Chapter 7

Design of Piled Foundations

NOTATION

7.0

a
av
ax
ay

Ac
Ap
As
Av
Asc
A5 1
A sv
A sx
A sy

b
b
b'
B
B

c
CH
Cv
d
D

Dr
ex
ey

e11 x
ehy

Er
Es
fc
fs

f1
/y
/ci

Deflection due to slenderness of a circular pile

Distance of shear plane fro m nearest support
Deflection due to slenderness producing additional moment about x-axis
Deflection due to slenderness producing additional moment about y-axis
Net area of concrete in a p ile cross-section
Cross-sectional area of pile (m 2)
Surface area of pile in contact with soil
Total area of link bars perpendicular to longitudinal bars
Total area of steel reinforcement in a pile
Area of tensile reinforcement in pile cap
Area of steel effective in resisting shear in a pile
Area of tensile steel in a pile section resisting moment about b-axis
Area of tensile steel in a pile section resisting moment about h-axis
Width of reinforced concrete section
O verall dimension of rectangular pile section
Effective depth of tensile reinforcement in b direction
Width or diameter of pile
Overall width of a group of piles
Soil cohesion for a stratum (kN/ m2 )
Horizontal load-carrying capacity of a single pile
Vertical load-carrying capacity of a single pile
Effective depth to tensile re inforcement in a concrete section
Depth of a group of piles below ground
Relative density
Eccentricity of combined unfactored vertical load on pile cap in x-direction
Eccentricity of combined unfactored vertical load on pile cap in y-direction
Eccentricity in x-direction of combined unfactored horizontal load Hy
Eccentricity in y-direction of combined unfactored horizontal load Hx
Stress-strain modulus of pile material {kN/m 2)
Stress-strain modulus of soil (kN/m2 )
Stress in concrete due to prestress aJone
Skin resistance at soil/pile interface
Maximum design principal t ensile stress in concrete
Characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement
Cube strength of concrete at transfer of prestress
293

294

Reinforced Concrete

[cp

feu
[pc
[pu

[yv
h

h
h
h'
H
Hx

H.v
Hpx
Hpy

H.m
H_.u
Hpxu

H pyu

lr
1:
fx x

f.v.v
k,
K,
K,

lc
10
/1

L
L

Lb
m
mv
M
M0

Mp
Mx

M .v
M~
M.~

M;
M.~

Mpx
Mp.v
Mxx
M yy

Average concrete stress in a prestressed concrete section after losses

C haracteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days
Average tensile stress in steel tendons after all losses
Characteristic ultimate strength of steel tendons
Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement
Overall depth of pile cap
Overall dimension of a rectangular pile
Overall diameter of a circular pile
Effective depth of tensile reinforcement in a rectangular pile in h-direction
Unfactored horizontal load on a single circular pile
Unfactored combined horizontal loads on pile cap in x-direction
Unfactored combined horizontal loads on pile cap in y-direction
Unfactored horizontal load on a single pile in x-direction
Unfactored horizontal load on a single pile in y-direction
Ultimate horizontal load on pile cap in x-direction
Ultimate horizontal load on pile cap in y-direction
Ultimate horizontal load on a single pile in x-direction
Ultimate horizontal load on a single pile in y-direction
Moment of inertia of pile (m 4)
Polar moment of inertia of a group of piles about z-axis through CG
Moment of inertia of a group of piles about x-x axis through CG of group
Moment of inertia of a group of piles about y-y axis through CG of group
Modulus of subgrade reaction of soil (kN/m3 )
Coefficient of friction
Factor used to determine transmission length of prestressing wires or
strand
Effective length of pile for calculation of slenderness ratio
Unsupported length of pile
Transmission length of prestressing wires or strands
Depth of penetration of pile
Overall length of a group of piles
Average depth of pile in ground
Modular ratio Esl Ec
Coefficient of volume compressibility (m2 /kN)
Factored bending moment in a circular pile section
Moment to produce zero stress at tension fibre of a prestressed section
with 0.8/cp (average uniform prestress)
Unfactored bending moment in a single circular pile
Unfactored combined moment on pile cap about x-axis
Unfactored combined moment on pile cap about y-axis
Modified bending moment about x-axis to account for biaxial bending
Modified bending moment about y-axis to account for biaxial bending
Unfactored moment about x-axis due to eccentric surcharge on pile cap
Unfactored mo ment about y-axis due to eccentric surcharge on pile cap
Unfactored bending moment in a single pile about x-axis due to Hpy
Unfactored bending moment in a single pile about y-axis due to Hpx
Unfactored combined moment on pile group about x-axis
Unfactored combined moment on pile group about y-axis

Design of Piled Foundations 295

Mp.ru
Mpyu
Madd.x

Madd _v

N
N

Nq
Nu
Ny
N~

N~

Nu,
Nbal

p
Px

Pa
Pu
Ppu
P si

ii
qc
qu
qcs
R
R;H

R;v

s
Sv
T
Ta
Tu

u
v

Ultimate bending moment in pile about x-axis

Ultimate bending moment in pile about y-axis
Additional bending moment in pile about x-axis due to slenderness
Additional bending moment in pile about y-axis due to slenderness
Slenderness ratio in a prestressed pile
Statistical average of SPT number for a soil stratum
Combined vertical load on pile cap - unfactored
Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi
Ultimate vertical load on a circular pile
Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi
Adjusted bearing capacity factor for cohesion
Adjusted bearing capacity factor for Ll 8 > 1
Design ultimate capacity of a concrete section subjected to axial load only
Design axial load capacity of a balanced section ( = 0.25 fcubd)
Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a circular pile
Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a pile section to resist bending
about x-axis
Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a pile section to resist bending
about y-axis
Total vertical load on a group of piles
Allowable unfactored vertical load on pile
Ultimate axial compressive load on pile
End-bearing resistance of pile
Skin friction resistance of pile
Effective vertical stress at pile point
Statistical average of cone resistance of soil in a stratum (kN/m 2)
Unconfined compressive strength (kN/m 2)
Side friction resistance in a cone penetrometer
Number of piles in a group
Initial estimate of number of piles based on total horizontal load
Initial estimate of number of piles based on total vertical load
Spacing of nodes in pile for finite element analysis
Spacing of links used as shear reinforcement
Unfactored torsion on a group of piles
Allowable unfactored tension load on pile
Ultimate axial tensile load on pile
Perimeter at punching shear plane in a pile cap
Shear stress in concrete in pile cap
Design concrete shear stress in concrete
Shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about x-axis
Shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about y-axis
Modified design shear stress to take into account axial compression
Design shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about x-axis
Design shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about y-axis
Ultimate shear force in a circular pile section
Shear resistance of a concrete section
Shear resistance of uncrackcd prestressed section
Shear resistance of cracked prestressed section

296

Reinforced Concrete
Weight of pile (kN)
Depth of lever arm

Coefficient for calculation of skin resistance of a pile

Factor for computation of effective length of a pile
Factor for conversion of biaxial bending moment into uniaxial bending
Unit weight of soil (kN/m3 )
Angle of friction between soil and concrete
Poisson's ratio
Angle of internal friction
Nominal diameter of tendon in prestressed concrete section

f3
j3
y

0
J.l.
<1>
<1>

7.1

VERTICAL LOAD - SINGLE PILE CAPACITY

Ft. =Applioo load

1. t
Psi

11 tPsi

1 . tSkin friction
1 t
Ppu= End

b~aring

SK 711 Single pile capacity.

Pu
Tu

= Ppu + "LPs; = 'LPs; + W

where Pu = ultimate compressive load on pile

Tu = ultimate tensile load on pile
'LP,; = skin friction resistance
Ppu = end-bearing resistance
W = weight of pile
First method for point resistance

(see Reference 6, page 602)

where Ap
N

area of pile (m2 )

statistical average of the SPT number in a zone of about 88
above to 38 below the pile point

= cross-sectional
=

Design of Piled Foundations 297

=
=

B
Lb

width or diameter of pile

average depth of pile in the ground

Second metlwd for poinJ resistance

Ppu

= Apqc

(see Reference 6, page 602)

where Ap = cross-sectional area of pile (m2)

qc = statistical average of cone point resistance in a zone of about
88 above to 38 below pile point (kN/m 2)
Third metlwd for poinJ resistance

(see Reference 6, page 598)

cross-sectional area of pile (m2)

= cohesion or undrained shear strength Su = qu/2 kN/m2
qu = unconfined compressive strength
q = effective vertical stress at pile point
N~ = adjusted bearing capacity factor for cohesion (see Fig. 7.2)
N~ = bearing capacity factor adjusted for Ll b > 1 dependent on
initial angle of shearing resistance <1> (see Fig. 7.2). (See
Reference 8. page 600.)
L = depth of penetration
B = width or diameter of pile
Ll B should be greater than Lei B as obtained from Fig. 7.2 for the value
of <J>.
where Ap
c

Note:

Find point resistance by more than one method if soil test data allow and
take the lowest for a conservative estimate.
Determination of skin resistance
LPs;

= LAsfs

where As == pile perimeter x pile length over which Is acts (m2 )

Is = skin resistance (kN/ m2)
First method of skin resistance

Is=
Is=

2N kN/m 2
N kN/ m2

where

for large volume displacement piles

for small volume displacement piles

= statistical average blow count

in stratum for S.fYf.

Second metlwd of skin resistDnce

Is=

0.005qckN/m2

where

Qc

= cone penetration resistance (kN/m2).

Third method of skin resistance

for small volume displacement piles

298

Reinforced Concrete

fs

= l.5qc

qcs

where

to 2.0qcs

for large volume displacement piles

= side friction

resistance in cone penetrometer.

Fourth nutlwd of skin resisllmce

fs

= ac + 0.5 ij K tano

(see Reference 8, page 603)

where

= average cohesion or Su of stratum (kN/m 2)

= effective vertical stress (kN/m2)

() = angle of friction between soil and
Ks = coefficient of friction
Dr = relative density of sand.
ij

pile

Table 7.1 Values of K, (Reference 8, page 603).

Pile type
Steel
Concrete
Wood

K5 for low Dr

K5 for high Dr

0.5
1.0
1.5

1.0
2.0
4.0

20
0.754>
0.674>

(See Reference 7, page 136.)

Table 7.2 Values of a (Reference 7, page 126).

Soil cond ition

Values of oc
DIB

c =50

c = 100

c= 150

c =200

c= 250

Sands or sandy gravel

overlying stiff to very
stiff cohesive soil

<10
20
> 40

1.0
1.0
0.9

1.0
0.9
0.65

1.0
0.75
0.4

1.0
0.75
0.4

1.0
0.75
0.4

Soft clays or silts

overlying stiff to very
stiff cohesive soil

> 20

0.35
0.75

0.30
0.70

0.25
0.63

0.2
0.55

0.2
0.5

10
>40

0.9
1.0

0.7
0.9

0.3
0.3

0.2
0.3

0.2
0.3

Stiff to very stiff

cohesive soils without
overlying strata

10

The units of c are kN/m 2

Note:

Find skin resistance by more than one method if soil test data allow and
take an average.

p
a

Pu
2.5

where

Tu
T =a
2.5

P 8 = allowable pile load in compression

T3 = allowable pile load in tension

- - --

- - -- - - ..

Design of Piled Foundations 299

7.2 HORIZONTAL LOAD- SINGLE PILE CAPACITY

Method I
k sB

Cohesive soils

= 1.3(EsB4)fi (~)
Etlr

1 - f.L

as per Vesic, 1961 (see Reference 6).

where k 5 = modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m3 )
B = width or diameter of pile (m)
E5 = stress- strain modulus of soil (kN/m2)
Er = stress-strain modulus of pile material (kN/m 2)
Ir = moment of inertia of pile (m 4)
!l = Poisson's ratio of soil

Es may be obtained by the following methods:

(1) Triaxial tests.
(2) Borehole pressuremete r tests.
(3) Es = 650N (kN/m 2)
N = SPT number of blows.
(4) Es = 3 (1 - 2!!)/ m v
where mv = coefficient of volume compressibility (m2/kN).
Method 2
ks

Cohesive soils

= 240qu kN/m3

where qu

unconfined compression strengt h (kN/m2 ).

Cohesionkss soils

ks

= 80

fC2qNq + C, (0.5 y BNy)] kN/m 3

as per Vesic (see Reference 8, page 631 and page 323, equation 9-8).
where

c, = c2 = 1.0

for square piJes

C 1 = 1.3 to 1. 7
for circular piles
c2 = 2.0 to 4.4 for circular piles
q = effective stress (kN/ m2)
y = unit weight of soil
B = width or diameter of pile

N,1 and Ny may be obtained from the following table (Hansen equations)
- see Reference 8, page 137, Table 4- 4:
Finite ekment model of vertical pik

Spring stiffness = SBk5 kN/m

where S = node spacing not greater than B
B = width or diameter of pile (m)
k, = modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m3 )

300 Reinforced Concrete

Table 7.3 Values of N 4 and Ny (Reference 8, page 137).
<1>

(degrees)

0
5
lO

15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

Ny

Nq

l.O

0
0.1
0.4
1.2
2.9
6.8
15.1
33.9
79.5
200.8
568.5

1.6
2.5
3.9
6.4
10.7
18.4
33.3
64.2
134.9
319.0

Rotation about
X Z axis

Translations about
x and y axis

Translations

......._Rotation about

Note:

SK 7/2 Two-dimensional model of

pile in soil (degrees of freedom top and bottom of pile).

a-

For horizontal loads which are not constant and are reversible or repetitive,
the top 1.58 of pile may be assumed unsupported by soil.
Boundary conditions
(I) Free head pile
Translations x, y
Free at top

Rotation z
Translations y
Rotation z

Free at top
Restrained :at bottom
Free at bottom

(2) Fixed head pile

Translations x, y
Rotation z
Translations y
Rotation z

Free at top
Rigid at top
Restrained at bottom
Free at bottom

Material type

For sustained horizontal load due to dead load, water pressure, earth

Design of Piled Foundations 301

pressure, etc., use short-term Young's modulus of concrete for bending
moment computations but long-term Young's modulus of concrete for pile
head deformation.
For short-term horizontal loads due to wind, earthquake, crane surge,
etc., use short-term Young's modulus of concrete for bending moment and
deflection computations.
Software

Use any fully validated software which has a suite for analysis of 2-D plane
frame with sprung boundaries.
Member type

For rectangular pile usc minimum width Bin all computations involving B.
A cracked section moment of inertia may be used for reinforced concrete
piles based on Section 2 .1.

7.3 PILE GROUP EFFECTS

7.3.1 Spacing of piles
S?:. 2B
S?:. 3B

where S
B

Note:

for end-bearing piles

for friction piles

= spacing of piles
= least width or diameter of pile.

Piles carrying horizontal load should not be spaced at less than 3B.

7.3.2 Pile group capacity

Ultimate group capacity :::;; group friction capacity + group end-bearing
capacity
Ultimate group friction capacity = 2D( B + L )c~

SK 7/3 Group of piles - plan of

overall dimensions of group.

302

Reinforced Concrete

~.,.,...

Frict1on

SK 714 Elevation of group of piles

showing group capacity.

where c =
=
CY =
D =
B=
L =

average cohesion of clay

average Su = average qu/2
coefficient (from Section 7.1, Table 7.2)
depth of pile group below ground
overall width of group
overall length of group.

Ultimate group end-bearing capacity= BL

(N~ + qN~)

where c = cohesion or undrained shear strength Su = quf2 at bottom of

pile group
qu = unconfined compressive strength
q = effective stress at bottom of pile group
N~ = bearing capacity factor (see Fig. 7.2)
N; = bearing capacity factor (see Fig. 7.2)
Note: Total vertical load on a group of piles should not exceed the group
capacity. Individual pile loads inside the group will be limited by the single
pile capacity. Piles carrying horizontal load and spaced at 38 or more need
not be checked for group effects due to horizontal load.

Allowable group

capacity

ultimate group capacity + ultimate group

end-bearing capacity
=-------~"----'--"-----2.5

7.4 ANALYSIS OF PILE LOADS AND PILE CAPS

7.4.1

Rigid pile cap

N = combined vertical load on pile cap - unfactored
Mx = combined moment about x-x - unfactored
My= combined moment about y - y - unfactored

Design of Piled Foundations 303

SK 7/5 Loads and eccentricity on pile cap.

Hx .

e.
M.

.~.Hy!1

"'In
-

ey
X

e~uc

.
SK 7/6 Plan view of loads and
eccentricity on pile cap.

.
y

Hx = combined horizontal load on pile cap- unfactored in x - x direction

Hy = combined horizontal load on pile cap- unfactored in y - y direction
ex= eccentricity of N from CG of pile group in x - x direction
ey = eccentricity of N from CG of pile group in y-y direction
ehx = eccentricity of Hy from CG of pile group in x-x direction
eh.v = eccentricity of Hx from CG of pile group in y-y direction
h = depth of pile cap.
Loads on pile group
P = vertical load on pile group
= N + weight of pile cap + weight of backfill on pile cap + surcharge

on backfill
Mxx = moment about x-x on pile group
= Mx + Ney + Hyh + M:
Myy = moment about y-y on pile group

= My + Nex + Hxh +

M:

304 Reinforced Concrete

y

---- :-.

!JC.G. of pile goop

---+ f ~ ,__ .

y,

1---,: 1"-- -~ f - -

~ Y,

y'

'
-~

xr ' x2

x'
Xl

X4

R:Total number of piles

~x'
x= Ff

-y = ~
R

xs

x: andy' arc orthogonal

dtstanccs of each pile

from corner pile

SK 717 Typical pile foundation showing CG of group and co-ordinates of piles.

SK 7/8 Group of piles subject to

horizontal loads and torsion.

where M: and M; are moments with respect to CG of pile group due to

eccentric surcharge on backfill or pile cap.
T

= torsion on pile group

= H,ehy + H_.ehx

l:y 2 about x-x axis passing through CG of pile group

lyy = U about y-y axis passing through CG of pile group
fxx

= f xx + f yy
R = number of piles in group.
fl

Vertical load on a pile =

(!_)
R

xxY)

fxx

M,vyx)
l yy

Design of Piled Foundations 305

Horizontal load on any pile

resultant of

(H 2
x

+ H 2)!
R

T(x 2 + y 2)f
and - - - -fz

Sign convention

Vertical loads:
Torsion on pile group:

downwards positive
clockwise positive

Moments on pile group:

clockwise positive

+ve

M xx

produces compression in piles which have +ve y ordinates.

+ve M.v.v produces compression in piles which have +ve X ordinates.

Hx is positive in direction of increasing x in positive direction.

Hy is positive in direction of increasing y in positive direction.

Eccentricities arc +ve for +vex and +ve for +ve y.
Bending moments in pile cap

SK 7/9 Critical sections for

bending moment in a pile cap.

Take sections X- X or Y- Y through pile cap at faces of columns or base

plates. Find pile reactions due to combined and load factored basic load
cases. Consider all upward and downward loadings across sections X-X
and Y- Y. Find bending mo ments across section . Find horizontal load on
each pile by using the following expressions:
H

pxu

= Hxu
R
Hyu

Hpyu

=R

where R is number of piles in pile cap. Find bending moments in pile Mpxu
corresponding to Hpyu and M pyu corresponding to Hpxu assuming an end
fixity to pile cap following the method in Section 7.2. Hxu and Hyu are
combined factored ultimate horizontal loads.

306 Reinforced Concrete

HPIW

i i i
Hpxu

Hpllu

Hpxu

Hpxu

SK 7/10 Additional bending

moment in pile cap due to pile
fixity.

AlgebraicaUy add the bending moments in pile cap due to vertical load
and pile fixity moments due to horizontal load to find design bending
moments in pile cap.

7 .4.2 Flexible pile cap

Large pile caps including piled raft foundations should be modelled as
flexible . The modelling will normally be carried out using either a grillage
suite of a computer program or a general-purpose finite element program.
The piles should be modelled as springs in the vertical direction. The
vertical spring stiffness should be obtained from test results on site. A
parametric study can be carried out using minimum and maximum stiffness
of the pile if there is a large variation.
Grillage model
(1) Divide pile cap into an orthogonal grillage network of beams. Ensure
that piles are located at crossing of orthogonal beams. Each grillage
beam represents a certain width of pile cap.
(2) Use short-term Young's modulus for concrete material properties.
(3) Full section concrete stiffness properties may be used for hypothetical
grillage beams (hypothetical width X depth of pile cap).
(4) Piles will be modelled as sprung supports vertically.
(5) Vertical loads on pile cap may be dispersed at 45 up to central depth
of pile cap.
(6) Apply at each node with a pile, the moments given by the following
formulae:

about x-axis

Design of Piled Foundations 307

SK 7/tt Plan of raft on piles showing idealised grillage elements - flexible

analysis.

Column load may spread

onto grill~

~l~ment

Pil~

Cap/ Raft

SK 7/12 Part section through raft showing details of grillage idealisation.

M
Y

= Hxh
R

abow y-axis

(7) Find horizontal load on each pile by using the following expressions:

where R is total number of piles in group.

308 Reinforced Concrete

(8) Find bending moments in pile, Mpx corresponding to Hv.v and Mp.v
corresponding to Hpx assuming an end fixity to pile cap following
method in Section 7 .2. Apply these moments to pile cap grillage
model as nodal loads. The pile head to pile cap connection may be
assumed a'i hinged and then Mv:c and Mp_v will be zero.
(9) Find bending moments in pi1e cap by grillage analysis. Divide bending
moments by width of hypothetical strips of pile cap representing
grillage beams and obtain Mx, M_. and Mx.v in pile cap per metre
width. Apply load factors and combine basic load cases. Modify these
combined moments by Wood- Armer method to find design bending
moments. [11.1 21
(10) Combine basic load cases at serviceability limit state to find reactions
at pile nodes. Compare maximum reaction with pile capacity.
Finite-element model

SK 7/13 Typical finite element

modelling of a circular raft on
piles.

(1) Create a finite element model of pile cap using either 4-noded or
8-noded plate bending elements. The elements may only have three
degrees of freedom at each node viz z. ex and Ely. The piles will be
represented by vertical springs.
Piles will come at nodes in finite element model. Between two piles'
nodes there should be a minimum of one plate node without pile.
(2) Use short-term Young's modulus for concrete material properties.
(3) Full section concrete section properties may be used in the analysis.
(4) Vertical loads on pile cap may be dispersed at 45 up to central depth
of pile cap. These loads may be applied as nodal loads or uniformly
distributed loads on plate elements depending on software used.
(5) Apply at each node with a pile, the moments given by the following
formulae.
about x-axis
M

.v

Hxh

about y-axis

Design of Piled Foundatio ns 309

(6) Find horizontal load on each pile by using the following expressions:

Hpx

Hx

=R

and

Hp_v =

H.,
R

where R is total number o f piles in group.

(7) Find bending moments in pile, Mpx corresponding to Hp_v a nd Mpy
corresponding to Hpx , assuming an e nd fixity to pile cap following
method in Section 7.2. Apply these moments as nodal loads in finite
e lement model at nodes with piles. These moments will be zero in the
case of a hinged connection of pile to pile cap.
(8) Carry out analysis using a validated general-purpose finite e lement
software . Apply load factors to combine basic load cases. Modify the
combined Mx, M., and Mxv using the Wood - Armer method to find
design bending moments.lll.l2]
(9) Combine basic load cases at serviceability limit state to find reactions
at pile nodes. Compare maximum reaction with rated pile capacity.

7.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Applied loads on pile cap will be combined using the following principles.

7 .5.1

Pile load calculations

LCI: l.ODL + 1.0/L + l.OEP + l.OCL v + l.OCLH
LC2 : l.ODL + l .OEP + l.OCLV + 1.0CLH + l.OWL (or l.OEL)
LC3 : l.ODL + 1.0/L + l.OEP + l.OWL (or l.OEL)
LC4 : l.OL + l.OWL (or l.OEL)
where

DL
IL

EP
CL V
CL H
WL
EL

= dead

load
load
= earth pressure and water pressure
= crane vertical loads
= crane horizo ntal loads
= wind load
= earthquake load.

= imposed

7.5.2 Bending moment and shear calculations in pile cap or piles

LC5 :
LC6 :
LC1 :
LC8 :
LC9:
LC10 :
LC11 :
LC 12 :

1.4DL
1.2DL
1.4DL
l.ODL
1.4DL
1.4DL
l.4DL
1.2DL

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1.6/L + 1.4EP
1.2/L + l.2EP + 1.2WL (or 1.2EL)
1.4WL (or 1.4EL) + 1.4EP
1.4WL (or 1.4EL) + 1.4EP (if adverse)
1.4CLV + 1.4CLH + 1.4EP
1.6CL V + 1.4EP
1.6CLH + 1.4EP
1.2CLV + 1.2CLH + 1.2EP + 1.2WL (or 1.2EL)

310 Reinforced Concrete

7.6 STEP-BY-STEP DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR PILED FOUNDATIONS

Step 1 Select type of pile
The type of pile will depend on the following principal factors:

Environmental issues like noise, vibration.

Location of structure.
Type of structure.
Ground conditions.
Durability requirements.
Programme duration.
Cost.

The commonly available types of piles can be broadly classified as below.

Large-displacement piles (driven)

Precast concrete.
Prestressed concrete.
Steel tube with closed end.
Steel tube tiJied with concrete.

S11Ulll-displacement piles (driven)

Precast concrete tube with open end.

Prestressed concrete tube with open end.
Steel H-section.
Screw pile.

Non-disphlcement piles

Bored and cast-in-situ concrete pile.

Steel tube in bored hole tilled with concrete.
Steel or precast section in drilled hole.
Step 2

Determine vertical capacity of single pile

Follow Section 7.1.

Step 3 Determine horizontal capacity of single pile

Follow Section 7 .2.
Nou:

Horizontal capacity of a single pile is limited by maximum deflection of

pile cap that structure can accommodate and also by pile structural capacity.

Step 4 Deurmine approxi11Ulle number of piles and spacing

p
R;v

= Cv

Design of Piled Foundations 311

H

R;H

= CH
R;

= R;v

or R;H, whichever is greater

where R; :;: approximate number of piles

P = total vertical load on pile cap - unfactored
Cv = rated working load capacity of pile - vertical load
CH = rated working load capacity of pile - horizontal load
H = total horizontal load on pile cap - unfactored
= (H; + H;)4
Spacing of piles should be according to Section 7.3. To minimise the cost
of pile cap , the spacing should be kept close to minimum allowed. Larger
spacing increases the pile group capacity and pile group moment capacity .

SK 7/14 Determination of
approximate number of piles.

(1} Select a group of piles with approximate number of piles= R;.

(2) Find CG of pile group and locate orthogonal axes x- x and y-y
through the CG.
(3) Find CG of group of piles on left of axis y - y and right of axis y-y.
(4) Find the x-axis distance between these two CGs and call it Sx
(5) Similarly, find Sv about y-axis.
(6) Find M..IP = ey and MyfP = ex, where Mx and My are total combined
applied moments on pile cap about x- x and y - y respectively.
(7) Find exiSx and e_) S_v
(8) Find Ex and E.v from Fig. 7.1.
1.1 R;v
(9) R = - - ~ RiH

ExEv

where

R = number of piles in group for checking pile load.

Not$: The factor 1.1 is introduced to cater for additional vertical loads from selfweight of pile cap, surcharge on pile caps, backfilHng, etc.
Revise the number of piles in group from R; toR.

312

Reinforced Concrete

Step 5 Determine size of pile cap

Allow 1.58 from centre of pile to edge of pile cap .
Depth of pile cap is governed by the following:

Shrinking and swelling o f clay.

Frost attacks.
Holding down bolt assemblies for columns.
Water table and soluble sulphates.
Pile anchorage.
Punching shear capacity of pile cap .

Step 6 Carry out load combination

Follow Section 7.5.
Step 7 Check pile group effects
Follow Section 7 .3.
Step 8 Carry out analysis of pile cap
Follow Section 7 .4.
Step 9 Determine cover to reinforcement
Fro m the soils investigations report , find the concentration of sulphates
expressed as so).
Find, from Table 17 of BS 8004: 1986121, the appropriate type of concrete.

Table 7.4 Minimum cover to reinforcement for class of exposure.

Total S03
percentage

Minimum cover
on blinding (mm)

< 0.2
0.2 to 0.5
0.5 to l.O
1.0 to 2.0
> 2.0

35

75

40

80

2
3

4
5

Note:

Minimum cover
elsewhere (mm)

Class of
exposure

50
60

60

90

100
100

Concrete in 'class of exposure 5' needs protective me mbrane, or coating.

The uneven heads of piles no rmally necessitate a minimum 75 mm cover
over blinding for pile caps. The concrete piles will have minimum cover as
specified elsewhe re.

Step 10 Calculate area of reinforcement in pile cap

M = be nding moment as found in Ste p 8 at ultimate limit state
K

= - -2 s
fcubd

where

feu

0.156
concrete characte ristic cube strength at 28 days

Design of Piled Foundations 313

b
d

= width

of section over which moment acts

= effective depth to tension reinforceme nt.

If K is greater than 0.156, increase depth of pile cap.

Ast

=- M
- -

0.87/yz

J(

z = d[ 0.5 +

0.25 -

0~9) J ~ 0.95d

Distribute this area of reinforcement uniformly across the section.

Note: The effective depth to te nsion reinforcement will be different in the two
o rthogonal directions.

Step 11 Check shear stress in pile cap

cap (~ffective depth = d)

SK 7/15 Critical section for

checking shear stress in pile cap.

Enhanc~mmt

of shear stress is allowed i f ay:ralSd

The critical section for checking shear stress in a pile cap is cjl/5 into the
pile. All piles with centres outside this line should be considered for
calculating shear across this section in pile cap. For shear enhancement, av
is from face of column to t his critical section. No enhancement of shear
stress is allowed if av is greater than 1.5d. Where pile spacing is more than
3cjl then enhancement of shear should be applied only o n strips of width
3cjl. The rest of the section will be limited to uncnhanced shear stress.

IP

V=-~

Bd

where

IP
8

or e nhanced vc 1 if applicable
sum of all pile reactions at ultimate loading o n left of
section

= width of pile cap at critical section

314 Reinforced Concrete

d
Vel

= average
=

Vc

effective depth at critical section

(~)

::;

0.8yfeu or 5 N/mm2

For rectangular piles the critical section may be considered at face of pile.
Pil~ with
dia!Tl4Zter

"-----+- Vc
~-4~ --GT--~~~J-.~2d

a;

a-+----1- Vc

SK 7116 Diagram showing zones

of enhanced shear stress on critical
section.

The value of ve 1 can be found from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 depending on

percentage of tensile reinforcement and feu
Shear capacity of section should be greater than or equal to applied
shear. Ultimate limit state analysis results should be used for checking
shear capacity.
Step 12 Check punching shear stress in pile cap

Pllnching shear
perimeter around
loaded area '
Check V<08~s5NJrnm2

II

Punching shear perimeter

to nearest pile
Check V <Vc

No check necessary if. pile

spacing is less than 3

SK 7/17 Perimeters for punching shear checks.

Design of Piled Foundations 315

When the spacing of piles is greater than 3 times the diameter of a pile
then the punching shear plane for column should be considered . For
rectanguJar piles the plane can be considered at face of pile. The stress on
this punching shear plane should not exceed vc depending on the percentage
of tensile reinforcement in pile cap.
Check of punching shear stress is also requjred at perimeter at face of
column or pile. This shear stress should not exceed 0.8\/feu or 5 N/mm 2

Punching

perimeter

SK 7118 Further perimeters for punching shear checks in a pile cap.

The punching shear planes for piles will depend on location of pile with
respect to edge of pile cap .
Find the perimeter U at punching shear plane.

v=-:sv
Ud

where

P = ultimate vertical column load or ultimate vertical pile reaction

vc =design concrete shear stress obtained from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.

Percentage area of tensiJe reinforcement for computation of design concrete

shear stress will be average percentage across punching shear planes.
Step 13 Check area of reinforcement in pik
Effective length of pile, lc

= ~10

where 10 = unsupported length of pile (piles which are not subjected to

horizontal load may be assumed fully supported by ground
from ground level; piles subjected to horizontal load may be
assumed supported by ground at a de pth of l .5b below
ground level where b is width of pile or diameter of pile)

316 Reinforced Concrete

~ = 1.2

= 1.6

for piles with head fixed to pile cap

for piles with head free to rotate.

Rectangular piles

-pM
y y

..
h

.
+
t_

f-

L.-~- ._. Asc_/2

I.

.I

SK 7119 Typical section through a

rectangular pile.

(A) If lelb ~ 10, then treat piles as a short column.

(i) Pile with no moment
N = 0.4/cubh + 0. 75AsJy
Check N ~ appl ied direct load on pile.
(ii) Pile subjected to uniaxial moment
Find e = MIN and then elh.
Find NI bh and select appropriate table from Tables 11.8 to 11.17 depending
on feu and k = dlh.
From appropriate table find p which satisfies value of Nlbh for given elh.
Find A sc = pbhl l OO.
Put A scl2 on each face of pile equidistant from axis of moment.
Note:

The moment M in pile is due to horizontal load as obtained in Step 3

following Section 7.2.
(iii) Pile subjected to biaxial moment
Assuming diameter of reinforcement and finding cover from Step 9, find h'
and b' .
Find Mxl h ' and M_.lb' .
If Mxlh ' > Mylb', then

M~ = Mx + ~Mv. (h'
)
b'
If M..fb'

> Mxlh', then

M~. = M
., + ~Mx
.

(b')
h'

Design of Piled Foundations 317

Find Nlfcubh.
The values of~ are given in the table below.

Table 7.5 Values

of~

1.00

for biaxial bending of pile.

0.1
0.88

0.2
0.77

0.3
0.65

0.4

0.53

~0.6

0.5
0.42

0.30

Design as uniaxial bending with N and M~ or M~ whichever is more prominent. Find Asc in manner described in (ii) for pile subjected to uniaxial
moment.
(B) If lelb > 10, then treat pile as a slender column.

ax=
ay

)2

1 (/
~ hK

2000

2~ (iYbK

Select A sc

K = N uz - N s 1
Nuz - Nbal
Nuz

= 0.45fcuAc + 0.87/yAsc

Nbal =

Ac

0.25fcubh

= bh- A sc

Maddx =
M addy=

Nax
Nay

Combine these additional moments with moments obtained from analysis

as in Step 3 following Section 7.2. Design pile subjected to biaxial bending
as described previously.

Circular piles

SK 7120 Typical section through a

circular pile.

h
Usc m inimum six bars

318

Reinforced Concrete
(A) If lclh ::: 10, then treat pile as a short column.
(i) Pile with no moment
Assume size of reinforcement and at least six bars.

Ac = 0.25rrh 2
N

= 0.4/cuAc +

Asc

0.75Asc/y

Check N ~ applied vertical load o n pile.

(ii) Pile with moment
Find e = MIN a nd the e!R, whe re 2R =h.
Find N/11 2 and select appropriate table from Tables 11.18 to 11.27
corresponding to feu and k = h51h.
Find p from appropriate table which satisfies N/h 2 for given value of e!R .
Find Asc = p1tR 2 1100.
Use at least six bars.
(B) If lclh > 10, then treat pile as a slender column .
[2

a =

~ K

2 11

M add

(assume K

= 1 conservatively)

= Na

Combine this additional moment with moment obtained by analysis

in Step 3 following Section 7.2. Design pile with moment as described
in (ii) above.
Step 14 Check stresses in prestressed concrete piles

y X

SK 7/21 Typical section of a

prctcnsioned prestressed pile.

Stresses may be checked at the serviceability limit state only as per

BS8110: Part 1, Section 4.1 11
Pe rmissible maximum compressive fibre stress in concrete = 0.4/cu
Assume pile as Class 3 member with a limiting crack width of 0. 1 mm.

Design of Piled Foundations 319

Hypothetical flexural tensile stress in concrete

= 4.1 N/mm2
for Grade 40

= 4.8 N/mm 2
for Grade 50 and above
Depth factors to modify tensile stress are shown in the following table.

Depth (mm)

Factor

Up to 400

1.0

0.95
0.9

500
600
N

= direct service load on

pile

= bending moment as obtained from Step 3 about axis x-x

= bending moment as obtained from Step 3 about axis y-y.

M:rx
M yy

Assume the pile section is uncraeked.

Find

A~

= area of concrete

I= = moment of inertia about x- x axis

f yy = moment of inertia about y-y axis

P = residual prestress after all losses.

Maximum compressive stress in concrete

= ( ~) +
Ac

+
Maximum tensile stress in concrete

m
fs

(~:)

= ( P A+c: -N\)

(M
xY)
lxx

(M/~)
~

(~:)

modular ratio

= strand stress prior to release

fc = stress in concrete due to prestress alone.

. shortenmg
. = (lOOmfc:
(1) Loss due to elastiC
---)%
Is

(2) Loss due to relaxation of steel - refer to strand manufacturer's

brochure.
(3) Loss due to creep of concrete - follow clause 4.8.5 of BS 8110: Part
1.(1 ]

(4) Loss due to shrinkage o f concrete - follow clause 4.8.4 of BS8110:

Part L l1l
Note:

Prestressed piles designed as fixed to pile cap must extend into pile cap by

320 Reinforced Concrete

a minimum distance equal to transmission length given by the following
equation:

K,<j>
11 ==

Y/cu

where

(mm)

feu = concrete cube strength at 28 days

K 1 = 600 for plain or indented wire
== 400 for crimped wire

240 for 7-wire standard or super strand

for 7-wire drawn strand
nominal diameter of tendon.

= 360
<P =

Step 15 Check shear capacity of RC pile

b'

h h' x~~~~~+-++~M_x_u~X
k--+--f---Asx Asy

SK 7/22 Typical section through a

rectangular pile subject to biaxial
bending and shear.

Ultimate limit state shear forces in pile are Hpxu and Hpyu Corresponding
bending moments in pile are Mp.vu and Mpxu The ultimate coexistent
direct load on pile is Nu.
Rectangulllr piles
No shear check is necessary if"
MpxufNu ~ 0.6h
and MpyufNu ~ 0.6b
and Hpyulbh' ~ 0.8v'fcu ~ 5N/mm2
and Hpxulhb' ~ 0.8Yfcu ~ 5N/mm2
Shear check is necessary if"
MpxufNu > 0.6h and/or MpyuiNu > 0.6b
Find Vx = Hpyufbh' and Vy = Hpxulhb'
Find Px = lOOAsxlbh' and P.v = lOOAs_vfhb'

Find Vex and Vcy corresponding to Px and P.v from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.

Design of Piled Foundations 321

If this check fails, provide shear reinforcement in the form of links.

I

Nu

Enhancement of design
concrete stress= 06 N"u Hyu h/ MxuAc
Hyuh/ Mxu~ 10

SK 7/23 Shear stress enhancement due to

presence of axial load.

Note:

Enhancement of design
concrete shear stress
=0-6 NuHxub/MyuAc
Hxub/Myu~ 10

SK 7124 Shear stress enhancement due to

presence of axial load.

v,. ... and vc_v may be enhancecl by using the following formulae due to
presence of an axial load Nu:

HpyuhiMpxu and Hpxub!Mpyu should be less than or equal to 1.0.

Shear reinforcement

Asv

bSv( V - v~)
= -~-____:~

0.87/yv

where

A sv = total area of legs in direction of shear

b = width of section perpendicular to direction of shear
Sv = spacing of links
{yv s 460N/mm2 for links.

Circular piles

Nu
Hpu
Mpu

= ultimate vertical load with Hpu

= combined ultimate horizontal load
= moment in

pile due to Hpu

322 Reinforced Concrete

A_

2:: bxSv(Vx -Vex>

087 Jyv

""'SVX -

Asvy ~ by5v(Vy-Vty)
087Jyv

SK 7/25 Shear reinforcement in a

rectangular pile.

Asv(aYUof link)

Sv

Sv
SK 7/26 Shear reinforcement in a
circular pile.

No shear check is necessary if"

Mpu1Nu s 0.60h and

Hpu/0.75Acs0.8Vfc:uS5N/mm2

where A c: = 0.25nh 2
Shear check is necessary if'
M pu/ Nu

> 0.60h

Shear stress, v = Hpuf0.75Ac

p = 100A5 / 1.5Ac

assuming 50% of bars effectively in tension

where A s = total area of steel in pile.

Design of Piled Foundations 323

Find vc corresponding top from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.
The shear stress vc may be enhanced by using the following formula due to
presence of an axial load Nu:
v~

= Vc + 0.6NuHpuh

::5

AcMpu

,1
0.8 vfcu

::5

SN/mm

H puhl M pu should be less than or equal to 1.0.

If v > v~. then use shear reinforcement.

where

Av = total area of link bars perpendicular to longitudinal bars, i.e.

the two legs of hoop reinforcement

fY" = characteristic yield strength of link reinforcement
S = spacing of links.
Find z/ R from appropriate table from Tables 11.18 to 11.27 corresponding
to feu hsfh, p , NIR 2 and e/R.
Check H pu ::5 V5 + Vc
The total shear resistance for inclined links =
Vs = l0.87 f yA sv (cos~+ sin ~cot~) (z/S)]
where Asv

= total area of link bars i.e. the two legs of hoop reinforcement.

may be take n as 45 when

is angle of inclination of link.

Step 16 Check shear capacity of prestressed pile

b

h d
Spiral link

.r~in~ccment

Aps

Spiral
link

to find Vc

SECTION
j

SK 7127 Typical section and

elevation of a prestressed concrete
pile.

r
ELEVATION

Vco

= 0.67bh(f~ + 0.8fcpft)!

Vcr

= (1 -

0.55fpe)

M0 V

- - vcbd + - - ~ O.lbdVfcu

fpu

Vc = Vco or Vcr as the case may be (kN)

resistance

design ultimate shear

324 Reinforced Concrete

Vco = shear resistance of section uncracked (kN)

Vcr

= shear resistance of section

cracked (kN)

f, = maximum design principal stress at the centroidal axis = 0.24'1/feu

fcp = design compressive stress at centroidal axis of concrete section due

to prestress alone
fpe = design effective prestress in tendons after all

losses~ 0.6fpu

fpu = characteristic ultimate strength of tendons

vc = design concrete shear strength from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 where percentage of steel reinforcement should include tendons plus any ordinary
untensioned longitudinal steel reinforcement in tensile zone of
section
d = effective depth to centroid of reinforcing steel in tension zone
where reinforcing steel should include tendons and any untensioned
reinforcement

feu

= characteristic cube concrete strength at 28 days

M 0 = moment to produce zero stress at tension fibre with 0.8fcp on

section.

.I

~t~ssmg strands

-1,
l.Jc.1tformly. prestr~sed
ptle sectton

t.hiform Prest~ss
:OSfcp

Stress due to M0
M0 =ZJc =08Zfcp

SK 7/18 Stress diagram for a symmetrical rectangular prestressed pile due to M,,.

If Hpu < 0.5 Vc, no shear reinforcement is required.

If Hpu;::: 0.5Vc, then provide shear reinforcement as follows.
Shear reinforcement
If horizontal shear on pile , Hpu is less than or equal to ( Vc + 0.4bd) then,
A,v

0.4b

Sv

0.87fyv

-=---

lf horizontal shear on pile, Hpu is more than ( Vc + 0.4bd) then,

Design of Piled Foundations 325

Note:

For biaxial bending and shear, check requirement for shear reinforcement
for each direction of bending separately, but allow for contribution of
concrete shear resistance V< in one direction of loading o nly for calculation
of shear reinforcement. (See Ste p 7 of Section 4.3.1.)

Step 17 Check minimum reinforcenuml in RC pile

For rectangular and circular piles, lOOAsciAc ~ 0.4.
Step 18 Check minimum prestress in prestressed pile
Find slenderness ratio of pile = n =

where b = minimum width of pile

l = total le ngth of prestressed pile at commencement of d riving.
Minimum prestress after losses
or

= 60n psi
= 0.4n N/mm2

If diesel hammer is used,

minimum prestress in concrete= 5 N/mm 2

Step 19 Maximum reinforcement in pile

lOOA sclAc :s 6
Step 20 Containment of reinforcement in pile
Minimum dia . of links = 0.25 x largest

bar ~

6 mm

Maximum spacing of links = 12 x smallest dia. of bar

Step 21

Links in. prestressed piles

At top and bottom 38 length of pile , provide 0.6% of volume of pile in
volume of link.

Step 22 Minimum tension reinforcement in pile cap

As~ 0.0013bh
in both directions
Step 23 Curtailment of bars in pile cap
A minimum anchorage of 12 times diameter of bar should be provided at
e nds by bending bar up vertically. Additio nally check that full tension
anchorage bond length is provided fro m critical section for bending in a
pile cap where design for flexure and req uirement for flexural steel in
tension is determined. In finding anchorage bond length beyond that
section, actual area of steel provided may be taken into account.
Step 24 Spacing of bars in pile cap
Clear spacing of bars should not exceed 3d or 750 mrn.

326 Reinforced Concrete

L = Tension Anchorage
Bond Length

Percentage of reinforcement,
IOOAsfbd (%)

SK 7/29 Typical section through a

pile cap.

Maximum clear spacing

of bars in pile cap (mm)

1 or over
0.75
0.5
0.3
Les~ than 0.3

Note:

160
210
320
530
3d or 750

This will deem to satisfy a crack width limitation of 0.3 mm.

Step 25 Early thermal cracking

See Chapter 3.
Step 26 Assessment of crack width in flexure
See Chapter 3.
Step 27 Connections
See Chapter 10 for connection of pile to pile cap and column to pile cap.

7.7 WORKED EXAMPLE

Example 7.1 Pile cap for an internal column of a building
Size of column = 800 mm x 800 mm
Spacing of column = 8 m x 8 m on plan

Design of Piled Foundations 327

Unfactored column loads

Vertical load, N (kN)

Horizontal shear, Hx (kN)
Horizontal shear, Hy ( kN)
Moment, Mx (kNm)
Moment, My (kNm)

Dead

Imposed

1610
28

1480
18

112

72

Wind

156
112

448
624

Geotechnical information (see SK 7130)

Stratum 1
Average thickness of layer= 1.5 m
Classification:

very loose yellow brown to brownish grey sandy silt.

Average N = 3 (SPT)
c = 11.3 kN/m2

<I>= 40
y = 26kN/m3

Stratum 2
Average thickness of layer= 9 m
Classification: soft to medium bluish-grey clayey silt.
Average N = 5 (SPT)
c = 20.2 kN/m2

<I>= so

y = 24kN/m3
Ysat

27 kN /m3

Stratum 3
Average thickness of layer = 2 m
Classification : stiff to very stiff bluish-grey silty clay.
Average N

14 (SPT}

c = 60kN/ m2
<I>= 60

Ysat

= 26 kN/m3

Stratum 4
Average thickness of layer = 7 m
Classification:
Average N

dense to very dense mottled brown sandy silt.

= 24 (SPT)

c = 13.8 kN/m2

<I>= 31
Ysat

= 27kN/m3

3~

Reinforced Concrete
:r
....
0.
w

O CJ'I

a:

I.Ul!J

0>-

<<

O:..J

> u.
~ ----------------------------::::>
VERY LOOSE YELLOWBROWN

< O

SANOY SILT N=3

"'~ ------------------------------

SOFT TO MED IUMBLUiSH- GREY

CL AYEY SILT N=S AVERAGE

~
~

0
0

01

STIFF TO VEQY STIFF BLUISH-GREY

SILTY CLAY N-14 ~VERAGE

"'
::;;---------------------------_,
::E:
::::>

~
.....

JENSE TO VERY OENSE MOTTLED BROWN

SANOY SILT N 24 AVERAGE

VI

VERY S"IFF TO HARO

S:LTY CLAY N=31 AVERAGE

0
0

""

0
0
0

SK 7/30 Average ground condition

soil strata.

Design of Piled Foundations 329

Stratum 5
Average thickness of layer= 15m
Classification: very stiff to hard silty clay.
Average N = 31 (SPT)

c = 71.5 KN/m 2
<j>=S"
= 28kN/m3

Ysat

Water table at 3.0m below ground level.

Step 1 Select type of pile

Considering all the factors as described in Step 1 of Section 7.6 it 1s
decided to use a non-displacement pile.
Choose 600mm diameter bored and cast-in-situ concrete pile.
Step 2 Determine vertical capacity of pile
Follow Section 7.1.

First method of point resistance

Assume pile to go into Stratum 5 and stop at 8.0 m within Strlllum 5.

= average length of pile = (1.5 + 9 + 2 + 7 + 8) m = 27.5 m

Lb

Ap = cross-sectional area of pile

= 1t

0.6
4

= 0.283 m2

= 0.60 m

N = statistical average of SPT in a zone of about 88 above to 38 below

pile point = 31

Ppu

0.283

31

27.5
0.

15280 kN

= 380

31.0

0.283

38

~ 380N(Ap)

= 3334 kN

Second method of point resistance

Ppu

Ap

= Ap(N~c + qN;,)
= 0.283m2

c = 71.5 kN/m2
Yw

10 kN/m 3

q = effective

vertical stress at pile point

1.5 X 26 + 1.5 X 24 + 7.5 X 27
- (27.5 - 3) X 10
= 489.5 kN/m2

+2

26

+7

27

+8

27

330 Reinforced Concrete

STRATUM
1

..

Water Table

6=26KN/m

~=24KN/m

STRATUM

STRATUM
3
0

a50 t=27KN/m'

!'-

6sot =26KN/m

!'"'

"'

STRATUM
4

650 t=27KN/m'

!'-

STRATUM
5

650 t=27KN/m'

(X)

SK 7/31 The pile penetrating

different strata.

= 27.5m

= 0.6011l"

<j>=SO

L/8 = 46

From Fig. 7.2,

N~

=3

N~

15

and

LJB

= 3.5

Lc

- >>B
B
Ppu

= 0.283

((15 X 71.5)

+ (3

489.5)) = 719kN

Design of Piled Foundations 331

0
0
0

<D
0
IDO

....

([) ID

~~~
-

ID O

=--

('r)IIJ

SK 7132 Condition at bottom of

pile.

Determination of skin resismnce

'1:P5;

= kAJ s

Used non-displacement pile of 600mm diameter.

First method of skin resistance

fs

= N kN /m 2

Stratum 1

A 51

= perimeter
= 3t

=
/ s1

P sil

0.60
2.83m2
X

x depth of stratum
1.5

= 3 kN/m2
= 3 X 2.83

= 8.5 kN

Stratum 2
A s2

=n

0.60

= 17 m2

= 5 kN/ m2
P si2 = 5 X 17 = 85 kN
fs2

Stratum 3

= n X 0.60 X 2 = 3.8 m2
js3 = 14 kN/m2
P siJ = 14 X 3.8 = 53.2 kN
A s3

600

=8

332

Reinforced Concrete
Stratum 4

A s4 =it

0.60

7 = 13.2m2

24 kN/m2

/s4 =

13.2

P si4 =

24

= 316.8 kN

Stratum 5

A ss=

Iss

0.60

:It X

= 15.1m2

31 kN/m2
15.1

Psi5 =

31

468.1 kN

= 931.6 kN

'1:P8 ;

Fourth method of skin resistance

/s =

<XC

+ 0.5qKs tan b

Ignore the second term because 6 is very small .

Stratum 1

= 0.75
P sil = Asl

(X

11.3 kN/m2

X fsl

P sil

= 0.75

A st

= 2.83 m

11.3

2.83

24kN

Stratum 2

c = 20.2 kN/m 2

(X =

0.75

Psi2

= 0.75

A 52

= 17m

20.2

17 = 257.2kN

Stratum 3
(X=

Psi3

As3

0.75

= 0.75

= 3.8m

= 60kN/m2
60

3.8

171 kN

Stratum 4

A;.4 = 13.2m2
2.0

<X =

K5

say with high D,

13.8 kN/m 2

= 2.0

cp

= 31

from chart

b = 0.75cp = 23.25
tanb

= 0.43

Design of Piled Foundations 333

q = effective

vertical stress at middle of layer

24 + 7.5 X 27 + 2 X 26 + 3.5

= 1.5 X 26 + 1.5 X
= 294kN/ m2

Is = ~c + 0.5ij Kstan 0
P si4 = 13.2 [2 X 13.8) + (0.5

294

0.43)]

27 - {16- 3)

10

= 2033 kN

The fourth method of skin resistance is giving much higher values than the
first method and may be ignored from the point of view of conservatism.

Pu =

P pu

P su

= 719 + 932
= 1651 kN

Allowable working load on pile =

1651
2.5

= 660 kN

Designed pile is 600 mm diame ter bored and cast in-situ concrete pile with
an average length of 27.5 rn to carry a working load of 660 kN. This is a
conservative theore tical estimate of single pile vertical load capacity and
must be verified by actual pile tests on site.
Step 3 Determine horizontal capacity of singk pile
See Section 7.2.
Assume cohesive soil.
Mellwd 1

= 650N

Es

where N

SPT No.

Es of Stratum 1 = 650 X 3 = 1950 kN/m2

5 of Stratum 2 = 650 x 5 = 3250 kN/m2
5 of Stratum 3 = 650 x 14 = 9100kN/m2
Es of Stratum 4 = 650 X 24 = 15 600 kN/ m2
5 of Stratum 5 = 650

ksB

= 28

1-

x 106 kN/m2

= 20150 kN/m2

k8 ,B = 1672kN/m2
2

= 2909 kN/m
= 8875kN/m2
k54 B = 15914 kN/ m2
k 5 2B
k53 B

20999 kN/m2

for pile concrete

X

ks58

31

= t.3(s84)ft (~)
Erlr

Er

0.604

6.36

10- 3 m4

2787kN/m3
k s2
4848 kN/m 3
ks3 = 14 792 kN/m3
ks4 = 26 523 kN/m3
k 55 = 34998kN/m3
k sl

=
=

334 Reinfo rced Concrete

Method 2
k5

k5 ,

= 240qu kN/m2

= 480ckN/m2
= 480 X 11.3 =

= 480
ks3 = 480

ks2

k54

= 480 X

20.2
60
13.8

kss

71.5

= 480

5424 kN/m 3

= 9696kN/m3
= 28800kN/m3
= 6624 kN / m3

= 34320kN/m3

The values given by Method 1 are smaller or softer which will produce
larger deflection and bending moments in pile.
For the sake of conservatism use values given by Method 1.

S
8

= node spacing for finite element analysis = 0.60 m

= 0.60m
spring stiffness

= SBks kN/m

g
0>

r~

~
:;;

1--

~
6

1-6
1--

10
1:.::

UJ

80

10

z0
"'

...
(.)

lJ.J

111

...,
0

11
1--

12
1-

.....
X

:::>

...

ex
VI

13

1--

15

~17

18
19
-20

!i
tc
:;;

21
122
23
24

-7

-----~

26

tn

126

~30
~

ex

:::>

'C
ex

...
"'

SK 7/33 Finite element model of

pile.

Design of Piled Foundations 335

Ignore top l.SB of pile for lateral support from soil.
The whole length of pile need not be modelled.
Stratum 1
Spring stiffness
Stratum 2
Spring stiffness

= 0.60 x 0.60 x
= 1003kN/m

27'07

= 0.60 x

0.60 x 4848

= 0.60

0.60 x 14 792

= 174SkN/m

Stratum 3
Spring stiffness

= 5325 kN/m
Stratum 4
Spring stiffness

= 0.60 x

0.6 x 26523

= 9548 kN/m

Assume full fixity of pile with pile cap.

Apply unit load at top of pile and find pile stiffness and bending moment
and shear in pile using a two-dimensional computer program.

= 0.283 m2

= 6.36

w- 3 m4

ResuUs of computer run

Maximum moment

= 2.481cNm/kN

Pile top deflection

= 0.12 mm/kN

Single pile horizontal stiffness

= ~~ = 8333 kN/m

Step 4 Determine approximate number of piles and spacing

Maximum vertical load on pile cap

p

R;v

= Cv =

= 1610 + 1480 = 3090 kN = P

3090

660

== 4.7

Assume maximum allowable horizontal displacement of pile cap is 10 mm.

Maximum horizontal load = 28

+ 18 + 156

= 202 kN = H

Maximum horizontal load on pile to limit deflection to lOmm

= 8333 X 0.010
= 83 kN per pile

R;H

202

= Cu = 83 = 2.4

= greater of R;v and R;H = 4.7

l.lR; == 4.7 X 1.1 = 5.17

R;

Use 6 no. piles.

336 Reinforced Concrete

2.48

1. 05
.058
0.21

-O.OB
-0.28
-0.42
8

- 0.51
-0.56
10

- 0.57
11

-0.57
12

-0. 56
13

-0.52
14

- 0.48
15

-0.43
16

-0.37
11

-0.31
-0.25
19

-0. 19
20

-0.1 4
21

-0. 11
22

-0.09
23

-0.05

24

SK 7/34 Bending moment (kNm)

due to 1kN horizontal load at top
of pile.

-0.02
25
0

Step 5 Determine size of pile cap

B

= diameter of pile = 0.6 m

1.58

= 1.5

0.6

= 0.9 m

Allow 0.9 m from centre of pile to edge of pile cap.

Assume 0. 9 m depth of pile cap.

Design of Piled Foundations

SK 7/35 Layout of piles under pile

cap.

Spacing of piles:::::: 38 2: 3 x 0.6 = l.R rn

Size of pile cap assumed is 5.4 rn x 3.6 m x 0.9 m.

Step 6 Carry out load combination

Estimation of load on pile

= l.ODL + 1.0/L
= L610 + 1480 = 3090 kN

LCI
N

Hx
H_..,

= 28 +

= 46kN

18

= OkN

MA = OkNm
M_. = 112 + 72
LC3
N

l.ODL

= 184kNm

+ 1.0/L + l.OWL

= 3090kN

Wind in x-x direction

= 46 +

= 202 kN

HX
H_.

M,
M,.

= 184 + 624 =

156

OkN

= OkNm
808kNm

Wind in y-y direction

H_. = 46kN
= ll2kN

H.

M..- = 448kNm
Mv = 184kNm
LC4 = l.ODL

+ l.OWL

337

338

Reinforced Concrete

N = l 610kN

Wind in x - x direction

H,. = 2H + 156
H_. = OkN

184kN

M_, = OkNm
Mv = 112 + 624 = 736 kNm
Wind in y - y direction
II,. = 28kN
lfv = 112kN

M.r
M_.

=
=

448kNm
112 kNm

Estimation of loads on piles .for bending moment and sliear calculations in pile
cap

+ 1.6/L

LC5 = 1.4DL

N = 1.4

X 1610

H,. = 1.4 X 28
Hv = OkN

l4RO x 1.6

1.6

LC6 = 1.2DL

= 1.2

72 = 272 kNm

+ 1.2/L + 1.2WL

1610 + 1.2

18 = 68 kN

Mx = OkNm
M_. = l .4 X 112 + 1.6

= 4622 kN

1480 = ::\708 kN

Wind in x - x direction

H,.
H_v

= l.2

x (28 + 18 + 156) = 242.4 kN

= OkN

M_. = OkNm
Mv = 1.2 X (112 + 72 + 624) = 969.6kNm
Wind in y - y direction
H, = 1.2
II,, = 1.2
M,

M_,.

(28 + 18) = 55.2 kN

112 = 134.4 kN

1.2 X 448 = 537.6kNm

x (112 + 72) = 220.8 kNm

= 1.2

LC1 = 1.4DL

1.4WL

N = 1.4 X 1610 = 2254kN

Wind in x-x direction

H, = l.4 (28
H_. = OkN

156) = 257.6 kN

II T031985 0011425 bTT II

Design of Piled Foundations 337
1800

..

1800

~7-__
_y
- $'- -=r ~-+-m
g

~ -4- ---4+--f-t:
0

SK 7/35 Layout of piles under pile

cap.

Spacing of

piles~

3B ~ 3 x 0.6 = 1.8 m

Size of pile cap assumed is 5.4 m x3.6 m x0.9m.

Step 6 Carry out load combination

Estimation of load on pile
LC 1

l.ODL

+ 1.0/L

= 1610 + 1480 = 3090 kN

Hx
H.v

= 28 +
= OkN

= 46kN

18

Mx = OkNm
My = 112 + 72
LC3
N

l.ODL

= 184kNm

+ 1.0/L + l.OWL

= 3090kN

Wind in x - x direction

Hx
H.v

= 46 +

Mx
M,v

= OkNm
= 184 + 624 = 808 kNm

156

= 202kN

= OkN

Wind in y-y direction

Hx
H.v

= 46kN

= 112kN
Mx = 448kNm
My = 184kNm
LC4

l.ODL

+ l.OWL

340

Reinforced Concrete

c = 71.5 kN/m2

at bottom of group

q = effective stress

at bottom of group

N! = 153} for <I> = 8"

= 489.5 kN /m2

(see Step 2)

N'=

Group e nd-bearing capacity

= 1 .8 x

3.6 x (15 x 71.5

+ 489.5 x 3)

= 16465 kN

Ultimate group capacity

= 7996 +

Allowable group capacity

24461

16465

= -2.5- =

= 24461 kN

9784 kN

Allowable group capacity based o n single pile capacity

3960kN

6X660=

Design basis is single pile capacity.

Step 8 Carry out analysis of pile cap
Assume that pile cap is rigid. Assume SOO mm backfill on top of pile cap.
Assume a surcharge of 5 kN/ m2 on backfill with no eccentricity.
It is always advisable to use the table as presented.
W = weight of pile cap
+ weight of backfill on pile cap
+ weight of surcharge o n backfill

= ).4m

+ 5.4
+ 5.4

X
X

3.6 m X U.Y m X 2 4kN/m3

3.6 X 0.5 m X 20 kN/m3
3.6 X 5 kN/m 2

= 712kN

Maximum service load on pile without wind = 665 kN

Maximum service load on pile with wind = 771 kN

T--'1/--f4-- ~~- -8- ;-- - -, - -

- - r - ~-+--x

SK 7/37 Calculations of pile group

y

stiffness.

Analysis of loads on pile cap.

Load case

Mx

L C1
LC3
L C3
L C4

3090
3090
3090
1610

0
0
448
0

LC4
LCs
LCt.
LCt.
LC1
LC1

1610

448

4622
3708
3708
2254
2254

0
0
537.6
0
627.2

My
184
808
184
736
112
272
969.6
220.8
1030.4
156.8

Hx
46
202
46

184
28
68
242.4
55.2
257.6
39.2

Hy

ex

e,.

ehx

eh,-

P or Pu

M:

M*y

Mxx

Myy

0
0
112
0
112
0
0
134.4
0
156.8

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

3802
3802
3802
2322
2322
56 19
4562
4562
3251
3251

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
548.8
0
548.8
0
0
658.6
0
768.3

225.4
989.8
225.4
901.6
137.2
333.2
1187.6
270.5
1262.2
192.1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

I~
(I)

60'

Mxx = Mx + Ne1 + Hyh + M:

Myy = My + Nex + Hxh + Mi
P =N+W
Pu = N + 1.4W (or l.2W)
T = Hxehy + Hyeh.<

I~
~

Q..

6'
c
:::3

Q..

I
....

s
:::3
Cll

~
.....

~
~
~.

::I

0'
..,

0..
('}
0

...=

Loads on pile.

(')

Cb

Load case

Por Pu

Hx

Hy

Myy

M.u

Qmax

Qmin

H or

Mp or

Mpu

b (mm)

Hpu

LCI
LC3
LC3
LC4
LC4
LC5

3802
3802
3802
2322
2322
5619

46
202
46
184
28
68

LC6

4562

242.4

LC6
LC1
LC7

4562
3251
3251

55.2
257.6
39.2

fxx = ~y 2 = 4.86 m2
P

MxxY

l yy =

y(H; +
R

H;)

548.8

112

548.8

134.4

658.6

156.8

768.3

= 12.96m2

l u = lxx

MyyX

MyyX

-l xx- + Qmax --+

- R
f yy
H =

112

225.4
989.8
225.4
901.6
137.2
333.2
1187.6
270.5
1262.2
192.1

Qmin =

R-

MxxY
fxx -

l yy

= 17.82m2

l yy

R = no. of piles = 6

Mr = bending moment in pile = 2.48H (see Step 3)

b = horizontal displacement at top of pile = 0.12H mm

x = 1.8m
(see Step 3)

y = 0.9m

665
771
767
512
508
983

602
496
501
262
266
890

7.67
33.67
20.18
30.67
19.24
11.33

925

595

40.40

920
717
711

601
367
373

24.21
42.93
26.94

19.0
83.5
50.0
76.1
47.7
28.1
100.2
60.0
106.5
66.8

0.9
4.0
2.4
3.7
2.3
1.4
4.8
2.9
5.2
3.2

Design of Piled Foundations 343

SURCHARGE ON BACKFILL
0

0
U'l

0
0

en

SK 7138 General arrangement of

pile cap and piles.

Allowable service load on pile without wind = 660 kN OK

Allowable service load on pile with wind =660 x 1.25 = 825 kN
Bending monunJ and shear force in pile cap

SK 7/39 Critical sections for

calculation of bending moment in
pile cap.

OK

344 Reinforced Concrete

Sections 1-1 and 2- 2 are taken at the face of column.
Assume column size =800 mm x 800 mm

Dead load of pile cap+ surcharge+ backfill = 0.9 x 24 + 0.5 x 20 + 5 =

36.6kN/m2
Applying load factors for different load cases:
1.4
1.2

36.6 = 51.2 kN/m 2

X 36.6 = 43.9 kN/m2
X

Ml 1 = bending moment due

X

51.2
2

2.3 2

= 3.6 X

43.9
2

2.32

3.6

or

Mn =

= 487.5kNm

= 418.0 kNm

Bending moment due to dead load of pile cap etc. on section 2-2
X

51.2
2

1.42

= 5.4 X

43.9
2

1.42

5.4

or

to dead load of pile cap etc. on section 1-1

= 271. kNm

= 232.3 kNm

SK 7/40 Critical sections for shear.

Step 9 Determine cover to reinforcement

From soil test reports, the total S03 is 0.75%. This means it is Class 3
exposure (see table in Step 9 of Section 7.6).
Minimum cover on blinding concrete= 50 mm
Minimum cover elsewhere = 90 m m
Assume 90 mrn cover for pile cap everywhere.

Step 10 Calculate area of reinforcement in pile cap

= bending moment in pile cap as found

Mll = 2264.9kNm
from table in Step 8.
M

in Step 8.

Bending moments and shear in pile cap.

Load case Qt

Q2

Q;~

Q4

M)t

Mh

Mit

Mh

M11

M22

890
595
844
367
657

937
760
882
542
684

983
925
920
717
711

983
925
676
717
427

-487.5
- 418.0
- 418.0
-487.5
- 487.5

-271.0
- 232.3
-232.3
- 271.0
- 271.0

2752.4
2590.0
2234.4
2007.6
1593.2

1405

2264.9
2172.0
1816.4
1520.1
1105.7

1134.0
907.7
1090.7
542.0
755.0

LC5
LC6
LC,
LC1
LC1

1140
1323
813
1026

V'3.'

V44

- 199.1 -298.6
- 170.7
-170.7
- 199. 1
-199.1

-256.0
-256.0
-298.6
- 298.6

Q ., Q2, Q;~ and Q4 are pile reactions

Mit = 1.4 (Q;~ + Q4)
M22 =0.5 (Qt + Q2 + Q;~)
M11 = M]t +Mit
\13:~ = Q;~ + Q4
V44 = Qt + Q2 + Q;~
V33 = V:b + Vj;~
Mit. Mh, V;\3 and V44 are bending moments and shears in pile cap due to dead load of pile cap+ surcharge
Mil> Mh, V~3 and V44 are bending moments and shears in pile cap due to pile reaction
M 11 , M22 , V;~3 and V44 are combined bending mome nts and shears in pile cap
<P = 600 mm
q>/5 = 120 mm
<P =diameter of pile

\13:~

V"44

V;~3

V44

1966
1850
1596
1434
1138

2810
2280
2646
1626
2052

1766.9
1679.3
1425.3
1234.9
938.9

2024.0
2390.0
1327.4
1753.4

251 1.4

0~

V>

g,
~

i'r
0..

61

c:

:::s

-s
0..

l>l

:::s

V>

346 Reinforced Concrete

,,I

,,I

,I

II

It

It

I I I

SK 7/41 Mome nts in pile and pile

cap d ue to pile fixity.

For this load case, pile fixity moment = 19.0 kNm per pile.
Pile fixity moment on pile cap is opposite in sign to moment M 11 and may
be ignored.
Assume 20 mm diameter reinforcement.
dx = 900 - 90 (cover) - 10 (half bar dia.) = 800 mm

feu = 30 N/ mm
K =

z=

~=

= 3.6 m

for concrete in pile cap

2264.9 X l~Ji
= 0.033
2
X 3600 X 800

/cubd2

30

d[ 0.5 +

J(

0.25 -

0~9) J

= 0.96d =:; 0.95d = 760mm

M 11
2264.9 X
A = -- =
st
0.87[yZ
0.87 X 460

lW
X

7fiJ

= 7447 mm 2

Assume /y = 460 N/ mm 2 for HT reinforcement

Area of 20mm dia. bar = 314 mm 2

24 x 314

= 7536 mm2

Use 24 no. 20mm diameter bars equally spaced (approximate spacing

150 mm) in the x-x direction.

Mzz = 1134kNm

from table in Step 8.

Ignore the effect of pile fixity moments.

Assume 12 mm diameter reinforcement.
dy = 900 - 90(cover - 20(bar d ia.) - 6(half bar) = 784 mm

Design of Piled Foundations 347

M 12

fcubd 2

z = 0.95d

1134

30

5400

l(f
X

7842

O.Oll

by inspection

= 0.95 X 784 = 745 mm

1134 x 1<f
= 3803 mm2
0.87 X 460 X 745
Area of 12 mm dia. bar = 113 mm2
34 X 113

Sl

Mn

0.87/yZ

= 3842mm2

Use 34 no. 12 mm diameter bars equally spaced (approximate spacing

155 mm) in the y - y direction.
(See also Ste p 22 for minimum reinforcement.)
All bars are high tensile reinforcement to be placed at bottom of pile cap.
There is no requirement for bars on top of pile cap.

SK 7142 Pile cap reinforcement.

24 - !1120

Step 11 Check shear stress in pile cap

V33

av

= shear on critical section 3-

= 1766.9kN

= 2700 -

3
(see table in Step 8)

400 (half column) - 1080

1220 mm

348 Reinforced Concrete

1.5dx

1.5

800

1200 mm

hence no enhancement of shear stress is allowed

=
bd

1766.9 X 103
3600 X 800

lOOAs

= 100

v =-

Vc

3600

bd

= 0.425 N/mm2 <

400

1200

2
= 061N/mm
.

7536 = 0. 26%
800
0.61 N/mm 2

from Fig. 11.3

1100

Ov

SK 7143 Critical shear plane in pile

cap.

The cheapest alternative is to bring the outer piles in towards the centre of
pile cap by 20mm in the x-x direction only. This has very little effect on
pile reactions.
av

= 1200mm
2

2d

800

1200

av

1.5dx

= 1200 mm

1.333

Increase grade of concrete from

cap.
Vet

= 0.47N/mm2

Vc2

Vc~e~)

feu= 30N/mm2

to feu= 40N/mm2 in pile

from Figs 11.2 to 11.5

= 0.47 x

1.333

= 0.63N/mm2 >

0.61N/mm2 OK

V44 = shear on critical section 4-4

= 2511.4 kN
(see table in Step 8).
av = 1800 - 1200

+ 120 - 400 (half column)

= 1.5

>

1.5dy

784 = 1176mm

av

= 320 mm

Design of Piled Foundations 349

2

2dv

-a-: =
p

784
320

= 4' 9

= lOOAsc = 100 X
bd

5400

3482
784

= OOS'Y<0
.

(See Step 22 for minimum percentage of reinforcement.)

= 0.40N/mm2 for feu = 40N/mm2

2
vc2 = 0.40 x 4.9 = 1.96N/mm
V
2511 X toJ
Vc = bd = 5400 X 784
= 0.59N/mm2 < 1.96N/mm2 OK
Ve t

Step 12 Check punching shear stress in pile cap

oo
(DOl

SK 7144 Critical planes for

punching shear of piles in pile cap.

U1

perimeter of column

CRITICAL PLANE
FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

= 2 (800 + 800) = 3200 mm

Since pile spacing is not greater ~han 3 times diameter of pile, then
punching shear stress at critical perimeter for column need not be checked.

u2 = perimeter on punching shear critical plane for pile load

= 2300 + 2256 = 4556 mm

Ultimate maximum column load, N

Ultimate maximum pile load, Q

= 4622 kN

= 983 kN

from table in Step 8.

350 Reinfo rced Concrete

N

Column punching shear stress

= U 1d = 3200

4622 X 103
X (
05
800

+ 784)

x _

= 1.82 N/mm2 <

0.8'-/leu o r

5 N/mm 2 OK

.
h
.
f .
Punchmg s ear stress at pe n meter o pt1e

= ;tX983

600

loJ
800

= 0.65 N/mm2 <

.

Ptle punchmg shear stress

= U2d = 4556

0.8'-/leu OK

983 X loJ
_ (SOO +
)
05
784

= 0.27 N/mm2
Minimum ve for Grade 40 N/mm 2 concrete = 0 .40 N/mm2 OK
Step 13

Check area of reinforcemenJ in pile

Unsupported length of pile, /0 , is assumed negligible.
Assume lclh < 10.
The pile is treated as a short column . From tables in Step 8,
Qmax

= 983 kN

Qmin

with M = 28.1 kNm

with M = 106.5 kNm

367 kN

Max. shear , Vma x

= 42.93kN

Assume minimum cover is 75 mm.

h

600

SK 7/ 45 Pile reinforcement .

Allo wing for links and bar diame te r, assume hs = 420mm.

hs

420

h = 600 = 0.70 = k
leu = 30 N/mm2
~ = 0.029

0.3

_Q _ma_x

h2

M
e = N

= -28.1 = 0.029 m
983

= 0.095

983

X 103

600

600

= 2.73 N/ mm2

Design of Piled Foundations 351

From Table 11.19, it is observed that minimum reinforcement may be
used.
Use minimum reinforcement.
For the second load case,
Qmin

h2

= 367

600

1oJ
600

= 1 N/mm2

e
R

-= 1
Again use minimum re inforcement.

Step 14 Check stresses in prestressed concrete piles

Not required.
Step 15 Check shear capacity of RC pile
No shear check is necessary if MpuiNu ~0.60h.
Mpu
106.5 X 106
-=
=290mm
Nu
367 X 1oJ

0.60h

= 0.60

x 600

= 360 mm

No shear check is necessary.

Hpu

42.93

0.75Ac

= 0.75
=

X 1t X

toJ
t/Xf/4

0.20N/mm < 0.8Yfcu OK

Step 16 Check shear capacity of prestressed pile

Not required.
Step 17 Check minimum reinforcement in RC pile
lOOAsc
-Ac

A sc

Ac

0.4
X

0.4

= .....:;__100--

Tt X

30Q2 X 0.4
100

= 1131mm2
Use 6 no. 16 mm dia. HT bars (1206 mm2).

Step 18 Check minimum prestress in prestressed pile

Not required.
Step 19 Maximum reinforcement in pile
Not required.

352 Reinforced Concrete

Step 20 ConlllinnumJ of reinforcement in pik
Minimum dia. of links= 0.25 x bar dia.

= 4mm ::::

6mm

Maximum spacing of links = 12 x smallest dia. of bar = 12 x 16

192mm
Use 6 mm dia. links at 175 mm centres.
Step 21 Links in prestressed piks
Not required.
Step 22 Minimum Unsion reinforcement in pile cap

A s ;:: 0.0013bh

in both directions

Minimum reinforcement in the x-x direction

4212mm2

= 0.0013

x 3600 x 900 =

= 0.0013

x 5400 x 900

Provided 7536mm2 (see Step 10).

Minimum reinforcement in the y-y direction
6318mm 2
Area of 16 mm dia. bar

= 201 mm2

Area required = 3842 mm 2

32

201

= 6432mm2

from Step 10

Use 32 no. 16mm dia. bars equally spaced (approximate spacing 170 mm)
in the y-y direction.

-- $ I

I
I
I

$-

1f rv-

f--

~ - ~ - -{-(l-

'r

24 - 20

32 - 1 6

SK 7/4(, Pile cap reinforcement

revised to suit minimum
reinforcement.

Step 23 Curtailment of bars in pile cap

Minimum anchorage at ends of bars is 12 X dia. of bar.
12 x 20 = 240mm
12 x 16 = 192mm
Provide a minimum 250 mm bent up length of pile bottom reinforcement.
Check full anchorage bond length of the main tension bars.

Design of Piled Foundations 353

feu = 40N/mm2
Reinforcement used is Type 2 deformed bars.
From Table 3.29 of BS8110: Part 1: 1985,1ll
tension a nchorage length

= 32<1> = 32

20

= 640 mm

More than 640 mm length of bar is available beyond section 1- 1 in Step 8.

Step 24 Spacing of bars in pile cap

Maxtmum percentage of retnforcement

lOOA.
= p = ----;;;{
_ 100

- 3600

7536 _

0
800 - 0 26 Yo

Maximum allowed clear spacing for p less 0.3% is 3d or 750 mm, whichever
is less.
Spacing of bars adopted is 150 mm.
Step 25 Early thermal cracking
If it is felt necessary to limit early thermal cracking of concrete in pile cap
then minimum reinforcement on sides and top of pile cap should be
provided based on method of calculation shown in Chapter 2.
Step 26 Assessment of crack width in flexure
Normally the calculations in Step 24 will deem to satisfy the crock width
limitations of BS8110: Part 1: 198s.tJ
If calculations are necessary to prove the limitations of crack width due
to flexure in pile cap then methods shown in Chapter 3 should be followed.
Step 27 Connection of pile to pile cap
From Step 17, 16mm HT Type 2 deformed bars arc used.
From Table 3.29 of BS8110,

full anchorage bond length

= 32<1>; 32

x 16

= 512 mm

The bars from the pile will project 600 mm into pile cap. (Sec general
recommendations for design of connections in Chapter 10.)

354 Reinforced Concrete

7.8 FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 7
l O

0 9
0 8

I""~

07

'

'-....
........

06

~ ......

!'"-

0-5
01

02

03

04

05

0 '6

07

r-..

08

k.

10

0~

Fig. 7.1 Dete rmination of pile

efficiency.

e
s

,,
,i~/; ~r

1000

16

6
4

11

. o-700
<::
8
-'-'
<::
<::o- 6
~

V''l.t

I..J

.~

10 /
8

_/

li

vv

10

......

Lcl /

10

./

I /

Y'
/

lO

,/ /

-.-- ~;;

1
0

//

Fig. 7.2 Bearing capacity factors

for deep foundations.

~/

JY 'fr!v~ v
/.
v
I
~ I
/
/

~
'-'

~
;::;

/I

/ W> I
v
/ v I [/ /

6
4

lO
B,deg

30

40

.s:!

-iiQ:)