DEPARTMENT OF GEOPHYSICS KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND TEACHING LOAD OF M.Tech. (Applied Geophysics).

FIRST SEMESTER EFFECTIVE FROM THE SESSION 2006-07:
S.No.

Course no.& Course

Teaching Load (hrs/week)

L
T
P

Marks
Distribution
Th/P CW Total

Credit

1.

GP-101: Mathematical Methods

in Geophysics

60

40

100

2.

GP-102: Solid Earth Geophysics

60

40

100

3.

GP-103: Numerical Methods &

Computer Programming

60

40

100

4.

GP-104: Basic Geology

60

40

100

5.

GP-105: Geology Lab

12

60

40

100

6.

GP-106: Computer Lab

12

60

40

100

Semester Total

16

24

600

28

SECOND SEMESTER EFFECTIVE FROM THE SESSION 2006-07:

S.No.

Course no.& Course

Teaching Load (hrs/week)

L
T
P

Marks
Distribution
Th/P CW Total Credit

1.

GP-201: Remote Sensing & GIS

60

40

100

2.

GP-202: Stratigraphy, Himalayan,

Economic & Petroleum Geology

60

40

100

3.

GP-203: Geophysical Signal Processing 4

60

40

100

4.

GP-204: Geophysical Fields & Waves

60

40

100

5.

GP-205: Geophysical Lab - I

12

60

40

100

6.

GP-206: Geophysical Lab - II

12

60

40

100

7.

GP-207: Geological Field Training

100

700

32

Semester Total

16

24

THIRD SEMESTER EFFECTIVE FROM THE SESSION 2007-08:

S.No.

Course no.& Course

Teaching Load (hrs/week)

L
T
P

Marks
Distribution
Th/P CW Total Credit

1.

GP-301: Seismology

60

40

100

2.

GP-302: Gravity & Magnetic Prospecting 4

60

40

100

3.

GP-303: Groundwater Geophysics

60

40

100

4.

GP-304: Electrical Prospecting

60

40

100

5.

GP-305: Geophysical Lab-III

12

60

40

100

6.

GP-306: Geophysical Lab-IV

12

60

40

100

7.

GP-307: Geophysical Field Training-I

100

700

32

Semester Total

16

24

FOURTH SEMESTER EFFECTIVE FROM THE SESSION 2006-07:

S.No.

Course no.& Course

Teaching Load (hrs/week)

L
T
P

Marks
Distribution
Th/P CW Total Credit

1.

GP-401: Petrophysics & Well Logging

60

40

100

2.

GP-402: Physical Oceanography &

Marine Geophysics

60

40

100

3.

GP-403: Seismic Prospecting

60

40

100

4.

GP-404: Geophysical Inversion

60

40

100

5.

GP-405: Geophysical Lab V

12

60

40

100

6.

GP-406: Geophysical Lab - VI

12

60

40

100

Semester Total

16

24

600

28

FIFTH SEMESTER EFFECTIVE FROM THE SESSION 2007-08:

S.No.

Course no.& Course

Teaching Load (hrs/week)

L
T
P

Marks
Distribution
Th/P CW Total Credit

1.

GP-501: Near Surface Geophysics

60

40

100

2.

GP-502: Non-Linear Geophysics

60

40

100

3.

GP-503: Geophysical Lab-VII

12

60

40

100

4.

GP-504: Geophysical Lab-VIII

12

60

40

100

5.

GP-505: Geophysical Field Training-II

100

6.

GP-

Elective I

60

40

100

7.

GP-

Elective II

60

40

100

16

24

700

32

Semester Total

SIXTH SEMESTER EFFECTIVE FROM THE SESSION 2007-08:

S.No.

Course no.& Course

Teaching Load (hrs/week)

L
T
P

Marks
Distribution
Th/P
CW Total Credit

1.

GP-601: Dissertation

400

16

2.

GP- 602: Comprehensive Viva-Voce

100

3.

GP- 603: Seminar

100

Semester Total

600

24

Elective I

Solid Earth

GP-506 : Computational Seismology

GP-507: Geomagnetism
GP-508: Whole Earth Dynamics
GP-509: Solid Mechanics
GP-510: Numerical Simulation of Earth System
Elective II
GP-511: Geotomography
GP-512: Seismic Data Analysis & Reservoir Geophysics
GP-513: Reservoir Modelling
GP-514: Radiometric Exploration
GP-515: Advanced Remote Sensing & Image Processing

GP-101: Mathematical Methods in Geophysics

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours

Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
UNIT-I: Special Functions
Bessels and Legendres differential equations and their series solutions.
Legendre functions: Generating functions, Rodrigues formula, Recurrence relations, Orthogonality,
Expansion of an arbitrary function in a series of Legendre Polynomials, Associated Legendre functions
and its recurrence relations and orthogonality property.
Bessel Functions: Generating functions, Recurrence relations, Integral representation, Orthogonality,
Expressions when n is half an odd integer, Spheraical Bessel functions.
UNIT-II: Complex Variables
Complex variable, limit, continuity and differentiability of function of complex variables, analytic
functions, Cauchy Reimanns equations, Cauhys integral theorem, Moreras theorem, Cauchy integral
formula, Expansion by Taylors and Laurents series, singularities, Residue theorem, contour integration.
Unit-III: Integral Transforms
Fourier series, Fourier transform, inverse Fourier transform, properties of Fourier transform, application
of Fourier transform in solving differential equations.
Laplace transform, Inverse Laplace transform, Convolution theorem, Properties of Laplace transform,
application of laplace transform in solving differential equations.
A brief introduction to Hankel, Hilbert and Radon transforms.
Unit-IV: Partial Differential Equations
Solution by separation of variables of
(a) Wave equation: Transverse vibrations of a stretched string; Oscillations of a hanging chain,
vibrations of rectangular and circular membrances, tidal waves in a canal.
(b) Laplaces equation: Laplace equation in Cartesian, Cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems,
two dimensional steady flow of heat, General cylindrical and spherical harmonics.
(c) Diffusion equation: Variable linear heat flow, periodic heat flow in one dimension, two
dimensional heat conduction.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
(1) Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists by L .Pipes & L.R. Horwell
(2) Mathematical Methods for Physicists by G. Arfken
(3) Mathematical Physics by B.S. Rajput
(4) Elementrary Applied Partial Differential Equations: With Fourier Series and Boundary Value
Problems by Richard Haberman
(5) Integral Transforms by I. Sneddon
(6) Elements of Partial Differential Equations by I. Sneddon

GP-102: Solid Earth Geophysics

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers
should not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper
each containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one
question from each unit.
UNIT-I
A brief history of the development of Earth Sciences and of Geophysics in particular, An overview of
Geophysical methods and their essential features, Problems of inversion and non-uniqueness in
Geophysics, Origin & evolution of Earth, A review of the Earths major surface features, its structure and
composition, A brief review of the knowledge of the solar system and history of the earth-moon system
UNIT-II
Chemical composition of Earth, Rheological behaviour of crust and upper mantle, Geochronology:
Radiometric dating and their advantages, meaning of radiometric ages, Major features of the Earths
gravitational field and relationship with tectonic processes in the crust and upper mantle, concept of
isostasy, hypotheses of isostasy.
UNIT-III
Origin of geomagnetic field, polar wandering, secular variations and westward drift, reversals of
geomagnetic field, geomagnetic storms, sea-floor spreading, Paleomagnetism and its uses, Thermal
history of the Earth, sources of heat generation and temperature distribution inside the earth, convection
in the mantle.
UNIT-IV
Earthquake seismology, Global seismicity and tectonics, Earths internal structure derived from
seismology, Earthquake mechanism and Andersons theory of faulting, Continental drift and plate
tectonics: its historical perspective and essential features, present day plate motions, Triple junctions,
oceanic ridges, Benioff zones, trenches and island arcs, Mountain building, origin of Himalaya,
Geodynamics of Indian subcontinent.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
(1) The Solid Earth by C.M.R. Fowler
(2) Understanding the Earth by I.G. Guass, P.S. Smith and R.G.L. Wilson
(3) The dynamic Earth by P.J. Wyllie
(4) Introduction to Geophysics by B.F. Howell
(5) Physics and Geology by J.J. Jacobs, R.D. Russel and J.T. Klilson
(6) Fundamental of Geodynamics by A.E. Schieddeggar
(7) Fundamentals of Geophysics by W. Lowrie

GP-103: NUMERICAL METHODS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
UNIT-I
Basic computer organization, information storage media, computer software, computer languages,
problem solving on a computer, algorithm, flowchart and computer program, introduction to computer
operating systems: DOS, WINDOWS, UNIX/LINUX, concept of SHELL programming.
UNIT-II
FORTRAN preliminaries, constants, variables, data types, expression and statements, iterative
statements, input/output statements, subroutine and functions, data sharing among
subprograms/programs, operations with files, programming examples to handle problems of numerical
and statistical type
UNIT-III
Programming language C: constants, variables, data types, expressions, operators, conditional statements,
iterative statements, array, function, simple programming examples
C++ An object oriented language: Concepts of class, object, constructors, destructors, operator
overloading, inheritance, pointers, virtual functions, simple programming examples
UNIT-IV
Numerical integration by Simpsons method, Trapezoidal method, Numerical differentiation, solution of
algebraic equation, Netwon Raphson method, solution of simultaneous linear equations, Gauss method,
Gauss-Jordon method, Gauss-Seidel method, matrix inversion, least square curve fitting, straight line and
polynomial fits, solution of ordinary differential equations.
A brief introduction of Binomial, Poisson and normal distributions, concept of mathematical expectations
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
(1) Fundamentals of computers by V. Rajaraman
(2) FORTRAN 77 and Numerical methods by C. Xavier
(3) FORTRAN Programming and Numerical methods by R.C. Desai
(4) Let us C by Yashwant Kanetkar
(5) Object Oriented programming with C++ by E. Balagurusamy
(6) Advanced UNIX- A Programmers guide by Stephen Prata

GP-104: BASIC GEOLOGY

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
Earth Sciences, its subdivisions and relation to other sciences Importance of geology to mankind.
Historical Geology: Materials and methods of historical geology, Geologic time, Age of the earth,
Fundamental principles of geology. Geomorphological Processes: Exogenic processes (weathering,
erosive and tectonic denudation), Geological processes by river, wind, glacier and waves and tides.
UNIT II: MINERALOGY
Mineral: definition, chemical nature of minerals, Basic sub-atomic particles, atomic mass, atomic
number, radioactivity, isotopes and ions, chemical bonding, processes of crystallisation in minerals,
Physical properties of minerals, Classification of minerals, Physical properties, chemical composition,
mode of occurrences and economic uses of some important rock forming minerals.
UNIT III: PETROLOGY
Distinguish between rocks and minerals. Igneous Petrology: Magma and its crystallisation, Mode of
occurrence, texture and structure, mineralogy and classification of igneous rocks. Sedimentology:
Sedimentary processes, sedimentary environments of deposition, texture, structure and classification of
sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic Petrology: Metamorphism, factors of metamorphism, types of
metamorphism, texture, structure, mineralogy and classification of metamorphic rocks. Indian
distribution of major rock types.
UNIT IV: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Primary and secondary structures of rock, Dip, strike, bearing and azimuth. Folds: definition and
classification scheme, mechanism of folding, recognisation of folds in the field. Fault: definition and
different terminology of fault, mechanism of faulting, recognisation of fault in the field, shear zone,
lineament. Joints: definition, types of joint. Unconformity: concepts, types, recognisation and
significance of unconformities.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
(1) Rutleys Elements of Mineralogy By H.H. Read
(2) Structural Geology by M.P. Billings
(3) Principles of Physical Geology by A.H. Holmes
(4) A Text Book of Geology by P.K. Mukherjee
(5) The Principles of Petrology by G.W. Tyrrell
(6) Manual of Field Geology by R.R Compton

GP-105: GEOLOGY LAB

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 4 hours

1. Continental scale land forms of India

2. Physical properties of important rock forming minerals
3. Megascopic study and identification of important igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
4. Study of Toposheets
5. Uses of bruntone/clinometer and measurement of dip and strike of beds
6. Study of geological map and construction of cross section of area comprising of horizontal,
unconformable, inclined, folded and faulted rocks.

GP-106: COMPUTER LAB

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
(1) Exposure to computer operating system : DOS, WINDOWS, UNIX/LINUX
(2) Simple exercises based on available computer softwares
(3) Programming exercises on computational problems and their solution on computers. These
include the following:
(i)

Matrix operations

(ii)

Matrix inversion

(iii)

Numerical integration

(iv)

Solution of simultaneous equations

(v)

Linear curve fitting

(vi)

Correlation coefficient, standard deviation etc.

(vii)

Numerical differentiation

(viii)

Solution of differential equation

(ix)

Solution of transcendental and algebraic equation using Newton Raphson method

10

GP-201: Remote Sensing and GIS

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours

Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and the students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 will be
compulsory and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have five to ten parts.
Answers should not be in yes/no. In addition to question No. 1, there will be four units in the question
paper each containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one
question from each unit.
Unit I
Introduction: Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum, Interaction of EM radiations with earths surface and
atmosphere, special signatures, remote sensing platforms. Aerial photographs; types of aerial
photographs, stereoscopic vision, stereoscopic parallax, measurement of height difference, vertical
exaggeration, image distortion. Photo elements, geotechnical elements, photocharacteristics of different
rock types and structures, photo-mosaic, rectification. Plotting instruments
Unit II
Satellite Imagery: Imagery vis a vis aerial photograph, active and passive sensors, MSS, LISS, CCD,
Infrared and thermal scanners, different satellite programmes, microwave sensors, Remote sensing data
products, fundamentals of image interpretations and analysis, visual interpretation of remote sensing data;
false colour composite, Concept of digital image analysis, image restoration, image enhancement and
information extraction. Supervised and unsupervised classification. Map accuracy assessment.
Unit III
Applications: Interpretation and analysis of aerial photographs and images for identification of different
rock types, structures, lineaments and preparation of geological map. Recognition of landforms, drainage
pattern and preparation of geomorphological map; applications in engineering projects (dam reservoir,
tunnel alignment, route location etc), ground water prospecting, exploration for minerals and oil,
geoenvironmental studies (soil conservation, land degradation etc), Disaster management (flood,
landslide etc) and monitoring of atmospheric pollution.
Unit IV
Introduction to Geographical Information System (GIS), components of GIS, data structures, Concept of
raster and vector data, digitization, editing, attribute attachment etc, creation of layers, Data Integration,
vector to raster conversion and vice versa. Introduction to Global Position System (GPS) and its uses.
Recommended Books:
1. Remote Sensing Geology (Springer Verlag). R.P. Gupta
2. Remote Sensing in Geology (John Wiley & sons). B.S. Siegel and A.R. Gillespie
3. Remote Sensing and image interpretation (John Wiley & sons). T.M. Lillesand and R.W. Kiefer
4. Remote Sensing Principles and interpretation (WH Freeman Company. F.F. Reeds
5. Remote Sensing fro Earth Resources (AEG publication), D.P. Rao
6. Principles of Remote sensing (ELBS London). P. J. Kuran
7. Advances in Geophysics Vol. 1 and 13 (Academic press) H.E. Landesberg
8. Handbook of Information issued by GSI (Airborne Mineral surveys and exploration wing), AEC
(Atomic Minerals Divisions) and NGRI.
9. Principles of GIS, P. A. Burrough
10. Indian Society of Geomatics News letters 2004-2005
11. GPS: Theory and Practice (Springer Verlag). B. Hofman-wellenhof, H.lichtenegger and J.Collins

11

GP-202 STRATIGRAPHY, HIMALAYAN, ECONOMIC AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
Unit-1 Stratigraphy
Principles of stratigraphy, elements of stratigraphic classification, physical and structural sub-disciplines
of Indian subcontinent and their characteristics, An outline of the geology of India with respect to
distribution, classification, lithology and economic importance of the following: Archean, Dharwar,
Cuddapah, Vindhyan, Gondawana.
Unit-2: Himalayan Geology
Tectonic divisions of the Himalaya, Geology and tectonics of the Sub-Himalaya including Tertiary of
Assam Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, Higher Himalayan Crystalline, Tethyan Sedimentary Zone, IndusTsangpo-Suture Zone and Trans Himalaya.
Unit-3. Economic Geology
Definition of ore, Ore and gangue mineral, Classification of ore deposits, Elementary idea s of the
following processes of formation of ore deposits: Magmatic concentration, Pegmatitic, Sedimentation,
Evaporation, Residual concentration, Mechanical concentration and Metamorphism, Chemical
composition, Diagnostic characters, Occurrences, Uses and Distribution in India of important metallic
and non-metallic mineral deposits.
Unit-4. Petroleum Geology
Petroleum, Origin of petroleum, Reservoir rocks, Migration of Oil and gas, Hydrocarbon traps,
Formation water characteristics as oil exploration leads, Plate tectonics and global distribution of
hydrocarbon reserves, Classfication of Indian basins and petroleum geology of Assam, Bengal, Cavery,
Krishna-Godavari, Cambay and Bombay offshore basins.
Recommended Books
1. Economic Geology: Bateman
2. Indias Mineral Resources: Krishna Swami
3. Introduction to Indias Economic Minerals
4. Geology of India and Burma: Krishnan
5. Geology of India: Wadia
6. Geology of Petroleum: Leverson, A.I.
7. Petroleum Geology: Chapman, R.E.
8. Aspects of Tectonics: K.S. Valdiya
9. Dynamic Himalaya: K.S. Valdiya

12

GP-203: Geophysical Signal Processing

Max. Marks 60
Time 3 Hrs
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 is compulsory and
based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answer should not be
in yes and no. In addition to Question 1, there will be four unit question paper each containing two
questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from each unit.
UNIT I: Signal and System
Signals: Various special signal and signal class, orthogonal function, band limited signals, sampling
theorem, aliasing effect of sampling on reconstruction of continuous signal from their samples,
extrapolation of band limited signals
Systems: Linear time invariant causal and stable system with continuous and discrete input, minimum
phase signals, Hilbert transform
UNIT II: Discrere Transform
Z transform, properties of Z transform, and the region of convergence, Z transform of causal and non
causal sequence, inverse Z transform
Review of Fourier Transform, Introduction to wavelet transform and Walsh transform and their
application in geophysics
discrete fourier transform, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), digital filters: recursive and non-resursive
filters, Amplitude and phase response of filters, ideal and realizable low pass, band pass and high pass
filters, direct and canonical realization scheme, Cascade and paraellel realization scheme, finite and
infinite unit impulse response filter, cepstral analysis
UNIT III: Time series analysis
Introduction of stochastic process, autocorrelation and cross correlation, Stationarity, Wide sense
stationarity, ergodicity, power spectral density function, Wiener Khinchine theorem, White Gaussian
Noise, Wiener Filtering, Matched Filtering
UNIT IV: Applications
Importance of Windowing, Commonly used windows, extension of linear theory to two and threedimensional cases, downward continuation, gravity convolution model, resistivity convolution model,
Seismic convolution model, applications of FFT in geophysics, application of signal processing in
seismology.
Reccomended Books
1. Signal and Systems, M.L. Meade and C.R.Dillon , Chapman and Hall London
2. Digital Signal Processing, 1975, Oppenheim, A.V. and R.W. Schafer, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey
3. An Introduction to Statistical Communication Theory, J. B. Thomas, John Wiley, New York
4. Spectral Analysis in Geophysics, 1974, Markus Bath, Elsevier, Amsterdam
5. Signal Analysis, 1977, A. Popoulis, McGraw Hill New York
6. The Fourier Integrala nd its applications, A. Popoullis, , McGraw Hill New York
7. Time Sequence Analysis in Geophysics, 1975, E.R. Kanscwich

13

GP-204: Geophysical Fields and Waves

Max. Marks 60
Time 3 Hrs
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 is compulsory and
based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answer should not be
in yes and no. In addition to Question 1, there will be four unit question paper each containing two
questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from each unit.
UNIT I: Potential Field Theory:
Introduction to Geophysical fields; Inverse square law of field: Gravity, Magnetostatic and electrostatic,
Greens theorem and Greens functions, Potential due to an arbitrary source distribution, continuation of
potential fields, Dirichlet and Neumann problems.
UNIT-II: Thermal Conduction in Earth
Heat conduction equation; effect of advection; time scale of conductive heat flow;calculation of simple
geotherms in continents; Geological applications of heat conduction in semi-infinite half space: (i)
penetration of external heat into the earth due to periodic variation of surface temperature, (ii)
instantaneous heating or cooling of semi-infinite half space and its application to cooling of oceanic
lithosphere and (iii) thermal and subsidence history of sedimentary basins, Age of Earth on the basis of
cooling.
UNIT-III: Wave Theory
Introductory remarks about seismic and electromagnetic waves, Elastic Waves: Analysis of stress and
strain, properties of equilibrium and motion in terms of stresses/displacements for infinitesimal and finite
deformation, Generlised Hooks Law, Isotropy, Aelotropy and Anelasticity.
Electromagnetic Waves: Maxwells equations, constitutive relations, Plane electromagnetic waves in
dielectric and conductor.
Kirchoffs integral theorem and Kirchoffs solution of diffraction at a slit.
UNIT-IV: Oceanography
Tidal Waves, driven tidal waves, seiches, geostrophic effect on tidal waves, internal tidal waves, surface
waves, permanent waves, waves due to local disturbances, equilibrium theory of tides, dynamic theory of
tides.
Books Reccomended
(1) Geodynamics applications of continuum Physics to geological problems : Turcotte &
Schubert
(2) Interpretation theory in Applied Geophysics: F.S. Grant & G.F. West
(3) Electromagnetic theory: J. Stratton
(4) Heat conduction: I.R. Ingersoll
(5) Solid Earth: C.F. Fowler
(6) Fundamentals of Geophysics: W. Lowrie
(7) Introduction to theoretical Geophysics: C.B. Officer

14

GP-205: Geophysical Lab-I

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Section A
1. Study of rocks from different stratigraphic horizons of peninsular India
2. Study of rocks of different tectonic divisions of the Himalaya
3. Exercise based upon radioactive dating
4. Megascopic study of major ore minerals
5. Calculation of Oil reserves
6. Study of Geological maps and sections of important oil fields of India
7. Exercises on structure contour map
Section B
1. Preparation of base maps
2. Use of satellite image for identification of linear features.
3. Preparation of land use land cover map
4. Preparation of drainage map
5. Preparation of Geomorphology map
6. Preparation Hydrogeomorphology map
7. Simple exercises on digital image processing

15

GP-206: Geophysical Lab-II

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Exercises based on
(A) Signal Processing including
(i)

Convolution model in the time & frequency domain

(ii)

Computation of FFT

(iii)

Autocorrelation & Cross correlation

(iv)

Inverse filtering

(v)

Predictive Deconvolution filter

(vi)

Exposure to basic signal processing softwares like PITSA

(B) Thermal conduction in Earth

16

GP-301: Seismology
Max. Marks 60
Time 3 Hrs
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 is compulsory and
based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answer should not be
in yes and no. In addition to Question 1, there will be four unit question paper each containing two
questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from each unit.
UNIT I: SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION
Review of basic concepts and relations in elasticity theory, Hooks Law, reflection and transmission of
elastic waves at a plane boundary, plane waves, laws of simple reflection and refraction, head waves,
total internal reflection, spherical waves, surface and interface waves, Rayleigh waves, Stoneley waves,
love waves, dispersion curves, Free oscillations of the earth, toroidal and spheroidal oscillations, normal
modes of a homogeneous sphere.
UNIT II: EARTH STRUCTURE AND LOCATION
Travel time table: the ray parameter and seismic rays, time distance curves for local and teleseismic
events, Inversion of travel times for earths structure, the method of Herglotz and Wichert, Preliminary
location of earthquakes, refining the locations, review of various types of field observations, salient
features of seismograms with description of different seismic phases.
UNIT-III: EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PROCESS
Uniqueness and reciprocal theorems, Greens tensor for a uniform medium, mathematical models of
earthquake source, radiation pattern for P & S waves from a shear fault, the fault plane solutions.
UNIT IV: EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS AND SEISMIC ZONING
Earthquake parameters: Intensity and magnitude scales, seismic moment, relation between parameters,
scaling laws, seismic zoning, seismicity, induced seismicity, earthquake prediction, discrimination
between earthquakes and explosions.
Recommended Books:
(1) Elementary Seismology: C.F. Richter
(2) Introduction to theory of seismology : K.E. Bullen
(3) Seismology and Plate Tectonics: David Gubbins
(4) Seismic waves and Sources: A. Ben-Menham & S.J. Singh
(5) Modern Global Seismology: Lay & Wallace
(6) Seismology: Shearer

17

GP-302: Gravity & Magnetic Prospecting

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
Unit I: Basic Principles
Principles of Gravity and Magnetic methods, concept of Geoid, Spheriod, a review of magnetic field of
the Earth, relation between gravity and magnetic potential, variation of gravity with elevation and depth,
determination of density, isostasy and gravity, Magnetization of rocks-Dia, Para- and Ferromagnetism,
Magnetic susceptibility of rocks and their ranges, Artificial versus natural source Methods.
Unit-II : Instrumentation
Gravity Prospecting Instruments: Absolute versus Relative measurements of Gravity, Pendulum
apparatus, stable and unstable gravimeters, calibration of gravimeters, LaCoste-Romberg gravimeter,
Worden gravimeter.
Magnetic Prospecting Instruments: Fluxgate magnetometers, Proton precession magnetometers, optical
pumping instruments, Schmidts horizontal and vertical magnetometrs.
UNIT-III: Gravity and Magnetic Surveys:
Gravity survey on land: setting up of a base station, tide and drift corrections, the reduction of gravity
data: the latitude adjustment, the elevation adjustment, the excess mass adjustment, terrain correction,
Gravity anomalies, Plan of conducting ground magnetic surveys, corrections applied to magnetic data,
Airborne magnetic surveys and magnetic gradient surveys.
UNIT-IV: Interpretation
Separation of residual and regional anomalies: Graphical method, direct computation, second derivative
method, polynomial fitting method, depth rules, gravitational and magnetic attraction of structures with
various simple shapes, ambiguity in gravity interpretation, model analysis, step model, ribbon model,
Applications of gravity and magnetic methods in oil and mineral exploration.
Recommended Books:
(1) Basic Exploration Geophysics: Robinson
(2) Applied Geophysics: Telford et al.
(3) Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting: Dobrin & Saviet
(4) Geophysical prospecting for oil: Nettleton
(5) Introduction to Geophysical Exploration: Keary & Brooks
(6) Gravity and Magnetic methods of prospecting: B.S. Rama Rao & IVR Murthy

18

GP-303: Groundwater Geophysics

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours

Special notes:
Nine questions will be set and the students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have five to ten parts. Answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question No. 1, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
Unit I
Concept of hydrogeophysics, hydrology in relation to other sciences, hydrosphere, hydrologic cycle,
surface and subsurface distribution of water, origin of ground water, springs, hydrometeorology,
precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, seepage, infiltration and runoff and methods of
measurement, chemical quality of ground water, its comparison with ocean and surface water.
Unit II
Hydrological properties of water bearing materials, porosity, void ratio, permeability, transmissivity,
storativity, specific yield, specific retention, diffusivity, field and laboratory method for determining
permeability, movement of ground water and aquifer performance tests, Darcys Law and its range of
validity, theory of groundwater flow under steady and unsteady conditions: determination of
permeability, transmissivity and storativity by discharge methods.
Unit III
Mode of occurrence of ground water, classification of rocks with respect to their water bearing
characteristics, aquifers, Aquiclude, aquitards, classification of aquifers, remote sensing studies for water
resources evaluation. Ground water exploration and management, water balance studies, hydrograph
analysis, conjunctive and consumptive use of ground water, water well drilling, development of wells,
concept of artificial recharge.
Unit IV
Monitoring the health of groundwater reservoir, Use of geophysical well logs to estimate water quality,
Use of Gamma logs for aquifer monitoring, Use of IP for groundwater contamination, application of
electrical and seismic methods for ground water problems.
Recommended Books:
1. A textbook of geomorphology (east West press). P.G. Worcester
2. Groundwater hydrology (John Wiley and Sons), David K. Todd
3. Principles of Hydrology, Ward
4. Handbook of Applied Hydrology, V.T. Chow
5. Introduction to groundwater Hydrology, Heath Trainer
6. Hydrology. O. Meinzer
7. Hydrogeology (John Wiley and Sons). Davis, S.N., Dewiest, J.R.N.
8. Groundwater (Tata McGraw Hill), Toman, C.F.
9. Geohydrology (John Wiley and Sons). Dewiest, J.R.N.
10. Groundwater (Tata McGraw Hill), Walton, W.C.
11. Groundwater (Wiley Eastern Ltd.) H.M. Raghunath
12. Basic Exploration Geophysics. Robinson
13. Hydrogeophysics (Kluwer Publishers), Y.Rubin and S. Hubbard

19

GP 304: Electrical Prospecting

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 is compulsory and
based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answer should not be
in yes and no. In addition to Question 1, there will be four unit question paper each containing two
questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from each unit.
Unit I Introduction to electrical methods
A rapid review of the method and techniques of electrical prospecting and their classifications. Electrical
properties of rocks, electrical properties of rock and their measurement, anisotrophy and its effect on
electrical fields. The geoelectric section and geological section. Basic concept on natural electric field.
Unit II Induced Polarization and Self Potential method
Electrode configuration, the choice of method and choice of site measurement, presentation of measured
data.
S.P. Method: Origin of self potential, theoretical and experimental basis of S.P. method, field of polarized
conducter, sphere and cylinder, determination of ore body parameter, downward continuation of S.P. data
I.P method: Sources of I.P, Membrane and electrode potential, time domain and frequency domain
measurement of IP, chargeability, percent frequency effect and metal factor, dipole theory of I.P.,
transformation of time domain to frequency domain data
Unit III Resistivity Methods
D.C. resistivity method, fundamental laws, thepotential distribution at the surface of horizontally
stratified earth, Stefanescus expression: Kernel function and its relation to subsurface parameters, Flathe
and Pekeris recurrence relation: principle of equivalence, principle of superposition and principle of
suppression. Apparent resistivity function, computation of apparent resistivity model curves, vertical
electrical sounding
Resistivity Transform, Method of determination of resistivity transform, Asymptotic method, Complete
curve matching, auxillary point method, equivalent curve matching using maxima and minima, Dar
Zurruck curve, Direct interpretation method, application of linear filter theory for resistivity
interpretation.
Unit IV EM and Telluric/ magneto telluric method
Principles of EM prospecting, various EM methods, passive source and active source methods, theory of
EM induction; elliptical polarization, Airborne electromagnetic survey.
Telluric methods: Theory of telluric method, field procedure and method of measurement, analysis of
telluric field data, Magnetotelluric method, processing and interpretation of M.T. data.
Recommended Books :
1. Electrical method of geophysical prospecting: Keller, G.V. and Frish Knecht,
2. Geosounding principles: Koefoed, O.
3. The application of Kernel functions in neterpretating geoelectrical measurements, Geoexploration
monograph series no. 2Gebruder, Brorntraegr, Berlin : Koefoed, O.
4. Direct current geoelectric sounding: Bhattacharya, B.K. and Patra, H.P.
5. Principles of direct current prospecting Gebruder: Kunetz, G.
6. Interpretation theory in applied geophysics, Mg Graw Hill Co. N.York

20

7. Kaufman and Keller, The Magnetic Sounding Methods: Grant, F.S. and West, G.B.,
8. Geoelectromagnetism: Wait, J.R.,
9. Time varying geoelectric sounding: Patra and Mallick, K.

21

GP-305: Geophysical Lab-III

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
1. Exposure to earthquake instruments available in the department
2. Identification of seismic phases on seismograms
3. Location of epicenters
4. Fault plane Solutions
5. Frequency magnitude analysis of earthquake data
6. Estimation of source parameters of earthquakes
7. Estimation of magnitudes of earthquake
8. Exposure to seismological soft wares like PITSA, SEISAN etc.

22

GP-306: Geophysical Lab-IV

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
1. Exposure to the electrical, magnetic and gravity instruments available in the department
2. Interpretation of VES data using partial curve matching, computer programs and filtering
techniques
3. Preparing electrical sections and correlation with lithological logs
4. Reduction of gravity data, Applications of drift correction, Free air correction, Bouguer
correction.
5. Calculation of Free Air Anomalies & Bouguer anomalies and their interpretation
6. Estimation of Bouguer density using Nettleton mrthod
7. Calculation of Gravity and Magnetic effects due to simple shapes bodies.
8. Reduction of magnetic data
9. Interpretation of magnetic data using various techniques

23

GP-401: PETROPHYSICS AND WELL LOGGING

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 is compulsory and
based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answer should not be
in yes and no. In addition to Question 1, there will be four unit question paper each containing two
questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from each unit.
UNIT-I :Reservoir Rocks and Their Petrophysical Parameters
Sedimentary basins; hydrocarbon traps; origin of petroleum; migration and accumulation of petroleum;
properties of subsurface waters and petroleum.
Porosity; factors governing magnitude of porosity; engineering and geological classification of porosity
and its use.
Permeability; classification of permeability; factors governing magnitude of permeability; permeabilityporosity relationship.
Formation resistivity factor (FR ); correlations between FR and tortuosity; correlations between FR and
cementation; correlations between FR and water saturation; correlations between FR and permeability.
Well logging - objectives and its place in geoexploration; wire-line logging vis--vis coring; drilling fluid
and invasion.
Logging practice; depth of investigation and vertical resolution
UNIT-II:Spontaneous Potential (SP) and Natural Gamma Ray Logs
Origin of SP; static SP and its determination; factors affecting shape and amplitude of SP curve; role of
SP log in formation evaluation; estimation of formation water resistivity (Rw ) from SP log.
Sources of natural radioactivity and gamma radiation; geochemical behavior of potassium, thorium and
uranium; radioactivity of shales and clays; simple and spectral gamma ray tool including radiation
detectors; calibration of simple and spectral gamma ray tool; factors affecting gamma ray log response;
depth of investigation and unwanted borehole effects in gamma log; qualitative and quantitative uses of
simple and spectral gamma ray log, How SP log is different from gamma ray log
Temperature and caliper logs- principles and applications
UNIT-III:Porosity Logs
Acoustic Log: Principles; factors affecting acoustic wave velocity; acoustic logging tools- single and
double receiver type tools; borehole compensated systems; cycle skipping in acoustic log; bed thickness
effect on acoustic log; depth of investigation; porosity evaluation of consolidated and uncompacted
sandstones (clean as well as shaly) and carbonates rocks; overpressure identification; seismic
applications.
Density Log: Interaction of gamma rays with matter; principle of density log; energy requirements of
gamma ray sources for density log; measurement tools- single and double detector type; log
characteristics- depth of investigation and bed resolution; porosity measurements and other formation
evaluations; factors affecting porosity measurements; litho-density log- principles and formation
evaluation.
Neutron Log: Interaction of neutrons with matter, neutron sources and neutron detectors, neutron
moderation and principle of neutron log, neutron logging tools- single spacing type, sidewall-neutron
porosity probes, borehole compensated systems; corrections in porosity measurements due to the
presence of shale, rock type, borehole, and cased hole; depth of investigation and source-detector
spacing; calibration of logging systems.
Porosity cross plots.

24

UNIT-IV:Electrical Resistivity Logs

Concept of resistvity in well logging; factors affecting the resistivity of electrolyte bearing rocks.
Unfocussed Resistivity Devices: single-electrode systems and its limitations; normal and lateral
resistivity tools and their limitations; factors affecting normal and lateral resistivity measurements; microresistivity measurements- tools, applications and limitations
Focused Resistivity Devices : principle of measurement, tools and factors influencing resistivity
measurements.
Induction Resistivity Measurements: principle, two-coil induction tool and its geometric factor, focusing
of two coil sonde, skin effect, factors affecting induction resistivity measurements, induction or
electrode..
Interpretation of Well-Log Resistivity Data: Determination of water saturation (SW ) of clean formations
using (i) Archies cross-plot, (ii) Hingle plot (iii) Formation factor comparison method (iii) resistivity
ratio methods (iv) movable hydrocarbon method: Determination of water saturation (SW ) of shaly
formations.
Recommended Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Standard Metods of Geophysical Formation Evaluation : James K. Hallenburg

Practical Formation Evaluation : Robert C. Ransom
The geological Interpratation of Well Logs : Malcolm Rider
Well Logging for Earth Scientists : Darwin V. Ellis
Petrophysics- Theort and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and fluid Transport Properties :
Djebbar Tiab and Erle C. Donaldson

25

GP-402 Physical Oceanography and Marine Geophysics

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 is compulsory and
based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answer should not be
in yes and no. In addition to Question 1, there will be four unit question paper each containing two
questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from each unit
Unit I Physical Oceanography
Physical properties of seawater and methods of determination, distribution of salinity in the oceans,
factors affecting salinity, water masses and water type, TS Diagram, Circulation of currents in major
ocean waves. Tides: Dynamical and equilibrium theory of tides. Marine pollution, steps to control marine
pollution, Laws of seas, Coastal zone management
Unit II Dynamical Oceanography
Equation of motion in a rotating and translating coordinate system, Coriollis force term and other terms,
Non linear term in equation of motion, Brunt Viasala frequency, Geopotential surface and isobaric
surface, wind driven ocean circulation, Ekman Solution, Vorticity.
Unit III Marine exploration
Resource potential for offshore areas, Geophysical continental margins, type of continental margins,
geophysical evidences for evolution of Atlantic type continental margins, Characteristic geophysical
signatures for transitional crust, isostatic 2D gravity anomalies, sea floor magnetic anomalies and their
interpretation.
Unit IV
Geophysical studies for active continental margins, Seismicity, volcanism, heat flow studies, seismic
surveys along island arc-trench areas, seismic expression for subduction and crustal deformation, paired
gravity anomalies over island arc trench areas and their interpretation. Geophysical exploration for
continental Margins of India and Andman shelves, brief review on the hydrocarbon exploration for the
Indian continental margin.
Reccomended Books:
1. The Earth, Tarbuck and Lutgens
2. Descriptive Physical oceanography, Pickard Lmerv
3. Estuaries- Introduction, Dyer
4. Oceanography, Ross
5. Dynamical Ocenography, Pond and Pickard
6. The Sea, Hill
7. Nettleton, Gravity and Magnetics in Oil prospecting
8. McQuillin and Ardus, Exploring the geology of shelf area

26

GP-403: SEISMIC PROSPECTING

Max. Marks:60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No.1 is compulsory and
based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answer should not be
in yes and no. In addition to Question 1, there will be four unit question paper each containing two
questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from each unit
UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTAL OF PROSPECTING
Motivation for Seismic Prospecting, Oil Exploration, Mining and Engineering Application, Principles
and Physical Basis of Seismic prospecting: Types of Elastic Waves, Reflection, Refraction and
Transmission Coefficients, Expression for wave velocities, Factors affecting wave velocities in Rocks.
UNIT-II: DATA ACQUISITION
Seismic Sources: Explosive and Non-Explosive Sources, Seismic Refraction Method: Travel Time
Equation for Simple one layer case and for variable velocity case. Expressions for dipping layer and
faulted bed cases. Gardener delay time method. Hidden layer problems. Field techniques for refraction
survey, fan shooting.
Seismic Reflection Method: The travel time equations for horizontally layered medium, Expression for
dipping interfaces, Field techniques for reflection survey: Split Spread, End on Spread, Broad side
configurations. 2D/3D configurations, Common depth point technique, Presentation formats for
Seismograms, Selection of field survey parameters.
UNIT-III: SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING
Data processing sequence, Static and Dynamic Correction, weathering and datum corrections, CDP
stacking, Migration and depth section preparation.
Velocity depth determination: Velocity-depth relation for measurements in boreholes, velocity depth
relation from surface observations, the T 2-X2 method, the T- T method, the hyperbola method.
Noise Elimination method: The structure of noise and its classification using frequency and spatial
filters(arrays), Multiples identification, Suppression of multiples, VSP.
UNIT-IV: SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION
Mapping of Hydrocarbon bearing and water bearing structures, geological interpretation, Structural and
Stratigraphic traps, direct detection of hydrocarbons, pattern recognition, Seismic attribute analysis.
Recommended Books:
1. Dobrin, M.B
Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting
2. W.M.Telford et al Applied eophysics
3. Keary and Brooks Introduction to Geophysical Exploration
4. Waters, R.H..
Reflection Seismology
5. Robinson
Basic Exploration Geophysics
6. Sheriff, R.E
Seismic Stratigraphy
7. Nelson, H.R
New technologies in Exploration Geophysics
8. Lavergne, M.
Seismic Methods
9. Robertson

27

GP-404: Geophysical Inversion

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
Unit-I:
Forward problems versus Inverse problems, continuous inverse problem, discrete inverse problem,
formulation of inverse problems and their reduction to a matrix problem, linear inverse problems,
classification of inverse problems, least squares solution and minimum norm solution, concept of norms,
concept of a priori information, constrained linear least squares inversion, review of matrix theory.
Unit-II
Introduction to finite difference method, forward, backward and central difference method, Application
of finite difference method for solving Helmholtz equation.
Introduction to finite element method, various steps, simple examples showing application of finite
element method.
Unit-III
Model and Data spaces, householder transformation, data resolution matrix, model resolution matrix,
eigen values and eigen vectors, singular value decomposition (SVD), generalised inverses, Non-linear
inverse problems, Gauss Newton method,, steepest descent (gradient) method, Marquardt-Levenberg
method, Earthquake location problem, tomography problem.
Unit-IV
Probabilistic approach of inverse problems, maximum likelihood and stochastic inverse methods,
Backus-Gilbert method, Global optimization techniques: genetic algorithm, simulated annealing methods,
examples of inverting geophysical data.
Recommended Books:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory: William Menke

Deconvolution & Inversion: V.P. Dimri
Geophysical Data analysis: Understanding Inverse problem theory & Practice: Max A. Meju
Time series analysis and inverse theory for Geophysicists: David Gubbins
Inverse problem theory methods for data fitting and model parameter estimation : I. Tarantola

28

GP-405: Geophysical Lab-V

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
1. Seismic Survey using engineering seismograph
2. Two layer and three layer problems of seismic refraction method for horizontal and dipping
interface
3. Identification of faults on seismic refraction data
4. Static and Dynamic corrections to seismic data
5. NMO stretching effect
6. Interpretation of reflection data using T2 X2 method, T-T method etc.
7. Estimation of different types of velocities in Seismic method
8. Exposure to seismic data processing

29

GP-406: Geophysical Lab-VI

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Exercises based on:
(1) Eigen values and Eigen vectors
(2) Formulation & Solution of inverse problems
(3) Linear estimation of parameters
(4) Constrained and Unconstrained least square inversion
(5) SVD analysis
(6) Different techniques of Geophysical Inversion

30

GP-501: Near Surface Geophysics

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
Unit-I: Introduction
Man and Environment, Near Surface Geophysics: Introduction, Practitioners and Users, Traditional and
Emerging views of Near Surface- Geophysics, Concepts and Fundamentals, Special Challenges
associated with near Surface Geophysics. Rock Physics Principles for Near-Surface Geophysics:
Description of the Geological Material, Conditions in the Near Surface of the Earth, Density, Electrical
Properties, Elastic Wave Velocities.
Unit-II: Geophysical Techniques in Near Surface studies
Review of Seismic, Gravity, Magnetic and Electrical methods, Applications of these methods to
Environmental and Engineering studies: Delineation of structural trends, contacts and faults,
microgragravity detection of subsurface voids and cavities, detection of Archaeological objects, Mapping
of fracture zones, reflection profiling in ground water studies, dam site investigations, evaluation of
acquifer potentional, Investigation of waste dump sites.
Unit-III: Ground-Penetrating Radar
Introduction, Electromagnetic Theory, Physical properties, EM wave properties, GPR Instrumentation,
Modeling of GPR Responses, Survey Design, Data processing, Interpretation, Case Studies and Pit falls.
Unit-IV:GIS Applications in Near surface Geophysics
Concept of Digital Image in Remote Sensing, Image preprocessing, rectification, enhancements and
analysis, Digital Image processing procedures, Band ratioing and NDVI, GIS applications in integrated
ground water resources mapping, site suitability studies and utilities management, GIS applications for
engineering, environmental problems, landfill sites and solid waste management,

Recommended Books:
1.Near-Surface Geophysics Edited by Dwain K. Butler
2.Applied Geophysics by W. M. Telford et al.
3.Experiments in Engineering Geology by KVGK Gokhale and D M Rao
4. Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics Edited by Stanley H.Ward
5. Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, P.V.Sharma

31

GP-502 NON LINEAR GEOPHYSICS

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
UNIT-I: NON LINEAR ELASTICITY
Kinematics of Deformation: Deformation gradient tensor, the strain tensors, homogeneous deformations,
deformation of surface and volume elements, material and spatial coordinates, analysis of stress, Cauchy
and Poila stresses, Cauchys stress tensor, Cauchs equation of motion, balance laws, Constitutive
equations for elasticity.
UNIT-II: NON LINEAR WAVES
Linear Wave equation, dispersion relation, non linear equations, effect of non linearity, difussive waves,
dispersive waves, Solotary waves, soliton, Schrondinger equation, relationship between KdV and
Schrondinger equation.
UNIT-III NON LINEAR SYSTEM
Geometerical view of Dynamical system, Singular points, Limit cycles, Phase plane trajectories,
bifurcation diagram, examples of bifurcation equations, Chaotic dynamics, stochastic description of
dynamical system, various types of bifurcation, Catastrophe theory in Geophysics.
UNIT-IV FRACTALS AND MULTIFRACTALS
Self Similarity, Self affinity, Cantor sets, Fractal dimension of geometry, fractal in time series, Box
Correlation integral method, counting method, multifractal, Generalized dimension, Dq-q analysis,
Application of fractals and multifractal in earthquake studies, gravity and magnetic field methods.
Recommended Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

T.S. Parkar Deformation of Elastic Solids.

P.L.Bhatnagar Non Linear waves in one dimensional dispersive systems
Derek P.Atherton Stability of Non Linear Systems
Nicolis and Nicolis, Irreversible Phenomenons and dynamical system analysis in geosciences
B.B.Mandelbrot, The fractal geometry of nature
Parker and O.L.Chua Practical Numerical Algorithms for Chaotic System
D.L.Turcotte Fractals in Geophysics
V.P.Dimri Applications of fractals in Geophysics

32

GP-503: Geophysical Lab-VII

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
(A) Exercises based upon:
(i)

SP log

(ii)

Natural Gamma Log

(iii)

Caliper and Temperature Log

(iv)

Resistivity Log
(a) Micro log
(b) latero log
(c) induction log

(v)

Porosity Logs:
(a) Neutron log
(b) Acoustic log
(c) Density log

(B)

Exercises based on

(i) Design of optimum wiener filter

(ii) Exercises on Seismic Signal Processing softwares like PITSA, GEODEPTH, FOCUS etc

33

GP-504: Geophysical Lab-VIII

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Problems/Case studies based on Geophysical Methods including:
(i)

Seismology

(ii)

Exploration Seismology

(iii)

Seismic Signal Processing

(iv)

Gravity & Magnetic Methods

(v)

Electrical Methods

(vi)

Geophysical Well logging

(vii)

Remote Sensing & GIS

34

GP-506: Computational Seismology

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
Unit I Strong motion seismology
Concept of strong motion: Characteristics of earthquake strong ground motion, time domain and
frequency domain parameters of strong ground motion, strong motion array and recorder, dynamics of
vibration, vibration of a single degree of freedom system, earthquake response spectra, Strong motion
networks in India
Modelling of strong ground motion: Stochastic modelling technique, Empirical Greens function
technique, Semi empirical technique and Composite source modelling technique.
Unit II Attenuation Studies
Wave attenuation: geometrical spreading, scattering and intrinsic attenuation, Quality factor Q and its
estimation using frequency domain methods, origin of coda waves, coda-Q and its estimation, estimation
of frequency indedependent and frequency dependent Q using strong ground motion, simultaneous
estimation of source parameters and Q, concept of 3-D Q and its estimation.
Unit III Engineering seismology
Concept of earthquake hazard, vulnerability and risk, probabilistic versus deterministic approach of
estimating earthquake hazard, Regression analysis for estimating peak ground motion, microzonation,
site amplification, concept of earthquake resistant design, Indian earthquake hazard scenario.
Unit IV: Selected Topics
Seismic tomography Methods, regional and local tomography, 3-D velocity analysis, Receiver
functions, Seismicity based studies- b-value, fractal/multifractal analysis, seismic quiescence/gaps. Ray
tracing, Anisotropy, Time predictable model, GPS based studies in seismology.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Quantity Seismology: Aki and Richards

Introduction to seismology: Peter M. shearer
Modern Global Seismology: Lay & Wallace
Earthquake Hazard Analysis: L. Reiter
An introduction to seismology, earthquakes and Earth structure: Stein & Wysession

35

GP-512: Seismic Data Analysis and Reservoir Geophysics

Max. Marks: 60
Time: 3 hours
Special Notes:
(i) Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question no. I will be compulsory
and based on the conceptual aspects of the whole syllabus. It can have 5 to 10 parts. The answers should
not be in yes/no. In addition to question no. I, there will be four units in the question paper each
containing two questions belonging to four units in the syllabus. Students will select one question from
each unit.
Unit-I: Introduction
Objectives of Seismic Signal Processing, Seismic Resolution, Basic data processing sequence: CMP
sorting, Velocity analysis, residual statics corrections, Normal-Moveout Correction, Moveout stretch,
Noise and Multiple Attenuation, f-k filtering, -p filtering, Dip-Moveout correction, CMP stacking, post
stack processing.
Unit-II: Seismic Deconvolution and Seismic Migration
The convolutional Model, Inverse Filtering, Optimum Wiener filters, Predictive deconvolution in
practice, The problem of nonstationarity: Time-Variant deconvolution, gated Wiener deconvolution,
Homomorphic deconvolution, Minimum and Maximum Entropy Deconvolution, Inverse Q Filtering,
Fresnel Zone, Seismic Migration: Mathematical foundation of migration, Migration using wave equation
and finite difference techniques, Pre and Post stack time and depth migration
Unit-III: Seismic Modeling
The role of Seismic Modeling, Concept and example of Physical Models, Seismic Modeling
Approaches, Forward Seismic Modeling, Inverse Seismic Modeling, Application of GLI technique,
Modeling pitfalls.
Unit-IV: Reservoir Geophysics
Reservoir Management, Geophysical Method for Reservoir Surveillance, Analysis of AVO, Acoustic
Impedance Estimation, 4-D Seismic Method, 4-C Seismic Method.
Recommended Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Seismic Data Analysis, Vol. I&II, ZYILMAZ.

Reservoir Geophysics, Robert E.Sheriff.
Seismic Modeling of Geologic Structures, Stuart W.Fagin.
Introduction to Seismic Inversion Method, Brian H.Russell

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