Mike Smith

Oracle

Maximum Availability
Architecture (MAA)
MAA

y Operational Practices are key

Technology alone is not enough

How to
y MAA is a blueprint for HA & DR
,
t
Preven
Tested, validated, and documented best
d
an
,
e
t
a
practices
r
e
Tol
er
v
o
c
y Database, Storage, Cluster,
e
R
ges
a
t
u
O
Network, & Middle Tier
From
y 20 person year effort

otn.oracle.com/deploy/availability

Maximum Availability = HA Architecture + Best Practices

-2-

Maximum Availability
Architecture
Oracle9iAS

Oracle9iAS

WAN Traffic Manager

Dedicated Network

RAC
Primary Site
-3-

Data Guard

RAC
Secondary Site

Just what is Data Guard?

y Data Guard helps you protect your Data.

Takes your data and automatically puts it elsewhere

Makes it available for Failover in case of failure.

y The other capabilities are pure bonus.

-4-

Switchover for Maintenance

Reporting
Off-loading Queries
Backups

The Data Guard Pyramid

Broker
CLI is DGMGRL

Standby Databases
CLI is SQLPlus

at

ua

rd

EM Data Guard
Manager GUI

-5-

Primary Databases
CLI is SQLPlus

At the Highest Level

y Data Guard comprises of two parts

REDO APPLY
y Maintains a physical, block for block copy of the
Production (also called Primary) database.

SQL APPLY
y Maintains a logical, transaction for transaction copy of
the Production database.

-6-

REDO Apply Architecture

Primary
Database

Asynchronous/
Synchronous
Redo Shipping

Physical Standby Database

MRP
Redo
Apply

Network

Backup
DIGITAL DATA STORAGE

DIGITAL DATA STORAGE

Maintains a Physical block for block copy of the Primary Database

-7-

SQL Apply Architecture

Primary
Database
Network

Logical Standby Database

Asynchronous/
Synchronous
Redo Shipping

Continuously
Open for Reports
SQL
Apply
Transform
Redo to
SQL

Additional
Indexes and
Materialized
Views

Maintains a Logical transactional copy of the Primary Database

-8-

Redo Transport Services

Getting the data there

-9-

Oracle8i
Transactions

LGWR

Primary
Database

Online
Redo
Logs

ARCH
Archived Redo Logs

- 10 -

SQL*Net

RFS

Archived Redo
Logs

Oracle9i Physical Standby

Buffer

Transactions

Synchronous
Asynchronous

LGWR

RFS
Affirm
Noaffirm

Oracle
Net

LNS
Primary
Database

ARCH
Archived Redo Logs

- 11 -

Standby
Redo
Logs (SRL)

Online
Redo
Logs

ARCH

Oracle
Net

RFS

Archived Redo
Logs

Oracle10g - No Difference!
Buffer

Transactions

Synchronous
Asynchronous

LGWR

RFS

Oracle
Net

Affirm
Noaffirm

LNS
Primary
Database

Online
Redo
Logs

Standby
Redo
Logs

cl e
Ora
Net

ARCH
ARCH
Archived Redo Logs

- 12 -

ARCH now uses SRL

Archived Redo
Logs

ASYNC Transport
Oracle Database 10g Release 1
LGWR

Buffer

RFS

LNS

y In 9i the ASYNC buffer (in red above) could be sized

from 1mb (2048, the default) up to 10mb (20480)
y In 10gR1 the maximum has been raised to 50mb (102400)

- 13 -

ASYNC Transport
Oracle Database 10g Release 2
LGWR
RFS

LNS

y ASYNC buffer eliminated completely!

y LNS Process chases the Log Writer (LGWR) through the
online redo log.

Buffer can never fill.

y LGWR process not impeded by LNS issues.

- 14 -

Data Guard Best Practices:

Faster Redo Transport
y Set SDU=32K
y Tune network parameters that affect network buffer
sizes and queue lengths
y Ensure sufficient network bandwidth for maximum
database redo rate + other activities
Note: Please refer to MAA paper, Oracle9i Data Guard: Primary Site and
Network Configuration Best Practices
http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/pdf/MAA_DG_NetBestPrac.pdf

Oracle 10g Release 2 paper coming soon

- 15 -

Data Guard Best Practices:

Tune Network Parameters
y Send and receive buffer size = 3 x bandwidth
delay product (BDP)
BDP = 1,000 Mbps * 25ms (.025 secs)
= 1,000,000,000 * .025
= 25,000,000 Megabits / 8 = 3,125,000 bytes

y Tune network device queues to eliminate packet

losses and waits. Set device queues to a minimum
of 10,000 (default 100)
* BDP = the product of the estimated minimum bandwidth and the
round trip time between the primary and standby server

- 16 -

Impact of Network Tuning

Impact of Network Tuning

10.8

Default

937

Tuned

200

400

600

800

1000

Mbits/sec
Network Throughput

Oracle MAA Test Result

- 17 -

Setting up a Standby
Enabling Redo Transport

- 18 -

Prepare the Standby System

1. Install Oracle Database Enterprise edition.
2. Setup and start a listener.
3. Add a tnsnames entry to point to the Primary
database.
4. Create the necessary directories for the standby.
y

Oradata, Archive, Flash recovery, Admin

5. Best Practice
y
y

- 19 -

Identical systems and disk setup. (But not required)

This example assumes this is true.

Prepare the Primary System

1. Enable archiving on the Primary database.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>

SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
STARTUP MOUNT;
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;

2. Enable logging on the Primary database.

SQL> ALTER DATABASE FORCE LOGGING;

3. Create a password file for the Primary database.

4. Add a tnsnames entry to point to the Standby
database.

- 20 -

Get the necessary files

1. Make a hot backup of the Primary database
2. Obtain the init parameters

SQL> CREATE PFILE FROM SPFILE;

3. Create the standby control file.

SQL> ALTER DATABASE CREATE PHYSICAL STANDBY

CONTROLFILE AS <path><filename>;

4. Copy these files to the standby system.

- 21 -

Prepare the Standby database

1. Add the standby mode parameters

FAL_SERVER=<Primary Database TNSNAME>

FAL_CLIENT=<Standby Database TNSNAME>
STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST=<path>

Always add the trailing slash

DB_UNIQUE_NAME=<Standby unique name> 10g

LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG=DG_CONFIG=
(<primary unique name>,<standby unique name>)
STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO

2. Create a password file for the standby database.

3. Add the standby database to the oratab file
- 22 -

10g

Startup the Standby Database

1. Create the spfile

SQL> CREATE SPFILE FROM PFILE;

2. In Oracle9i

SQL> STARTUP NOMOUNT

SQL> ALTER DATABASE MOUNT STANDBY DATABASE;

3. In Oracle Database 10g

SQL> STARTUP MOUNT

4. Redo cannot be received until this step

- 23 -

Start Sending Redo!

y On the Primary database setup the parameters.

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=SERVICE=<Standby TNSNAME>
LGWR ASYNC=20480 NET_TIMEOUT=30 REOPEN=30
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=<standby unique name>
10g
VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILE,PRIMARY_ROLE)
10g
SCOPE=BOTH;

Make sure you use NET_TIMEOUT and REOPEN.

y Switch logs!
y If you choose higher than Maximum Performance

- 24 -

SQL> ALTER DATABASE SET STANDYBY DATABASE

TO MAXIMIZE <AVAILABILITY | PROTECTION>;

Verify that all is well.

1. Check that the primary is sending redo

SQL> SELECT STATUS,ARCHIVED_SEQ# FROM

V$ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS WHERE DEST_ID=2;
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG CURRENT;
SQL> SELECT STATUS,ARCHIVED_SEQ# FROM
V$ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS WHERE DEST_ID=2;

2. Status should be VALID and the sequence

number should increase by 1

- 25 -

Add Standby Redo Logs

y A pool of log file groups on a standby database

Used just like the online redo logs on a primary

Requires local archiving on the standby database
Requires at least same size and number of Primary
database online redo logs but more is better
Cannot be assigned to a thread in 9i

y In Oracle9i only standby destinations defined to

use the log writer (LGWR) would use the SRL.

- 26 -

And only Physical standby databases supported them

SRL Architecture
Standby
Redo
Logs

Redo from primary

database

LGWR

RFS

Archived
Redo
Logs

ARCH
New!
10g

ARCH

- 27 -

RFS

Physical
&
10g Logical
standby
databases

Benefits
y Better Performance

Standby redo logs are pre-allocated files

Can reside on raw devices

y Better Protection

- 28 -

Can have multiple members

If primary database failure occurs, redo data written to
standby redo logs can be fully recovered.

Creating Standby Redo Log Files

1. Use the keyword STANDBY on the log file SQL

SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE

<SRL Name> SIZE 100M;

2. Log file sizes must match exactly with the

Primary online redo log files.
3. Create at least as many SRL as you have Primary
Online Redo Logs
4. Starting with 10g you can (and should) assign
them to threads in a RAC.

- 29 -

Choose Your Protection Mode

Protection Mode

Failure Protection

Redo Shipping

Maximum Protection
Zero Data Loss

Protects Against Primary

and Network Failure

LGWR SYNC
Must have SRL

Maximum Availability
Zero Data Loss

Protects Against Primary

Failure

LGWR SYNC
Must have SRL

Maximum
Performance

Best Effort Against

Primary Failure

LGWR ASYNC
Should have SRL

Maximum Performance can also use ARCH

- 30 -

What about SQL Apply?

y Creation of Logical Standby databases has evolved
during versions Oracle9i, Oracle Database 10g
Release 1 and Oracle Database 10g Release 2.
y In Oracle9i the only documented way was using a
cold backup of the Primary database.
y Starting with Oracle Database 10g Release 1 the
process starts with a Physical standby database.
y A method was devised and published on Metalink
to reduce the amount of downtime for Oracle9i.
- 31 -

Preparing for SQL Apply

y Several restrictions with Data types, Table types
and functionality.
y Restrictions greatly reduced with Oracle Database
10g Release 1 and further reduced with Release 2
y Verify, in all releases, that your Primary database
can support a Logical standby database.

DBA_LOGSTDBY_UNSUPPORTED
DBA_LOGSTDBY_NOT_UNIQUE

y Turn on supplemental logging

- 32 -

Automatic in Oracle Database 10g Release 2

Oracle9i SQL Apply

y Use the cold backup method from Chapter 4 of the
documentation.
y Or refer to Metalink note 278371.1

- 33 -

Creating a Logical Standby with Minimal

Production Downtime

Oracle Database 10g Release 1

SQL Apply
y Create a Physical Standby database.
y Replace the Physical standby control file with a
Logical standby control file.

SQL> ALTER DATABASE CREATE LOGICAL STANDBY

CONTROLFILE AS <path><filename>;

y Restart physical standby apply.

When it stops, shut down the Physical standby

Run NID, fix the parameters and create a new
password file.

y Open the standby resetlogs and start SQL Apply

- 34 -

Oracle Database 10g Release 2

SQL Apply
y Create a Physical Standby database.

When synchronized, stop Redo Apply

y Execute the dictionary build on the Primary

SQL> EXECUTE DBMS_LOGSTDBY.BUILD;

y Restart the Apply on the Physical Standby.

SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER TO LOGICAL

STANDBY <new dbname>;

Create a new password file.

y Open the standby resetlogs and start SQL Apply

- 35 -

Apply Services
Getting the data into the standby

- 36 -

Redo Apply Architecture

Physical
Standby
Database
RFS

MRP

Standby
Redo
Logs

ARCH

Archived
Redo Logs

- 37 -

Redo Apply Architecture (RTA)

An up-to-date
Physical
Standby
Database
RFS

MRP

Standby
Redo
Logs

Real Time
Apply

ARCH

Archived
Redo Logs

- 38 -

Oracle9i SQL Apply Architecture

Logical
Standby
Database
LSP

RFS

Archived
Redo Logs

- 39 -

SQL Apply Architecture (10g)

Logical
Standby
Database
RFS

LSP

Standby
Redo
Logs

ARCH

Archived
Redo Logs

- 40 -

SQL Apply Architecture (RTA)

An up-to-date
Logical
Standby
Database
RFS

LSP

Standby
Redo
Logs

Real Time
Apply

ARCH

Archived
Redo Logs

- 41 -

SQL Apply Process Architecture

Logical Change Records not
grouped into transactions

Redo Data
from
Primary
Database

Redo
Records
Reader

LCR
LCR
:

Preparer

Builder

Shared
Pool

Log Mining
Transaction
groups

Apply Processing

Datafiles

Transactions
to be applied

- 42 -

Analyzer

Coordinator

Applier

Transactions sorted
in dependency order

Starting up Apply Services

- 43 -

Redo Apply
y Starting apply

SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY

DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE DISCONNECT;

y Stopping apply

- 44 -

SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY

DATABASE CANCEL;

Replace the Temporary file

y You need to replace the temporary datafile.
y SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY
DATABASE CANCEL;
y SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY;
y SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE temp ADD TEMPFILE
/oradata/temp01.dbf SIZE 40M REUSE;
y SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY
DATABASE DISCONNECT;

I waited until this point to mention this because you

must start redo apply before you can do this.

y Not necessary in Oracle Database 10g Release 2

- 45 -

SQL Apply
y Starting apply

SQL> ALTER DATABASE START LOGICAL

STANDBY APPLY IMMEDIATE;
SQL> ALTER DATABASE START LOGICAL
STANDBY APPLY INITIAL;

y Stopping apply

- 46 -

SQL> ALTER DATABASE STOP LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY;

Role Transition
Trading Places

- 47 -

Overview
y There are two ways to change roles.

Switchover
y Changing roles with someone else and letting them take
over while you become a standby
y Switchover should be done regularly to ensure
everything works.

Failover
y Assigning someone else to take over when the original
boss goes away
y You hope you never have to do a Failover but believe
me, you will..

- 48 -

Prepare for Switchover

y On the Standby database setup Redo parameter.

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=SERVICE=<Primary TNSNAME>
LGWR ASYNC=20480 NET_TIMEOUT=30 REOPEN=30
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=<Primary unique name>
10g
10g
VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILE,PRIMARY_ROLE)
SCOPE=BOTH;

If you are using Oracle9i you will need to DEFER this

destination manually when a database is in Standby mode.

y Add the standby role parameters to the Primary.

y Add Standby Redo Logs to the Primary database

- 49 -

If you havent already!

Switchover to a Physical Standby

Primary
Database

- 50 -

Redo Shipment

ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO

SWITCHOVER TO STANDBY
WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;

RESTART DATABASE

ALTER DATABASE RECOVER

MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE
USING CURRENT LOGFILE
DISCONNECT;

Physical Standby
Database

ALTER DATABASE COMMIT

TO SWITCHOVER TO
PRIMARY;

RESTART DATABASE
(Only ALTER DATABASE OPEN
necessary in Oracle Database 10g Release 2
if standby was never opened Read Only)

10g

Failover to a Physical Standby

Primary
Database

Physical Standby
Database

ALTER DATABASE RECOVER

MANAGED STANDBY
DATABASE FINISH;

ALTER DATABASE COMMIT

TO SWITCHOVER TO
PRIMARY;

- 51 -

RESTART DATABASE

Switchover to a Logical Standby

Primary
Database

ALTER DATABASE PREPARE

TO SWITCHOVER TO
STANDBY;

ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO

SWITCHOVER TO LOGICAL
STANDBY;

ALTER DATABASE START

LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY;

1
10g

- 52 -

Redo Shipment

Logical Standby
Database
ALTER DATABASE PREPARE
TO SWITCHOVER TO
PRIMARY;

ALTER DATABASE COMMIT

TO SWITCHOVER;

10g

Failover to a Logical Standby

Primary
Database

- 53 -

Logical Standby
Database

ALTER DATABASE STOP

LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY;

ALTER DATABASE ACTIVATE

LOGICAL STANDBY
DATABASE;

For more information on Oracle High Availability, Disaster

Protection, Backup & Recovery, and Storage Management
technology go to:
http://otn.oracle.com/deploy/availability/

DISCUSSION

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