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Achieving Efficiency of an Aircraft

Industry through Systems Engineering
Using Green Energy
Department of Industrial Engineering
Lamar University
Author: Akurke Saishyam Vinayak
( Master of Engineering Sciences,Industrial Engineering,Lamar
University,USA)

Special Thanks to:

Dr.Berna Tokgoz Ph.d (Systems Engineering)

My Loving Gratitudes to:

My Mother, Rekha Vinayak Akurke
My Father and Industrialist Mr.Vinayak Marotirao
Akurke

SAISHYAM VINAYAK AKURKE

Executive Summary:
Since the term was coined in the 1950s, systems engineering has evolved from a process focused
primarily on large-scale defense systems to a broader discipline that is used in all kinds of project
development. Systems engineering can be applied to any system development, so whether you are
developing a household appliance, building a house, or implementing a sophisticated transportation
management system, systems engineering can be used.

INCOSE(International Council of Systems Enginners) defines systems engineering as:

Systems Engineering is an interdisciplinary approach and intends to empower the acknowledgment of
fruitful frameworks. It concentrates on characterizing client needs and obliged usefulness ahead of
schedule in the advancement cycle, recording prerequisites, then continuing with configuration
combination and framework acceptance while considering the complete issue.

Systems Engineering incorporates all the controls and forte gatherings into a collaboration shaping an
organized improvement handle that returns from idea to creation to operation. Frameworks Engineering
considers both the business and the specialized needs of all clients with the objective of giving a quality
item that meets the client needs.
Note that this definition is extremely expansive it covers the venture life cycle from requirements
definition to framework transfer. It incorporates specialized exercises like prerequisites and outline, and
also extend exercises like danger administration and setup administration. Frameworks designing gives a
methodical process and apparatuses that specifically bolster venture administration
Start with Your Eye on the Finish Line You should reach consensus at the very beginning of the project
on what will constitute success at the end. This means that the stakeholders should start with an
agreement of what the project should accomplish and the metrics that will be used to measure the
success of the project. This initial focus on the finish line must be sustained by project management as
project development progresses and competing interests and project complexities begin to dominate
the day-to-day work.

We know there are various options to increase the efficiency of the system. But not all are the same. As
some of them effect on system and some of them on environmentally harmful, while some are
expensive. What in this project is very efficient to any industry or huge physical working building and
one time expense is needed. This method ca be applied to any industry depending upon the engineer or
users system.
.

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Goals of Systems Engineer:

Try to get multiple opportunities over gaining efficiency of the system.

Transportation management
Supply chain management
Create highly equipped methods and projects for achieving the goals and
efficient output through the system.
Obtain reduced maintenance for the system being highly sustainable
The Main Concept:
The target is to achieve efficiency of any huge working building or industry in the sense of
energy. Maintainability must be reduced but what components should be installed which
wont seek maintainability in future or fewer maintenance e. What can be very eco friendly
and efficient? Now the answers is obviously a green industry.
There have been lots of concepts over industries or projects considering same. But they
included only solar systems or wind mills or a kind of reduced use of electrical lights. But
here we have a explanation of entire systems(Industrys) efficiency increment through
numerous ideas and concepts which must be installed to achieve the top and best of its
class efficient system.

This concept can be applied to any kind of industry while here an aircraft
industry is considered . As aircraft industries have always been seeking
efficient aircrafts and engines, but did they ever seek efficiency of the industry
where they manufacture these efficient aircrafts? No,unnaturally.
Lets see what can be done to its best to achieve the efficiency of an airfract industry.
Aircraft industry project means, the operation and maintenance of the industry. There it
requires the electrical, mechanical, plumbing etc., services to run the industry for the
manufacturing of aircrafts.
Using Systems Engineering to make the Project Efficient:

ERROR: The conventional methods does not meet the efficiency levels and are also harmful to
the Environment.
SOLUTION: By using the Green Concepts and Systems Engineering key guidelines the project can
be made efficient.
Application of scientific & engineering efforts
Transform operational need into system performance parameters & configuration
Integrate technical parameters
Ensure compatibility among various interfaces
Integrate operation related design characteristics into total engineering effort

SAISHYAM VINAYAK AKURKE

Efficiency Achieving TASK 1:

Electric Energy:

The electrical supply can be managed by the solar panels or the BIPV( Building Integrated Photo
Voltaic Cells)

There can be lot more efficiency by maintaining them periodically.

The Windmill system can also be adopted to produce electricity, if excessive land is provided
What is BIPV ?
Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are utilized to supplant
ordinary building materials in parts of the building envelope, for example, the rooftop, sky facing
windows, or veneers. They are progressively being fused into the development of new structures as a
vital or subordinate wellspring of electrical force, albeit existing structures may be retrofitted with
comparable innovation. The benefit of coordinated photovoltaics over more regular non-incorporated
frameworks is that the introductory expense can be balanced by decreasing the sum spent on building
materials and work that would ordinarily be utilized to develop the piece of the building that the BIPV
modules supplant. These points of interest make BIPV one of the quickest developing fragments of the
photovoltaic business.
Lots of energy can be created and electric elements can be managed efficiently after application of
BIPV over the complete external walls and roofs of the aircraft industry.
The term building-connected photovoltaics (BAPV) is once in a while used to allude to photovoltaics
that are a retrofit - coordinated into the building after development is finished. Most buildingcoordinated establishments are really BAPV. A few makers and manufacturers separate new
development BIPV from BAPV.

Scope of BIPV:
PV applications for structures started showing up in the 1970s. Aluminum-encircled photovoltaic
modules were associated with, or mounted on, structures that were generally in remote regions
without access to an electric force matrix. In the 1980s photovoltaic module additional items to
rooftops started being illustrated. These PV frameworks were normally introduced on utilityframework joined structures in regions with incorporated force stations. In the 1990s BIPV
development items uncommonly intended to be coordinated into a building envelope turned out to be
monetarily accessible. A 1998 doctoral proposal by Patrina Eiffert, entitled An Economic
Assessment of BIPV, speculated that one day there would a financial worth for exchanging
Renewable Energy Credits (RECs). A 2011 financial evaluation and brief outline of the historical
backdrop of BIPV by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory recommends that there may
be huge specialized difficulties to overcome before the introduced expense of BIPV is aggressive
with photovoltaic boards. Be that as it may, there is a developing accord that through their boundless
commercialization, BIPV frameworks will turn into the foundation of the zero vitality building (ZEB)
European focus for 2020.

SAISHYAM VINAYAK AKURKE

In Image:
The CIS Tower in Manchester,England was clad in PV panels . It started feeding electricity to the National
Grid in November 2005.

Windmills and Turbines for Energy Production:

A windmill is a factory that changes over the vitality of wind into rotational vitality by method for vanes
called sails or sharpened pieces of steels. Hundreds of years prior, windmills for the most part were
utilized to factory grain, pump water, or both. Consequently they regularly were gristmills, windpumps,
or both. The lion's share of present day windmills take the type of wind turbines used to create power,
or windpumps used to pump water, either for area waste or to concentrate groundwater.

As the 21st century started, rising concerns over vitality security, an Earth-wide temperature boost, and
inevitable fossil fuel consumption prompted an extension of enthusiasm for every accessible type of
renewable vitality. Around the world, numerous a huge number of wind turbines are presently working,
with an aggregate nameplate limit of 194,400 MW. Europe represented 48% of the aggregate in 2009.

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Then obviously it is a must companion to be applied in this system (aircraft industry). An
aircraft industry is the one among those who invest a lot over occupying the huge size
of land, that would make easier for the engineers to plan the locations of the wind
turbines. Huge amount of electricity can be produced in the assembling department
through these mills as assembling section consists of huge electric cranes and vehicles,
operation of which would be easier after using such environment friendly and free
electric power.
Along with this system including the solar parking canopy of vehicles also works in precise way. This
is one the smartest techniques thought ever for using the space already getting used. One of the
examples of solar parking canopy is :

PV Solar parking canopy, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain

Systems Efficiency can be precisely achieved after implementation of such elements in the system.

Efficiency Achieving Task 2:

Air Conditioning and Cooling system for Industry:
The Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning can be managed by the following
systems:
1. DCS (district Cooling System)
2. Radiant Cooling
3. Thermal Energy Storage
4. PDEC systems

SAISHYAM VINAYAK AKURKE

1.DCS(district cooling system)

District cooling delivers chilled water to buildings like offices and factories needing cooling. In winter,
the source for the cooling can often be sea water, so it is a cheaper resource than using electricity to
run compressors for cooling.
Example:
Cornell University's Lake Source Cooling System utilizes Cayuga Lake as a warmth sink to work the
focal chilled water framework for its grounds and to additionally give cooling to the Ithaca City School
District. The framework has worked subsequent to the late spring of 2000. It cools a 14,500 tons (50
MW) load. Much more established (working following 1985), the arrangement of the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology in Lausanne joins, contingent upon the needs, cooling and warmth
extraction. This takes into consideration a higher general vitality effectiveness of the 19 MW
framework.

In Image:
Chillers in a district cooling at University of Rochester in Rochester, New York.

Conclusion: District cooling systems are very helpful while in the huge industries like aircraft
manufacturing sectors too. Implementation of such an element would maintain the temperature
of the internal area of the factory in fine condition, this would also reduce energy being wasted
on the other energy consuming cooling systems or air conditioners in the factory or the office
buildings,etc.

2. Radiant Cooling:
A brilliant cooling framework alludes to a temperature-controlled surface that cools indoor
temperatures by evacuating sensible warmth and where more than 50% of warmth exchange
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happens through warm radiation. Warmth will spill out of items, inhabitants, gear and lights in a
space to a cooled surface the length of their temperatures are hotter than that of the cooled
surface and they are inside of the observable pathway of the cooled surface. The procedure of
brilliant trade has an irrelevant impact on air temperature, however through the procedure of
convection, the air temperature will be brought down when air interacts with the cooled surface.
Brilliant cooling frameworks utilize the inverse impact of brilliant warming frameworks, which
depend on the procedure of warmth stream from a warmed surface to questions and
inhabitants.

Brilliant cooling frameworks offer lower vitality utilization than traditional cooling frameworks in
light of exploration directed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Brilliant cooling
vitality reserve funds rely on upon the atmosphere, yet overall over the US investment funds are
in the scope of 30% contrasted with routine frameworks. Cool, moist areas may have funds of
17% while hot, parched locales have investment funds of 42%.

How it Works?

The above drawn system can be equipped in the office buildings of the industry and also in the
manufacturing and assembly units of an aircraft industry which we took into consider.
While there are a wide scope of framework advances, there are two essential sorts of brilliant
cooling frameworks. The main sort is frameworks that convey cooling through the building structure,

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normally chunks, these frameworks are additionally named thermally initiated building frameworks
(TABS).The second sort is frameworks that convey cooling through particular boards. Frameworks
utilizing solid chunks are by and large less expensive than board frameworks and offer the upside of
warm mass while board frameworks offer speedier temperature control and adaptability.

What is the Result? Why Radiant cooling?

Huge savings can be seen in the account of Power Consumption and preferred system of
cooling can be efficient than any other conventional cooling methods.

3.Thermal Energy storage:

Warm vitality stockpiling (TES) is accomplished with significantly varying advances that all things
considered suit an extensive variety of necessities. It permits overabundance warm vitality to be
gathered for later utilize, hours, days or numerous months after the fact, at individual building,
multiuser building, region, town or even provincial scale relying upon the particular innovation. As
cases: vitality interest can be adjusted between day time and evening; summer heat from sun
oriented authorities can be put away interseasonally for utilization in winter; and cool got from winter
air can be accommodated summer aerating and cooling. Capacity mediums include: water or iceslush tanks extending from little to monstrous, masses of local earth or bedrock got to with warmth

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exchangers in bunches of little distance across boreholes (infrequently profound); profound aquifers
contained between impermeable strata; shallow, lined pits loaded with rock and water and topprotected; and eutectic, stage change materials.

Such Energy storages can be used when in deficiency of the energy in the factory. Or while an
another environmental crisis, seasonable management of energy can be done finely for the
industry.

District heating accumulation tower from Theiss near Krems an der Donau in Lower Austria with a thermal
capacity of 2 GWh.

4.PDEC ( Passive Down-Draft Evaporative Cooling)

A latent down-draft evaporative cooling (PDEC) tower is a part that is intended to catch the wind at the
highest point of a tower and cool the outside air utilizing water vanishing. While a few distinct sorts of
this specific framework exist, PDEC tower with splash was considered in that it is adaptable, proficient,
and pervasive. Economical possibility has been known as the fundamental advantage of PDEC towers,
prompting critical vitality funds, change of indoor ecological quality, and diminishment of natural
expense. Interestingly, PDEC towers have not been considered in a few circumstances as a distinct
option for traditional aerating and cooling frameworks because of solid climatic reliance, inadequate
cooling limit, and colossal water utilization when they could be effectively coordinated. Furthermore,
suitable routines that can resolve issues connected with PDEC towers and enhance the execution of this
specific framework have not been exhibited in the writing. This study was subsequently intended to
present the arrangements that beat these issues with PDEC towers so they can be broadly utilized as a
part of numerous sorts of structures and climatic areas.

How it works?

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The ventilation way begins with a stature differential and typically a tower intended to catch
breezes that supplies the air either specifically to the space at low level or into an underfloor
plenum.

Air is depleted likewise at abnormal state, normally utilizing a blend of sun oriented and wind
impacts to upgrade the inactive lightness impacts and stream of air. Dampers or controlled
openings are utilized to adjust the stream of air to meet a temperature set-point and ventilation
prerequisites inside.

The length of outside air temperatures are in a reach where they can give cooling (and don't
oblige extra warming) 12-22C (55-72F), then spaces can be characteristically molded with no
vitality.

At the point when temperatures transcend the wanted space set-point, there are 2 choices. In
structures with great warm mass, controlled coating and low inside burdens, wind stream can be
dialed down to a base stream needed for ventilation and the building's mass is utilized to ride
out warm periods.

In structures with high inside burdens and conceivably less enormous exteriors, water is
splashed or clouded into the air stream. The vanishing of the water decreases the temperature
of the air (and makes it more moist). On the off chance that cool water is utilized, there are
normally some convective cooling impacts also. Contingent upon the desires of the tenants, this
cooling may permit the building to be kept agreeable up to outer temperatures of around 30C,
perhaps considerably higher if the outside air is exceptionally dry.

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These frameworks are regularly utilized as a part of either gentle or in hot, dry atmospheres.
They don't work exceptionally well in sticky atmospheres on the grounds that the limit of the air
to discharge warm through the vanishing of water in the genuine air stream is restricted. On the
off chance that warming is required, it can undoubtedly be given either in the space specifically
or at the point where the air stream enters the building .

(A source picture of industry from Ahemadabad,India using PDEC.)

Achieving Efficiency Task 3:

Water Treatment and Rain water harvesting.
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1. Root zoning water treatment

The mechanical sewage treatment plants are not overhauled to get the overwhelming heap of
approaching waste water and neglect to treat the sewage to expected benchmarks for release
into inland waters. Different studies explored the viability for RZTS (Root zone treatment
framework) created utilizing certain sea-going and elaborate plants for treatment of waste
water.
The outcomes have demonstrated high proficiency on utilization of amphibian plants. It can be
inferred that passing the waste water through the channel beds of P.australis and T.latifolia
from any wellspring of natural inception before release helps in passing the natural squanders
and accordingly the weight of natural contamination on the regular civil waste water treatment
plants and lakes can be evaded.
Conclusion: Hence, Such plants should be planted around the industrial area where the waste water of
the industry is flown towards. This concept seems small but conducts better environmental treatment
for water. Various lakes and rivers around the industry would keep the environment clean.
How important is the technical development of the aircrafts in the same level there is one very
important consideration called Saving the Environment. Nature is that which has given the sky for the
humans to fly their aircrafts. Saving it is humans first responsibility before any technology would create
disaster going against the nature.
Thus, such minute considerations value a lot while designing a Green Industry.

2.Water Efficient Fixtures:

Apparatuses that spare water incorporate low-stream shower heads, sinks with auto-shutoff
components, and water-sparing toilets and urinals. Hardware that spares water in commercial ventures
incorporates water gulf and outlet valves, cleaning supplies, and that's only the tip of the iceberg.

Lessening water use from installations and hardware is maybe the simplest strategy to lessen absolute
consumable water utilization. It doesn't oblige broad configuration arrangements, simply determining
certain items. Keeping away from expansive wellsprings, pools, and other water highlights will likewise
spare water utilization.

What amount of do these items save?

You have to figure it by ascertaining the aggregate building water utilization taking into account business
as usual "pattern" items, and the aggregate water use with the water-sparing items. For every situation,

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this is essentially the total of water utilization for all items in the building. The water use for every item
is the quantity of liters every utilization duplicated by the quantity of employments every year.

Aggregate Water Use = (liters every utilization number of employments/ year)

Illustration:

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey overhauled restroom offices at LaGuardia Airport to
expand the proficiency of toilets, spigots, and showers. It introduced a break discovery framework,
ultralow-stream toilets, high-effectiveness aerators for spigots, and stream restrictors on showerheads.
These upgrades yield yearly water reserve funds of practically $160,000, after a beginning capital
expense of just $90,

Conclusion:
Lots of water can be saved after installing such fixtures, can be called a magnetic way of water
saving in such huge industries where per day thousands of gallons of water is used. Thus water
wastage can be reduced through this concepts.
3.Sewage Treatment Plant:
Sewage treatment is the procedure of expelling contaminants from wastewater, fundamentally from
family unit sewage. It incorporates physical, synthetic, and natural procedures to evacuate these
contaminants and deliver naturally safe treated wastewater (or treated gushing). A by-result of sewage
treatment is typically a semi-strong waste or slurry, called sewage ooze, that needs to experience
further treatment before being suitable for transfer or area application.

A wastewater treatment plant in Oregon, USA. (source: Wikipedia)

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Conclusion:
The final answer is very clear and common that waste water treatment plants would give huge
profits to the environment.

4.Rain Water Harvesting:

Water harvesting is the collection and statement of water for reuse on location, as opposed to
permitting it to keep running off. Its uses incorporate water for patio nursery, water for domesticated
animals, water for watering system, water for residential utilization with fitting treatment, and indoor
warming for houses and so on. In numerous spots the water gathered is simply diverted to a profound
pit with permeation. The collected water can be utilized as drinking water and in addition for capacity
and other reason like watering system.

In fact exceptionally valuable and connected idea in a large portion of the nations to spare water and
expand the richness of soil as well. On the off chance that tremendous commercial ventures consider
this errand it would be workable for them to spare around 30% of water yearly because of collected
water they can get heaps of water from the exhausted wells in the season of summer.

In the majority of the nations like United States there are standards while constructing a Gas Station or
different Industries water collecting must be done past the developed zone. Such standards must be
connected through out the world by the Governments itself to fathom the water emergency.

Water reaping is the collection and testimony of water for reuse on location, instead of permitting it to
keep running off. Its uses incorporate water for greenhouse, water for domesticated animals, water for
watering system, water for local utilization with legitimate treatment, and indoor warming for houses
and so forth. In numerous spots the water gathered is simply diverted to a profound pit with
permeation. The gathered water can be utilized as drinking water and for capacity and other reason like
watering system.

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In Image:
Non-pressurized Rain harvesting system at an industry.
Effect on SOS(System of Systems Engineering):
The System considered here is an aircraft industry. In an aircraft industry various sections are present
starting from material supplying till distributing. They usually consist of Supply Base, Manufacturing and
Distribution Channels. The concept of Green Industry considered in this project can usually be applied to
any industry but here taken is an example of aircraft industry just to visualize the concept virtually.
Indeed the concept of Green Industry if specifically applied to the manufacturing section of the system
for first say. The efficiency of one of the systems in the numerous systems of the industry increases, now
due tho the increased efficiency of the manufacturing system the other two systems get the ease to
supply or distribute as reaming energy can be stroed for them or used by them in abundant manner, In
this way the system of systems overall gives an efficient achievement .
As shown in the figure below are the three systems included in a single system.

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Ilities to be covered:
1.Maintainbility
This is the very important form of ility needed as the equipments used in an green industry are
to be maintained for a longer period as they are the most costly elements in the system of the
industry. And proper Maintenance can only give the better efficient system output.

2.Stability
Systems being stable condition is must to avoid any errors and disasters.

3.Supportability
System here consists various systems in it, the internal supportive nature of the systems with
each other is very important. for example: aircraft industry consists of heavy cranes to lift
aircraft parts, if the cranes motor isnt supporting the electric power getting generated at that
time waste and all the power coming through solar or wind cannot be saved exactly at the
same time.

Ilities the system will cover:

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1.Maintainbility
If the concept is practically applied to the system, maintainance of the the system will
be seen reduced as non-conventional type of elements are highly equipped to take care
of system and environment together.

2.Supportability
The system will support the marketing section, distribution section,and other by
reducing the cost of manufacturing section, and huge savings accompanied with
efficient system is obtained.

3.Stability and Compatibility.

Less environmental losses, less pollution, frequently saved and treated water, and many
more will help the system to be compatible and stable through the years. Most of the
elements in Green Industry are designed to last long, and have low maintenance so
these two ilities are also achieved.

Final Conclusion:
Application of Green Industry concept to numerous industries as like taken example an
aircraft industry would increase the efficiency of the system ( Industry) . This is the most
easy way and one time investment. It can be called as huge step towards environment
saving. According to U.S Government, In the survey of year 2005, from overall energy
consumption of world 51% of energy is consumed by industrial sector only.
If such Green concepts are applied overall, That would be a better calculation and
solving procees towards energy consumption problems.

SAISHYAM VINAYAK AKURKE