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03 Octave Variabel

This document provides an overview of the basics of programming in GNU Octave. It discusses starting and quitting Octave, getting help, defining variables and data types like matrices and strings, plotting data, writing programs with functions and scripts, and performing input/output operations with files. The key topics covered are getting started with Octave, defining variables of different types like matrices and strings, using built-in functions, writing programs, and performing basic I/O. The document concludes by assigning homework to students to practice Octave independently over the next two weeks and do exercises at the campus using their laptops.

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anang_suhe
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81 views

03 Octave Variabel

This document provides an overview of the basics of programming in GNU Octave. It discusses starting and quitting Octave, getting help, defining variables and data types like matrices and strings, plotting data, writing programs with functions and scripts, and performing input/output operations with files. The key topics covered are getting started with Octave, defining variables of different types like matrices and strings, using built-in functions, writing programs, and performing basic I/O. The document concludes by assigning homework to students to practice Octave independently over the next two weeks and do exercises at the campus using their laptops.

Uploaded by

anang_suhe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

MATA KULIAH: GEOKOMPUTASI

MATERI #03

DASAR
PEMROGRAMAN
(GNU OCTAVE)

STTMI, 2-4-2015

Contents
Overview
Start, quit, getting help
Variables and data

types
Matrices
Plotting
Programming
Functions and scripts
Files I/O

Octave

Matlab

Overview
Octave is the "open-source Matlab"
Octave is a great gnuplot wrapper
www.octave.org
www.mathworks.com
Octave and Matlab are both, high-level languages
and mathematical programming environments for:
Visualization
Programming, algorithm development
Numerical computation: linear algebra,
optimization, control, statistics, signal and image
processing, etc.
Beware: Octave/Matlab programs can be slow.

Overview
Matlab-Octave comparison:
Matlab is more
flexible/advanced/powerful/costly
Octave is for free (GPL license)
There are minor differences in syntax
Current versions (April 2015):
Octave 3.8.2
Matlab R2015a

Contents

Overview
Start, quit, getting help
Variables and data types
Matrices
Plotting
Programming
Functions and scripts
Files I/O

Start, Quit, Getting Help


To start Octave type the shell command octave,
double-click Octave.app or whatever your OS
needs.
You should see the prompt:
octave:1>

If you get into trouble, you can interrupt Octave


by typing Ctrl-C.

To exit Octave, type quit or exit.

Start, Quit, Getting Help


To get help, type help or doc
To get help on a specific command (=built-in
function), type help command

Examples: help size, help plot, help


figure, help inv, ...

To get help on the help system, type help help


Type q to exit help mode (alike man pages)

Start, Quit, Getting Help


In the help text of Matlab functions, function

names and variables are in capital letters.


Don't get confused! The (case-sensitive) naming
convention specifies lowercase letters for built-in
commands. It is just a way to highlight text.

Example: help round returns


ROUND

Round towards nearest integer.

ROUND(X) rounds the elements of X to the nearest


integers.
See also floor, ceil, fix.

[...]

Octave texts are mixed, in lower- and uppercase.

Contents

Overview
Start, quit, getting help
Variables and data types
Matrices
Plotting
Programming
Functions and scripts
Files I/O

Variables and Data Types


Matrices (real and complex)
Strings (matrices of characters)
Structures

Vectors? It's a matrix with one column/row


Scalars? It's a matrix of dimension 1x1
Integers? It's a double (you never have to worry)
Boolean? It's an integer (non-null=true, 0=false)
Almost everything is a matrix!

Variables and Data Types


Creating a Matrix
Simply type:
octave:1> A = [8, 2, 1; 3, -1, 4; 7, 6, -5]

Octave will respond with a matrix in prettyprint:


A =
8

-1

-5

More on matrices, further down!

Variables and Data Types


Creating a Character String
Simply type:
octave:4> str = 'Hello World'

Opposed to Matlab, Octave can also deal with double


quotes. For compatibility, use single quotes.
Creating a Structure
Type for instance:
octave:5> data.id = 3;
octave:6> data.timestamp = 1265.5983;

octave:7> data.name = 'sensor 1 front';

Variables and Data Types


Creating a Array of Structures
Oh, a new measurement arrives. Extend struct by:
octave:8> data(2).id = 4;
octave:9> data(2).timestamp = 1268.9613;
octave..> data(2).name = 'sensor 1 front';

Octave will respond with:


data =
{
1x2 struct array containing the fields:
id
timestamp
name
}

Variables and Data Types


Display Variables

Simply type its name:


octave:1> a
a = 4
Suppress Output
Add a semicolon:
octave:2> a;
octave:3> sin(phi);
Applies also to function calls.

Variables and Data Types


Variables have no permanent type.
s = 3 followed by s = 'octave' is fine

Use who (or the more detailed whos ) to list the


currently defined variables. Example output:
Variables in the current scope:
Attr Name
==== ====
A
a
ans
s
v

Size
====
3x3
1x1
21x1
1x5
1x21

Bytes
=====
72
8
168
5
24

Class
=====
double
double
double
char
double

Variables and Data Types


Numerical Precision

Variables are stored as double precision numbers in


IEEE floating point format.

realmin

Smallest positive floating point


number: 2.23e-308

realmax

Largest positive floating point


number: 1.80e+308

eps

Relative precision: 2.22e-16

Variables and Data Types


Control Display of Float Variables

format short
format long

Fixed point format with 5 digits


Fixed point format with 15

digits

format short e
format long e
format short g

Floating point format, 5 digits

format long g

Best of fixed or floating point


with 15 digits

Floating point format, 15 digits


Best of fixed or floating point
with 5 digits (good choice)

See help format for more information

Variables and Data Types


Talking about Float Variables...

ceil(x)

Round to smallest integer


not less than x

floor(x)

Round to largest integer


not greater than x

round(x)
fix(x)

Round towards nearest integer


Round towards zero

If x is a matrix, the functions are applied to each


element of x.

TUGAS
1. Pertemuan selanjutnya 2 pekan lagi
2. Pelajari OCTAVE mandiri
3. Latihan di kampus dengan laptop
masing-masing

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