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Compaction and Compression

Compaction and compression involve applying mechanical force to powdered solids, resulting in displacement of the gas phase and increased particle interaction. This consolidation increases density and mechanical strength while decreasing bulk volume and porosity. Tablet manufacturing involves mixing active ingredients and excipients then compacting them using wet granulation, dry granulation, or direct compression. Tablet properties like hardness, weight, and defects are influenced by factors like granule properties, moisture levels, and compression settings.

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Haroon Rahim
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3K views

Compaction and Compression

Compaction and compression involve applying mechanical force to powdered solids, resulting in displacement of the gas phase and increased particle interaction. This consolidation increases density and mechanical strength while decreasing bulk volume and porosity. Tablet manufacturing involves mixing active ingredients and excipients then compacting them using wet granulation, dry granulation, or direct compression. Tablet properties like hardness, weight, and defects are influenced by factors like granule properties, moisture levels, and compression settings.

Uploaded by

Haroon Rahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPACTION AND COMPRESSION

Compaction and Compression


Compaction of powder is the term used to describe a situation in which these material are
subjected to some level of applied mechanical force over the powdered solids.
Hence compaction can be defined as the compression and consolidation of a two phases
(particulate solid gas) system due to an applied force .
Compression is a reduction in bulk volume of the material as a result of displacement of
gaseous phase.
Consolidation is an increase in the mechanical strength of the material resulting from
particle-particle interaction.
Derived Properties of Powders or Granules:

Some derived properties which help in

quantification of important variables are given as:


I.

Volume

II.

Density

III.

Porosity

IV.

Flow properties.

Porosity: The space b/w the particles in a powder are known to be voids. The volume occupied
by such voids is known to be void volume.
Void volume (v) = bulk volume True volume
Angle of repose
The flow characteristic are measured by angle of repose. Angle of repose is defined as the
maximum angle possible b/w the surface of a pile of powder and the horizontal plane.
tan = h/r
= tan-1(h/r)
Where,

h = height of pile
r =Radius of the base of pile.

COMPACTION AND COMPRESSION


= Angle of repose .

Carrs consolidation Index


It

indicates

powder

flow

properties.

It

is

expressed

in

Consolidation Index = I = Tapped density-Poured density /Tapped density


Therefore = Dt- Db/Dt x 100
Where, Dt is the tapped density of the powder
Db is the Poured density of the powder

percentage.

COMPACTION AND COMPRESSION


Tablets
Definition: Tablets are solid unit dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients,
compressed along with necessary additives.
Ingredients used in tablet formulations
Drugs (API)
Diluents:

Diluents are fillers used to make required bulk of the tablet when the drug dosage itself
is inadequate to produce the bulk.

Commonly used tablet diluents are:


Lactose-(anhydrous), spray dried lactose, directly compressed starch, Dicalcium Phosphate
dehydrate etc.
Binders and Adhesives: These materials are added either dry or in wet- form to form granules
or to form cohesive compacts for directly compressed tablet. Examples: Acacia, tragacanth,
Cellulose derivatives-Methyl cellulose, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, Hydroxy propyl
cellulose, Starch pastes,etc
Disintegrants:
To promote breakup of the tablets
To promote rapid release of the drug
Example: Starch- 5-20% of tablet weight, Starch derivative Primogel (1-8%), Cellulose
derivatives.
Lubricants: are used to reduce the friction during tablet ejection between the walls of the tablet
and the walls of the die cavity. Examples: Stearic acid, Magnesium stearate, Talc, PEG
(Polyethylene glycols), Surfactants
Glidants: are added in tablets formulations to reduce friction between the particles and to
improve the flow properties of the granulations

COMPACTION AND COMPRESSION


Examples: - Corn Starch 5-10% conc., Talc-5% conc., Silica derivative - Colloidal silicas,
Aerosil in 0.25-3% conc.
Anti-adherants: are the matruals used to prevent adherence of the granules to the punch faces
and dies.
Examples:-Talc, corn starch.

Tablets Manufacturing Methods


1. Wet granulation
2. Dry methods
3. Direct compression
1. WET GRANULATION:
Raw materials Weighing Screening Wet massing Wet Sieving/Milling
Drying Dry Screening Mixing Compression
The powder mass is wetted with the binding solution until the mass has the consistency
of damp snow.
If the granulation is over wetted the granules will be hard, if not wetted sufficiently, the
resulting granules will be too soft, breaking down during lubrication.
The wet mass is forced through a suitable sieve.
Moist materials from wet milling steps is placed on large trays and placed in drying
chambers.
After drying granulation, the lubricant or glidants are added as fine powder to promote
flow of granules.
These granules then compressed to get tablet.
2. DRY GRANULATION:
Raw material weighing Screen Mixing Slugging Milling Screening
Mixing Compression

COMPACTION AND COMPRESSION


Compression granulation involves the compaction of the components of a tablet
formulation by means of flat punch. These compact masses are called slug and the
process is called slugging.
Slugs are then milled and screened to produce a granular form.
3. DIRECT COMPRESSION:
Raw material Weighing Screening Mixing Compression.
This method is applicable for crystalline chemicals having good compressible
characteristics and flow properties such as: Potassium salt (chlorate, chloride,
bromide), Sodium chloride, Ammonium chloride.

Tablets Processing Problems


1. Capping & Lamination: Complete or partial loss of top and bottom crowns of a tablet
from the main body is called capping.
While the separation of a tablet into two or more distinct layers is called lamination.
Causes: Air entrapment, Deep concave punch, Incorrect setting of the press, Compression of
too dry material.
Remedy: By pre-compression, Slowing Tableting, Reducing final compression force, Using flat
punch, Using hygroscopic materials to maintain proper moisture level
e.g. PEG-4000 and Methyl Cellulose
2. Picking & Sticking: Surface materials from a tablet that is sticking to the punch and
being removed from the tablet surface is picking. Sticking refers to tablet materials
adhering to the die wall.
Causes: Picking occurs when punch tips are engraving or embossing
3. Mottling: It is an unequal distribution of colors on a tablet with light and dark areas on
tablet surface.

COMPACTION AND COMPRESSION


Cause: 1. Use of a drug whose color differs from tablet excipients
2. Use of a drug whose dehydration products are colored
Remedy: - The use of colorant
- Disperse a dry colour additive during powder binding steps.
4. Weight Variation: Variation of tablet weight also causes variation of active medicament
which change the bioavailability.
Causes: Granules size and distribution
Poor flow of powders/ granules
5. Hardness Variation: Hardness depends on the weight of materials and space between
upper and lower punch at the moment of compression.

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