +ai ) e imz e imz 2 ]

[
lim z ai
( z +ai )3

ma

2 e ( ma+1 )
8 a3 i

[ ( ai+ ai ) eimai e imai 2 ]

( ai+ai )3

[2 amema2 ema ]
( 2 ai )3

67
ma

( ma+ 1 )
4 a3 i
lim z

Now

1
2

( z +a 2 )

=0

lim R

by Jordans lemma ,

CR

eimz

( z 2 +a2 )

dz

=0

As R ,

f ( z ) dz

e imx

( x 2 +a 2)

Hence

f ( x ) dx

lim R
CR

imz

dz
2 2

( z 2 +a )

e imx
2

dx
2 2

f ( z ) dz

( x +a )

cosmx+isinmx
2

2 2

(x +a )

= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i

ma

dx

dx
2 2

( x +a )

cosmx
2

(ma+ 1)
2 a3
ma

sinmx
2

dx
2 2

( x +a )

(ma+ 1)
2 a3

Equating real and imaginary parts,

cosmx

dx
2 2

( x 2 +a )

( x 2 +a 2)

ma

(ma+ 1)
2 a3

imx
2

dx

dx

ma

ma

(ma+ 1)
2 a3

and

sinmx

( x 2 +a 2)

dx

=0

( ma+1 )
=
4 a3 i

+0

68

cosmx
2

dx
2 2

(x +a )

1
cosmx
dx

2 ( x2 + a2 )2

ma

(ma+ 1)
4 a3

Note:III.1
z = rei r = |z| and = arg (z)
logz = Log r+i arg(z)
If z = x+iy , r = (x2+y2)1/2 , = arg (z) = arg (x+iy) = tan-1(y/x)
log(x+i) = log (x2+1)1/2 + iarg(x) = log (x2+1)1/2 +0 = log (x2+1)1/2
Example III.6

log ( 1+x 2 )
dx=log2
2
Prove that
1+ x
0
Solution
Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz
C

where f(z) =

log ( z +i)
z2 +1

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+1 ), these zeros are given by (z2+1 )=0
z2 = - 1 z = (i)2 z = i z = i or z = -i
Poles of f (z) are i, -i (both are simple poles)
There are no poles on the real axis.

The only pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z = i

69

f ( z ) dz

By Cauchys residue theorem,

= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)

of f(z).
R

Now

f ( z ) dz

f ( x ) dx

f ( z ) dz

CR

( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half

of the semi-circle CR).

To find the residue of f(z):
lim z i (zi)f (z)

Res[f,i] =

lim z i(zi )

log ( z+i)
z 2+1

log 2i
2i

2
log ( 22) 2 +i tan 1 ( )
0
2i

lim z i(zi)

log ( z +i)
( zi)(z+i)
1

log ( z +i)
= lim z i ( z +i)

log ( i+i)
(i+i)

log 2+itan ( )
2i

(using Note III.1)

log2+
=

Now

2i

lim z

lim z

Consider

Consider

i
2

log( z+ i)
z 2 +1

lim z

log( z+i)
(z+ i)(zi)

lim z

1
( zi)

log( z+ i)
(z +i)

lim z

1
(zi)

lim z

log ( z +i)
( z+i)

=0

it is undetermined, so we have to use LHospitals rule

70

1
z +i
lim z
1

1
= lim z z +i

lim z

Hence

log( z+ i)
z 2 +1

=0

log (z+i)
z 2 +1

lim z
C
R

=0

= 0 lim R
C
R

log ( z +i)
z2 +1

=0

( |z| = R)

As R ,

f ( z ) dz

f ( x ) dx + lim R
C

1
2

log ( x +1 )
dx
x 2 +1

2
1 log ( x +1)
x 2+1 dx
2

log ( z+ i)
dz
2
z +1

1
2
log ( x + 1)
2
dx
x 2+1

log ( x2 +1)
x 2+1 dx
0

log ( x2 +1)
x 2+1 dx
0

f ( z ) dz
C

log2+
= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i

=log2 +i 2

Equating real part

log ( x2 +1)
x 2+1 dx
0

Case of poles are on the real axis.

Type IV

log ( x +i)
dx +0
x 2 +1

(By using the Note III.1)

Hence

= log2

2i

i
2

71

If the rational function f(z) =

g ( z)
h( z ) , then degree of h(z) exceeds that of g(z) and g(z) 0.

Suppose h(z) has simple zeros on the real axis ( that is simple poles of f(z) on the real axis) , let it
be a1,a2,ak
and h(z) has zeros inside the upper half of semi-circle ( that is poles of f(z) inside the upper half
of semi-circle), let it be b1,b2,bs,

then

f ( x ) dx

= i Res[f,ak] + 2i Res[f,bs] , where k = 1,2,.k and s = 1,2,s

Where C1,C2,.Ck are the semi circles and b1,b2,bs are lie upper half of these semi circles.
Example IV.1.

Evaluate

x
dx
x 38

Solution.
Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz
C

where f(z) =

z
z 8
3

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z3- 8 ), these zeros are given by (z3- 8)=0
z3 = 8 z3 = (2)3 z = 2
Since z-2 is a factor of z3- 8 , z3- 8 = (z-2)(z2+2z+4) = 0
z2+2z+4 = 0 z =

2 416
2

2 43
2

2 2 i 3
2

= -1i3

72

Poles of f (z) are 2 , -1+i3 and -1-i3 (all are simple poles)
Pole lie on the real axis z =2
Pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle z = -1+i3

To find the residue of f(z):

Res[f,2] =

lim z 2(z2)f ( z )

lim z 2( z2)

lim z 2

2
= (9+3)

( z2)( z+1i 3)( z+1+i 3)

2
(2+1i 3)(2+1+i 3)

2
(3i 3)(3+i 3)

1
6
lim z 1+i 3( z(1+ i 3))f ( z )

lim z 1+i 3( z +1i 3)

lim z 1+i 3( z +1i 3)

z
z 8
3

z
( z+ 1i 3)(z +1+ i 3)

Res[f, -1+i3] =

lim z 2(z2)

lim z 1+i 3
1+i 3
(3+i 3)(2i 3)

z
z 8
3

=
z

( z2)(z+1i 3)( z+1+i 3)

z
(z2)(z+ 1+i 3)
1+i 3
= (6 i 36)

1+i 3
(1+i 32)(1+i 3+1+i 3)

73

1+ i 3
= 6( i 3+1)
=

(1+i 3)(1i 3)
= 6(i 3+1)(1i 3)

(22 i 3)
24

2(1+i 3)
24

(1+i 3)(1+i 3)
6(1+3)

(132i 3)
24

( 1+i 3)
12

We know that

f ( x ) dx

= i Res[f,ak] + 2i Res[f,bs] where ak s are the poles lie on real

axis and bs s are the poles lie inside the upper half of semi-circle.

x
dx
x 38

i
6

i
6

1
(1+i 3)

= i Res[f,ak] + 2i Res[f,bs] = i( 6 + 2i(

12

i 3 i
6

3
6

Type V
If the rational function f(z) =

g ( z)
h( z ) , then degree of h(z) exceeds that of g(z) and g(z) 0.

Suppose h(z) has simple zeros on the real axis ( that is simple poles of f(z) on the real axis) , let it
be a1,a2,ak
and h(z) has zeros inside the upper half of semi-circle ( that is poles of f(z) inside the upper half
of semi-circle), let it be b1,b2,bs,
Let m be a positive real number and if f(z) =

g (x )
cosmx h ( x ) dx

=
And

= Re

2 i Res [ f ,b i ]
i=1

eimz g (z)
h ( z)

cosmx f ( x ) dx

i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1

, then

74

g(x)
sinmx h ( x ) dx

= Img

Img 2 i Res [ f , b i ]

i=1

sin mx f ( x ) dx

Img i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1

Where b1,b2,bs, are the poles of f(z) that lie in the upper half of the semi-circles
C1,C2,.Ck .
Example V.1.

Prove that

cos x
1
dx= ( 2 2 sin 1)
(x1)(
2
10 e
x + 4)

and

sinx
1
dx= ( 2 + cos 1)
(x1)(
2
5 e
x + 4)

Solution.
Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz
C

iz

where f(z) =

e
( z1)(z 2+ 4)

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z-1)(z2+4), these zeros are given by (z-1)(z2+4) =0
z-1 = 0 or z2+4 =0 z = 1 or z2 = -4 = (2i)2
z = 1 or z = 2i or z = -2i
Poles of f(z) are z = 1 , z = 2i , z = -2i (all are simple poles)
The only pole lie on the real axis is z = 1
The only pole lie inside the semi-circle is z = 2i

75

To find the residue of f(z):

Res[f,1] =

lim z 1(z1)f ( z )

lim z 1

Res[f,2i] =

eiz
(z1)( z 2 +4 )

e iz
(z 2+ 4)

e
(1+4 )

lim z 1( z1)

e
5

lim z 2 i( z2i) f (z )

iz

e
= lim z 2 i (z1)( z +2i)

lim z 2 i (z2i)

i 2i

e
(2 i1)(2 i+ 2i)

e iz
( z 1)( z +2 i)( z2 i)
2

e
(2 i1)( 4 i)

We know that

g (x )

cosmx h ( x ) dx

cosmx f ( x ) dx =

And

g(x)

sin mx h ( x ) dx

Img sinmx f ( x ) dx =

2 i Res [ f ,b i ]
i=1

i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1

Img 2 i Res [ f , b i ]
i=1

Img i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1

76

Where aks are the poles lie on the real axis and bss are the poles lie inside the upper half of the
semi-circle.

e2 (2 i+1)
2(2 i1)(2i+1)

e (2 i+1)
10

[ ]
e2
10

i (

= Img

i cos 1 sin 1
5

e2 (2 i+1)
2(41)

sin1
5

2
[ e +2sin 1 ]
10

sinx f ( x ) dx

= Img

Img 2 i Res [ f , b i ]
i=1

cos 1+isin 1
)
5

sin x
dx
(x1)(
2
x +4)

ei
5

sin1
5

sin1
5

ix

e
dx
2
( x 1)( x +4 )

[ ]

e
(2i1)(2)

= Re

cos x

[ i Res [ f , 1 ] ]

e2
(2 i1)( 4 i)
2

cos x f ( x ) dx

= Re

[ 2 i Res [ f ,2 i ] ] +
2 i

cosx
dx
(x1)(
2
x +4)

e (2i+1)
2(2i1)(2 i+1)

Img i Res [ f , aj ]

Img

j=1

ix

e
dx
cosx (x1)(x
2
= Img
+ 4)

icos 1sin1
5

77

Img

e ( 2i+1)
10

cos 1
5

e2 2
10

cos 1
5

e2

=
5

[e2 +cos 1 ]
5
Example V.2.

Prove that

dx=
sinm
x
2
0

Solution.
Consider the integral

f ( z ) dz
C

ei m z
z

where f(z) =

To find the poles of f(z):

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z), this zero is given by z =0
The only pole of f(z) is z = 0 simple and lie on real axis

To find the residue of f(z):

Res[f,0] =

lim z 0 ( z0) f (z )

We know that

g (x )

cosmx h ( x ) dx

cosmx f ( x ) dx =

e iz m
z

= e0 = 1

lim z 0 z

2 i Res [ f ,b i ]
i=1

i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1

cos 1
5

78

g(x)

sin mx h ( x ) dx

And

Img 2 i Res [ f , b i ]

Img sinmx f ( x ) dx =

i=1

Img i Res [ f , aj ]

j=1

Where aks are the poles lie on the real axis and bss are the poles lie inside the upper half of the
semi-circle.

dx
sinmx
x

Img sin m x f ( x ) dx

Img [ i Res [ f ,0 ] ] =

Img [ i(1) ] =

i=1

Hence

dx
sinmx
x
0

Img 2 i Res [ f , b i ]

Img i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1

Img sin m x

1 sinmx
dx

2 x

e imx
dx
x