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What Is SQL

SQL is a language used to access and manipulate databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data as well as manage databases. Some key SQL statements include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, DISTINCT, WHERE, ORDER BY, AND, and OR. These statements allow users to query and manage data in database tables.

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MakarandBadgujar
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58 views

What Is SQL

SQL is a language used to access and manipulate databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data as well as manage databases. Some key SQL statements include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, DISTINCT, WHERE, ORDER BY, AND, and OR. These statements allow users to query and manage data in database tables.

Uploaded by

MakarandBadgujar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

What is sql:

SQL stands for Structured Query Language

SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard

2.

SQL SELECT Syntax:

SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;
and
SELECT * FROM table_name;

3.

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement:

In a table, a column may contain many duplicate values; and sometimes you only want to list the different
(distinct) values.The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different) values.
SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax:

SELECT DISTINCT column_name,column_name


FROM table_name;
e.g: SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Customers;->Gives all distinct city names only.
4.

The SQL WHERE Clause:

The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.
SQL WHERE Syntax:

SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

e.g: SELECT * FROM Customers ->Gives complete table having mexico city only.
WHERE Country='Mexico';
Operators in The WHERE Clause:

The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:


Operator

Description

Equal

<>

Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written as !=

>

Greater than

<

Less than

>=

Greater than or equal

<=

Less than or equal

BETWEEN

Between an inclusive range

LIKE

Search for a pattern

IN

To specify multiple possible values for a column

5.

The SQL AND & OR Operators:

The following SQL statement selects all customers from the country "Germany" AND the city
"Berlin", in the "Customers" table:

e.g:SELECT * FROM Customers


WHERE Country='Germany'
AND City='Berlin';

The following SQL statement selects all customers from the city "Berlin" OR "Mnchen", in the
"Customers" table:

e.g:SELECT * FROM Customers


WHERE City='Berlin'
OR City='Mnchen';

The following SQL statement selects all customers from the country "Germany" AND the city must be
equal to "Berlin" OR "Mnchen", in the "Customers" table:

e.g:SELECT * FROM Customers


WHERE Country='Germany'
AND (City='Berlin' OR City='Mnchen');
6.

The SQL ORDER BY Keyword:

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one or more columns.The ORDER BY keyword sorts the
records in ascending order by default. To sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword.

SQL ORDER BY Syntax:


SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name,column_name ASC|DESC;

The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table,
sorted by the "Country" column:
e.g:SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country;

The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted DESCENDING by
the "Country" column:

e.g:SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country DESC;

The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted by the "Country"
and the "CustomerName" column:

e.g:SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country,CustomerName;


7.

The SQL INSERT INTO Statement:

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.


SQL INSERT INTO Syntax:
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.The first form does not specify the column names
where the data will be inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
Assume we wish to insert a new row in the "Customers" table.We can use the following SQL statement:

e.g:INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, Country)


VALUES ('Cardinal','Tom B. Erichsen','Skagen 21','Stavanger','4006','Norway');
It is also possible to only insert data in specific columns.The following SQL statement will insert a new row, but
only insert data in the "CustomerName", "City", and "Country" columns (and the CustomerID field will of course
also be updated automatically):

e.g:INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)


VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Stavanger', 'Norway');
8.

The SQL UPDATE Statement:

The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.


SQL UPDATE Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value;

Assume we wish to update the customer "Alfreds Futterkiste" with a new contact person and city.We use
the following SQL statement:

e.g:UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Alfred Schmidt', City='Hamburg'
WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';

Be careful when updating records. If we had omitted the WHERE clause, in the example above, like this:

e.g:UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Alfred Schmidt', City='Hamburg';
9.

The SQL DELETE Statement:

The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.


SQL DELETE Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value;

Assume we wish to delete the customer "Alfreds Futterkiste" from the "Customers" table.We use the
following SQL statement:

e.g:DELETE FROM Customers


WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste' AND ContactName='Maria Anders';

It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table structure,
attributes, and indexes will be intact:

DELETE FROM table_name;


or
DELETE * FROM table_name;

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