Teaching Program Year 7

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Teaching program
New Century Maths 7 for

the Australian Curriculum
Year 7 topics
Week
Semester 1
Term 1
Week
Semester 2
Term 3
1 Integers
7 Decimals
(Number and Algebra)
2 Angles
8 Area and volume
(Measurement and Geometry)
3 Whole numbers
9 The number plane
(Number and Algebra,

Measurement and Geometry)
9
10
9
Lost time
Term 2
1
2
Lost time
10
Term 4
4 Fractions and percentages

1
2
10 Analysing data
(Statistics and Probability)
5 Algebra and equations
11 Probability
12 Ratios, rates and time
6
7
6 Geometry

8
10
Lost time
Lost time
10
Curriculum strands
Number and Algebra
Measurement and Geometry
Statistics and Probability
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Year 8 topics
Week
Semester 1
Term 1
Week
Semester 2
Term 3
1 Pythagoras theorem
7 Investigating data
(Measurement and geometry)
2 Working with numbers
8 Congruent figures
9 Probability
6
7
3 Algebra
9
10
9
Lost time
Term 2
Lost time
10
Term 4
4 Geometry
10 Equations
5 Area and volume

12 Graphing linear
equations
9
10
9
Lost time
10
Lost time
Curriculum strands
Number and Algebra
Measurement and Geometry
Statistics and Probability
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1 Integers
Time: 3 weeks (Term 1, Weeks 13)
Text: New Century Maths 7, Chapter 1, page 2
NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Number and Algebra

Whole Numbers 2/Number and place value
Investigate everyday situations that use integers. Locate and represent these numbers on a number line (6NA124)
Computation with Integers/Number and place value
Compare, order, add and subtract integers (7NA280)
Carry out the four operations with integers, using efficient mental and written strategies and appropriate digital
technologies (8NA183)
NSW Stage 4 outcomes
A student:
MA4-1WM
communicates and connects mathematical ideas using appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols
MA4-2WM
applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems
MA4-3WM
recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning
MA4-4NA
compares, orders and calculates with integers, applying a range of strategies to aid computation
Introduction
This Number topic introduces formal operations with integers. Students have already been introduced to the idea of
numbers less than zero in primary school but, in this topic, they examine the four arithmetic operations with integers,
so spend considerable time on the introduction and practice of such skills. Although the Australian Curriculum regards
the multiplication and division of integers as being Year 8 content, we have included them here (and in New Century
Maths 8) for consistency and completeness, and due to the need to use them in the Algebra and equations topic.
Content
1 Numbers above and below zero
6NA124
U F PS C
Understand that arithmetic laws provide powerful ways of describing and simplifying calculations and that
using these laws leads to the generality of algebra
2 Integers on a number line

3 Ordering integers
4 Adding integers
6NA124
7NA280
UFC
UFC
7NA280
UFRC
5 Subtracting integers
7NA280
UFRC
6 Multiplying integers
8NA183
UFRC
7 Dividing integers
8 Order of operations
8NA183
8NA183
9 Integers and the calculator

10 Integer problems
UFRC
7NA280
11 Revision and mixed problems
UFC
8NA183
F PS C
FC
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Related topics
Year 7: Whole numbers, Fractions and percentages, Algebra and equations, Decimals, The number plane
Year 8: Working with numbers, Algebra, Equations, Graphing linear equations
Proficiency strands/Working mathematically

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Understanding the concept of integers and operations on them
F = Fluency (applying maths): Selecting appropriate integer operations, including the use of the calculator
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Using integers to solve real-life problems
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Extending the rules for operating with positive numbers to
negative numbers, looking for general patterns in operations with integers (for example, 4 + 7 = 7 4)
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Interpreting and writing integers
Extension ideas
Investigate powers of negative numbers, for example, (1)4. See Power Plus on page 32.
Research the history of negative numbers, zero and Brahmagupta, or the set of integers J.
Teaching notes and ideas

Resources: number line, spreadsheet
Students were introduced to the concept of negative numbers in primary school, namely their position and order, but
not formal operations with them.
Students should also have had experience in Year 6 with positive number lines, timelines and order of operations.
Introduce directed numbers using the idea of opposites, for example north/south, profit/loss, temperatures above and
below zero, AD/BC (now known as CE/BCE), and time before/after take-off. Extend the number line backwards in
order to answer questions such as: 49 = ?
Brahmagupta was a famous Indian mathematician who lived from 598 to 670 CE. He wrote important works about
mathematics and astronomy, and is considered as the discoverer of the number zero. He defined zero as the result of
subtracting a number from itself, and developed calculation rules for positive and negative integers, which he called
fortunes and debts respectively.
Applications of negative numbers: bank balance, temperature, profit and loss, elevators, indoor cricket scores, golf
scores, T minus 5 seconds (5 seconds before take-off)
In addition and subtraction, a negative number implies the opposite operation, that is + (b) = b, and
(b) = + b. Adding a drop of 8 means subtracting 8. Another way of thinking about 3 (4) is to count how many
places there are between 4 and 3 on a number line.
Discover the rules for multiplication through repeated addition.
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Assessment ideas
Writing activities: for example explaining why subtracting a negative number is the same as adding its opposite
Open-ended questions: for example finding two negative numbers whose difference is 4
Have groups of students write a story involving negative numbers or give a presentation to the class
Technology
Investigate on the calculator the difference between (3)2 and 32. How are negative numbers represented on
spreadsheets?
Language
3 is read as negative 3, not minus 3. Students should not confuse the negative sign with the sign for the minus
operation (this is also true on a calculator). Once, negative numbers were written with the sign superscripted; that
is 3 instead of 3.
The NSW syllabus recommends this format for writing integers: 2 3, 7 + (4), 2 (3), and says, Complex
recording formats for directed numbers such as raised signs can be confusing.
Integers refers to positive and negative whole numbers and zero, while the more general term for all positive and
negative numbers is directed numbers.
CE means Common Era, BCE means Before the Common Era, AD means Anno Domini (in the year of our Lord), BC
means before Christ.
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2 Angles
NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Measurement and Geometry

Two-dimensional Space 2/Geometric reasoning
Investigate, with and without digital technologies, angles on a straight line, angles at a point and vertically opposite
angles. Use results to find unknown angles. (6MG141)
Use the language, notation and conventions of geometry. Recognise the geometric properties of angles at a point.
(NSW Stage 4)
Angle Relationships/Geometric reasoning
Identify corresponding, alternate and co-interior angles when two straight lines are crossed by a transversal
(7MG163)
Investigate conditions for two lines to be parallel and solve simple numerical problems using reasoning (7MG164)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-18MG identifies and uses angle relationships, including those related to transversals on sets of parallel lines
Introduction
In this topic, students become familiar with the terminology and notation associated with angles and lines, building on
elementary concepts introduced in primary school. The topic also marks the start of deductive geometry, as students are
introduced to the properties of angles, including alternate, corresponding and co-interior angles on parallel lines. Please
note that the Australian Curriculum considers complementary and supplementary angles, angles at a point, and vertically
opposite angles as being Year 6 content while the NSW syllabus considers them to be Year 7 concepts.
Content
1 Naming angles
6MG141
UC
Use the two alternative conventions for naming angles
2 Measuring and drawing angles
6MG141
Measure, estimate and compare angles in degrees
3 Classifying angles
6MG141, 7MG163
UC
Classify angles according to their sizes
Define and classify angles as acute, right, obtuse, straight, reflex or revolution, and pairs of angles as
complementary, supplementary, adjacent or vertically opposite
4 Complementary and supplementary angles
6MG141
5 Angles at a point and vertically opposite angles
UFC
6MG141
UFC
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6 Constructing parallel and perpendicular lines
7MG163
UC
Construct parallel and perpendicular lines using their properties, a pair of compasses and a ruler, and dynamic
geometry software
7 Corresponding angles on parallel lines

8 Alternate angles on parallel lines
9 Co-interior angles on parallel lines
10 Angles on parallel lines
11 Proving parallel lines
7MG163
7MG164
7MG163
7MG163
UFC
UFC
7MG163
UFC
U F PS R C
U F PS R C
Related topics
Year 7: Geometry
Year 8: Pythagoras theorem, Geometry, Congruent figures

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Using the language, notation and conventions of angle
geometry
F = Fluency (applying maths): Using appropriate notation, rules and properties to solve geometrical problems
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Finding unknown angles in geometry problems
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Proving properties involving angles and parallel lines
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Using angle notation and terminology
Extension ideas
Investigate the history of geometry, Euclid, angle measurement and the Sumerian base 60 system.
Use geometrical instruments to bisect angles and intervals.
Investigate the angle sums of triangles and/or quadrilaterals (covered later this year in the Geometry topic).

Resources: protractor (180 or 360), ruler, set squares, compasses, paper and scissors, charts and posters, geostrips
or Meccano strips, clock or whiteboard compasses (arms form an angle), navigational compass
An angle can be demonstrated using geostrips, whiteboard compasses or even two strips of cardboard fastened
together. Use terms such as quarter-turn, half-turn, complete turn first. In skateboarding jargon, what is a 360 or
a 180?
Angles should be shown in different orientations, not all with horizontal bases. Mark the angle that is being
discussed, otherwise you could be referring to the larger reflex angle.
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According to the Guinness Book of Records, the steepest street in the world is Baldwin Street in Dunedin, New
Zealand. The top of the street has a gradient of 1 in 2.86, which is an angle of 19 to the horizontal. Photos and
videos showing the steepness of Baldwin Street can be found on the Internet.
Organise an orienteering activity to demonstrate the use of angles in compass bearings.
Use scissors, chopsticks, Meccano strips or geostrips to demonstrate properties of vertically opposite angles, and
corresponding, alternate and co-interior angles on parallel lines.
Draw perpendicular lines in different orientations, so that students dont confuse perpendicular with vertical.
The sizes of alternate and co-interior angles may be deduced. Draw two parallel lines cut by a transversal, give the
size of one angle, and ask students to find the size of the other seven and note any patterns.
In their working, encourage students to write, for example, alternate angles on parallel lines and not just alternate
angles. This is because alternate angles exist even when a transversal crosses lines that are not parallel. However, in
those cases the alternate angles are not equal.
Assessment ideas
Design a poster or present a class talk illustrating one or more of the angle properties
Research the history of angle measurement
The meaning of the geometrical term converse, the symbols and , and using letters of the Greek alphabet to
label angles
Technology
There is much scope in this topic to use dynamic geometry software such as GeoGebra. The Internet is full of dynamic
geometry animations that demonstrate the angle results shown in this topic.
Language
Acute is from the Latin acutus meaning sharp while obtuse is from the Latin obtusus, meaning blunt.
Supplementary angles refers to any two angles that have a sum of 180, not necessarily two angles on a straight line
so, when students are giving reasons in proofs, encourage them not to write supplementary angles if they really
mean angles on a straight line. For example, co-interior angles on parallel lines are also supplementary. Similarly,
complementary angles refers to any two angles that have a sum of 90, not necessarily two angles that combine to
make a right angle.
From the NSW syllabus, under Angles: Students are to be encouraged to give reasons when finding unknown
angles. For some students, formal setting out could be introduced. For example, ABQ = 70 (corresponding angles,
AC || PR). Note that the parallel lines must be mentioned.
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3 Whole numbers

Identify and describe factors and multiples of whole numbers and use them to solve problems (5NA098)
Addition and Subtraction 1/Number and place value
Use estimation and rounding to check the reasonableness of answers to calculations (5NA099)
Identify and describe properties of prime, composite, square and triangular numbers (6NA122)
Multiplication and Division 2/Number and place value
Select and apply efficient mental and written strategies and appropriate digital technologies to solve problems
involving all four operations with whole numbers (6NA123)
Indices/Number and place value
Investigate index notation and represent whole numbers as products of powers of prime numbers (7NA149)
Determine and apply tests of divisibility (NSW Stage 4)
Investigate and use square roots of perfect square numbers (7NA150)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-4NA
compares, orders and calculates with integers, applying a range of strategies to aid computation
Introduction
This topic revises mental and written operations with whole numbers before covering special number concepts, such as
powers, roots, prime numbers, factor trees, greatest common divisor (highest common factor) and lowest common
multiple. Analysing properties of numbers leads to the study of pattern and early algebra work. Less able students may
have difficulty with the more abstract concepts in this topic, but factors and square numbers should have already been
introduced in primary school. Please note that the Australian Curriculum considers the divisibility tests as being Years
56 content, while the NSW syllabus considers them to be Year 7 concepts.
Content
1 Rounding and estimating
2 Multiplying numbers
3 Dividing numbers
4 Divisibility tests
5NA099
6NA123
UC
6NA123 U
5NA098, 6NA122, 7NA149
U F PS R C
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Use simple divisibility tests
Understand that if a number is divisible by a composite number then it is also divisible by the factors of that
number
5 Long division
NSW Stage 4
Divide by a two-digit number
6 Extension: Roman numerals
UC
Recognise, read and convert Roman numerals used in everyday contexts, e.g. books, clocks, films
7 Powers and index notation
7NA149
UC
8 Square root and cube root
7NA150
UFRC
9 Prime and composite numbers
UFRC
Define and compare prime and composite numbers and explain the difference between them
10 Prime factors
7NA149
11 Highest common factor
7NA149
U
7NA149
U F PS R C
Solve problems involving lowest common multiples and greatest common divisors (highest common factors) for
pairs of whole numbers, by comparing their prime factorisation
12 Lowest common multiple
7NA149
U F PS R C
Related topics
Year 7: Integers, Fractions and percentages, Algebra and equations, Decimals
Year 8: Pythagoras theorem, Working with numbers, Algebra

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Knowing specific concepts, notations and operations with
whole numbers
F = Fluency (applying maths): Applying appropriate strategies for different situations
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Solving problems using divisibility tests and
prime factors (factor trees)
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Examining general principles in divisibility tests, prime
numbers, greatest common divisors and lowest common multiples
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Using index and root notation, and the language of
factors and divisibility
Extension ideas
Investigate larger Roman numerals and numeration systems of other cultures, including the use of zero and fractions.
Investigate the history of calculation methods, for example Italian multiplication, and Newtons method for finding
square roots.
Learn the names of large numbers such as trillion (see the end of Exercise 3-07 on page 106) or introduce scientific
notation.
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Examine how place value allows the algorithms to work (for example for addition, subtraction, long multiplication
and long division).
Investigate Goldbachs conjecture: every even number except 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.
Research the history of Eratosthenes, Pascal and his triangle, Fibonacci and Fibonacci numbers in nature.
Find divisibility tests for other numbers, such as 7 and 11 (see the end of Exercise 3-04 on page 100).
How did mathematicians find square roots before calculators? Investigate Newtons method for calculating square
roots, or examine irrational numbers and surds.

Resources: The library and the Internet, books on the history of numerals, calculators and spreadsheets
Research the history of the Hindu-Arabic numerals and others, such as Greek, Mayan, Sumerian, Chinese, Papua
New Guinean. How were fractions written in each of these number systems?
Roman numerals are believed to be often used in television and film credits to make it more difficult to identify the
date of production of the film as it becomes older and less current.
Research the invention and history of zero.
This is the first time students learn to divide by a two-digit number (long division). Reinforce estimation skills and
the idea that division is the inverse of multiplication. See the NSW syllabus under Computation with Integers for
ideas.
The GCD (HCF) is useful for simplifying fractions and factorising in algebra. The LCM is useful for adding and
subtracting fractions.
Research the history and achievements of Eratosthenes. The sieve works best when numbers are grouped in rows of
six. See the Worksheet Sieve of Eratosthenes.
As an alternative to factor trees, prime factors can also be extracted by repeated division. See the Skillsheet Prime
factors by repeated division.
Common mistake: 9 = 3. The square root of a number is a single positive value, so
9 = 3 only. However,
9 = 3, and 9 = 3.
However, the cube root of a positive number is positive, but the cube root of a negative number is negative.
The properties of the square and square root of ab will be covered in the Year 8 topic Working with numbers.
Assessment ideas
Research the history of number or one of the numeration systems.
Vocabulary test
An investigation project on one or more of the areas of this topic
Technology
Investigate powers and roots on scientific calculators, graphics calculators and spreadsheets. Use spreadsheets and CAS
calculators to find greatest common divisors (GCD).
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Language
There is a lot of mathematical jargon in this topic, especially with words that have other everyday meanings, such as
prime, composite, factor and index. How are the words square and cube in this topic related to their geometrical
meanings?
Examine the origin of mathematical symbols. The meaning and origin of the radical sign for square root and cube
root may be explored.
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Fractions and Decimals 2/Fractions and decimals
Find a simple fraction of a quantity where the result is a whole number, with and without digital technologies
(6NA127)
Fractions, Decimals and Percentages/Real numbers
Compare fractions using equivalence. Locate and represent fractions and mixed numbers on a number line. (7NA152)
Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions, including those with unrelated denominators
(7NA153)
Multiply and divide fractions and decimals using efficient written strategies and digital technologies
(7NA154)
Express one quantity as a fraction of another, with and without the use of digital technologies (7NA155)
Connect fractions, decimals and percentages and carry out simple conversions (7NA157)
Find percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a percentage of another, with and without digital
technologies (7NA158)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-5NA
operates with fractions, decimals and percentages
Introduction
This topic covers formal operations with fractions and some introductory work with percentages. In Years 56, students
learned to: find equivalent fractions; simplify fractions; add and subtract fractions with related denominators (where one
is a multiple of the other); convert between fractions, decimals and percentages; and find simple fractions and
percentages of a quantity. Although the advancement of computers and the metric system has made decimals more
practical than fractions, fraction skills are still applied in areas such as algebraic fractions, solving equations, ratios and
similar figures.
Content
1 Fractions
7NA152
UFC
Reduce a fraction to its simplest form (NSW Stage 4)
Express improper fractions as mixed numerals and vice-versa (NSW Stage 4)
2 Ordering fractions
7NA152
UFC
3 Adding and subtracting fractions
7NA153
4 Adding and subtracting mixed numerals

5 Fraction of a quantity
6NA127
UFC
UFC
7NA153
UFC
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6 Multiplying fractions
7NA154
UFRC
7 Dividing fractions
7NA154
UFRC
8 Fraction problems
7NA154
F PS C
9 Fractions and the calculator
7NA154
F PS
10 Percentages, fractions and decimals
7NA157
11 Percentage of a quantity
UFC
7NA158
UFC
12 Expressing quantities as fractions and percentages
7NA155, 7NA158
UFC
Related topics
Year 7: Integers, Whole numbers, Algebra and equations, Decimals, Analysing data, Probability, Ratios, rates and time
Year 8: Working with numbers, Algebra, Fractions and percentages, Investigating data, Equations, Probability, Ratios,
rates and time

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Learning the concepts, notations and operations of fractions
and percentages
F = Fluency (applying maths): Applying appropriate fraction and percentage skills to different situations
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Solving a variety of real-life problems using
fractions
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Generalising the rules for multiplying and dividing
fractions
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Using the notations and terminology of fractions,
decimals and percentages
Extension ideas
History of fractions, fractions in ancient number systems, continued fractions
Percentage increase and decrease, GST, discounts, profit and loss, interest, the unitary method (Year 8)

Resources: Cuisenaire rods; pattern blocks; newspaper cuttings of applications of percentages, for example interest
rates, statistical yearbooks and opinion polls; calculators and spreadsheets.
Some students may have trouble seeing why, for example,
1
3
> 15 , since 3 < 5.
Use the Worksheet Pop stick calculator to make icy-pole stick calculators for fractions.
Learn the decimal and percentage equivalents of commonly-used fractions.
Spend considerable time revising equivalent fractions and simplifying fractions, because success in this topic hinges
upon mastery of these basic skills.
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Applications of fractions: adding fractions of an hour for payroll calculations, multiplying for overtime, fractions of
ingredients in a cooking recipe, and converting recipes for different sized serves.
Show that multiplication of fractions is easier if simplification occurs first.
Why is division by a fraction equivalent to multiplication by its reciprocal?
Students were introduced to the concept of a percentage in Years 56.
Students can make a collage of newspaper clippings on the applications of percentages. Examine an advertising claim
that uses percentages.
Assessment ideas
Poster showing applications of fractions and percentages, or the history of fractions and percentages
Writing activities involving fraction stories
Open-ended questions, for example: Find two fractions whose product is
4
5
Technology
Use spreadsheets to convert fractions to decimals and percentages.
Language
From the NSW syllabus, under Fractions, Decimals and Percentages: The word fraction comes from the Latin
word frangere, meaning to break.
Fractions of the form
a
b
are actually called common fractions. Decimals, percentages and ratios are other types of
fractions.
The reciprocal of a number is the value which if multiplied by that number gives the product of 1. What is the
everyday meaning of the word reciprocal?
The word cent comes from the Latin centum meaning one hundred, so per cent means out of one hundred. The %
.
symbol is a modified form of
100
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5 Algebra and equations

NSW/Australian Curriculum reference: Number and Algebra

Computation with Integers/Number and place value
Apply the associative, commutative and distributive laws to aid mental and written computation (7NA151)
Algebraic Techniques 1 and 2/Patterns and algebra
Introduce the concept of variables as a way of representing numbers using letters (7NA175)
Create algebraic expressions and evaluate them by substituting a given value for each variable (7NA176)
Extend and apply the laws and properties of arithmetic to algebraic terms and expressions (7NA177)
Equations/Linear and non-linear relationships
Solve simple linear equations (7NA179)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-8NA
generalises number properties to operate with algebraic expressions
MA4-10NA
uses algebraic techniques to solve simple linear and quadratic equations
Introduction
Algebraic rules and procedures often appear meaningless to students if we do not take their level of mental development
into account. The Australian Curriculum introduces algebra to Year 7 by generalising number laws and patterns,
especially the commutative, associative and distributive laws of arithmetic. This topic covers elementary algebraic
concepts, such as variables, algebraic abbreviations and substitution. Students are also introduced briefly to simple
equations and three methods of solution: guess, check and improve, balancing, and backtracking. The next algebra
topic, in Year 8, will cover more formal algebraic operations.
Content
1 The laws of arithmetic
UFRC
Understand that arithmetic laws provide powerful ways of describing and simplifying calculations and that
using these laws leads to the generality of algebra
2 The distributive law

3 Variables
7NA151
7NA151
7NA175, 7NA177
UFRC
UFRC
Recognise and use equivalent algebraic expressions (NSW Stage 4)
4 From words to algebraic expressions
7NA177
U F PS R C
Move fluently between algebraic and word representations as descriptions of the same situation
5 Substitution
6 Equations
7NA176
7NA179
U F PS C
UFRC
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7 One-step equations
7NA179
UFR
8 Two-step equations
7NA179
UFR
9 Equation problems
7NA179
F PS R C
Solve real-life problems by using pronumerals to represent unknowns
Related topics
Year 7: Integers, Whole numbers
Year 8: Algebra, Equations, Graphing linear equations
Proficiency strands/working mathematically

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Learning algebraic concepts and operations
F = Fluency (applying maths): Applying algebra effectively to describe general rules and solve equations and
problems
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Using equations to model and solve a problem
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Using algebra to describe general rules about operations
with numbers, analysing the logic behind methods of solving equations
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Understanding the concept of a variable and algebraic
notation to generalise rules and equations
Extension ideas
History of algebra
The formal laws of arithmetic
Adding and subtracting like terms, multiplying and dividing terms
Graphical solutions of equations
Substitution involving harder expressions and formulas
Equations and formulas
Harder equations, for example those with variables on both sides, with grouping symbols, with x2 or
1
2

Resources: counters, cubes, cups, blocks, envelopes, two-pan scales and other concrete materials for modelling
variables in equations
Algebra can be a difficult topic for students to understand. Spend time developing each skill before moving on;
practise and revise often.
Aim to teach this topic at an elementary level suitable for the ability of your class. Keep examples simple at Year 7
level. Avoid the temptation to jump into more formal and complex algebraic operations and equations, such as
collecting like terms, expanding and factorising (Year 8), unless your students are advanced.
Stress that a variable does not stand for an object but for the number of objects. Demonstrate the usefulness and
power of variables in formulas, such as the formulas for the perimeter of a square and rectangle.
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Even if we do not know the value of a variable or term, we can still collect them. For example, 3 lots of x plus 4 lots
of x equals 7 lots of x.
Determine and justify whether a simplified or equivalent expression is correct by substituting a number.
Stress that the goal of solving an equation is to have the variable on its own on the left-hand side of the equation and
the value on the right-hand side.
The balancing and backtracking methods of solving equations are quite similar when written algebraically; the
difference is in their models (and explanation).
The process of undoing (backtracking) or balancing needs to be explained and reinforced early. Use a putting on
socks and shoes analogy to explain why undoing an equation must be performed in precise reverse order. We
undo the last thing first.
When solving a word problem, identify the unknown quantity and give it a name, such as x. After solving, check that
the solution sounds reasonable.
Assessment ideas
Research assignment or poster on the laws of arithmetic, the history/meaning of algebra
Writing activity on the use of variables or the method(s) of solving an equation
Technology
Spreadsheets, graphics calculators and GeoGebra can be used in substitution and guess, check and improve solutions
for equations. CAS (computer algebra systems) calculators can be used to simplify expressions, evaluate expressions
and solve equations.
Language
Algebra comes from the Arabic word al-jabr, meaning restoration or the process of adding the same amount to
both sides of an equation. In 825 CE, the Arabic mathematician al-Khwarizmi wrote a book called Hisab al-jabr
wal-muqabala (The science of equations).
Commutative comes from commute, which means travelling between two places, and the commutative laws involve
operating with two numbers in any order.
Associative comes from association, which means a partnership or union, and the associative laws involve operating
with three or more numbers in any order.
Distributive comes from distribute, which means to spread out, and the distributive law involves spreading out a
difficult multiplication across two simpler multiplications.
Variable means can be changed; pronumeral means stands for a numeral; substitute: means replace (as in
basketball); evaluate means to find the value of; simplify means write in shortest, reduced form; expression refers
to a phrase involving terms and arithmetic operations, such as 2a + 5; equation refers to a mathematical sentence
involving an expression and an equals sign, such as 2a + 5 = 13.
Encourage students to set out their equations neatly with equals signs aligned in the same column.
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6 Geometry
NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Measurement and Geometry

Two-dimensional Space 2/Location and transformation
Investigate combinations of translations, reflections and rotations, with and without the use of digital technologies
(6MG142)
Properties of Geometrical Figures 1/Geometric reasoning
Classify triangles according to their side and angle properties and describe quadrilaterals (7MG165)
Demonstrate that the angle sum of a triangle is 180 and use this to find the angle sum of a quadrilateral (7MG166)
Properties of Geometrical Figures 1/Location and transformation
Describe translations, reflections in an axis, and rotations of multiples of 90 on the Cartesian plane using
coordinates. Identify line and rotational symmetries. (7MG181)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-17MG classifies, describes and uses the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals, and determines congruent
triangles to find unknown lengths and angles
Introduction
This topic revises and extends transformation and symmetry concepts before introducing geometrical terminology
and properties associated with triangles and quadrilaterals. While students have conducted some exploratory work with
two-dimensional figures in primary school, in this topic they begin examining some more formal definitions and
properties, including angle sums.
Content
1 Transformations
6MG142
2 Composite transformations
6MG142, 7MG181
UFRC
Describe patterns and investigate different ways to produce the same transformational changes, such as using
two successive reflections to provide the same result as a translation
3 Line symmetry
7MG181
4 Rotational symmetry
5 Classifying triangles
7MG165
7 Exterior angle of a triangle

8 Classifying quadrilaterals
UF
7MG181
6 Angle sum of a triangle
UC
UF
UFRC
7MG166
7MG166
7MG165
U F PS R
U F PS R
UFRC
Describe squares, rectangles, rhombuses, parallelograms, kites and trapeziums
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9 Angle sum of a quadrilateral

10 Properties of quadrilaterals
7MG166
7MG165
U F PS R
UFRC
Related topics
Year 7: Angles, The number plane
Year 8: Pythagoras theorem, Geometry, Area and volume, Congruent figures

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Learning geometrical concepts, definitions, terminology and
notation
F = Fluency (applying maths): Applying correct procedures, language and notation to solve geometrical problems
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Find unknown angles in geometrical problems
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Using logic and reasoning to explore and deduce
geometrical ideas and properties
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Using the terminology of transformations, triangles,
quadrilaterals and their properties
Extension ideas
Investigate the history of geometry, Euclid
Explore tangrams, polyominoes, tessellations, Escher art
Convex versus non-convex quadrilaterals (Year 8)
Angle sum of a polygon, inclusive properties of quadrilaterals (for example, a square is a special type of rectangle)
(Year 9)
From the NSW syllabus, under Properties of Geometrical Figures 1: Students who recognise class inclusivity and
minimum requirements for definitions may address this Stage 4 outcome concurrently with Stage 5 Space and
Geometry outcomes, where properties of triangles and quadrilaterals are deduced from formal definitions. For
example, is a rhombus a trapezium?
Deductive geometry problems involving properties of triangles and quadrilaterals

Resources: ruler, set squares, compasses, protractors, paper and scissors, charts and posters
From the NSW syllabus, under Properties of Geometrical Figures 1: At this Stage, the treatment of triangles and
quadrilaterals is still informal, with students consolidating their understandings of different triangles and
quadrilaterals and being able to identify them from their properties. A range of examples of the various triangles and
quadrilaterals should be given, including quadrilaterals containing a reflex angle and figures presented in different
orientations.
Proving properties of quadrilaterals by congruent triangles will occur in the Year 8 topic Congruent figures.
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Give examples and counter-examples of the types of triangles and ask students to describe them in their own words.
You may like to give the meaning first, then the name.
Aim to make this topic as practical as possible. Students should be encouraged to cut out triangles and quadrilaterals
and then measure and fold them to discover their properties.
Draw triangles and quadrilaterals in different orientations: avoid horizontal bias.
Assessment ideas
Vocabulary test
Which quadrilateral am I? puzzles
Writing activities or a poster summary on the properties of triangles and/or quadrilaterals
Technology
There is much scope in this topic to use dynamic geometry software such as GeoGebra. The Internet is full of dynamic
geometry animations that demonstrate the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals shown in this topic.
Language
Use the correct terminology for transformations: a shape is reflected across or in a line (the line of reflection or axis
of reflection), or rotated about a point (the centre of rotation).
From the NSW syllabus, under Stage 3 Two-dimensional Space 1: A shape is said to have rotational symmetry if a
tracing of the shape matches it after the tracing is rotated part of a full turn.
Equilateral comes from the Latin aequus latus, meaning equal side, isosceles comes from the Greek isos skelos,
meaning equal legs, and scalene comes from the Greek skalenos skelos, meaning uneven leg.
Avoid the term base angles in an isosceles triangle because it may be misleading. Instead, use the angles opposite the
equal sides or the two angles at the ends of the side that is not equal to the other sides.
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7 Decimals

Compare, order and represent decimals (5NA105)
Add and subtract decimals, with and without digital technologies, and use estimation and rounding to check the
reasonableness of answers (6NA128)
Multiply and divide decimals by powers of 10 (6NA130)
Fractions, Decimals and Percentages/Real numbers
Multiply and divide fractions and decimals using efficient written strategies and digital technologies (7NA154)
Round decimals to a specified number of decimal places (7NA156)
Connect fractions, decimals and percentages and carry out simple conversions (7NA157)
Investigate terminating and recurring decimals (8NA184)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-5NA
operates with fractions, decimals and percentages
Introduction
Since the introduction of the metric system and computer technology, decimals have replaced the common fraction as
the convention for representing parts of whole numbers. The algorithms from primary school for operating with whole
numbers are now extended to decimals. The first part of this topic revises decimal skills from primary school so, for a
more advanced Year 7 class, this may be revised briefly and/or using a class assignment. Estimation skills and mental
computation strategies should be promoted and reinforced regularly.
Content
1 Ordering decimals
5NA105
2 Decimals and fractions
UFC
7NA157
UFC
Convert terminating decimals to fractions
3 Adding and subtracting decimals
6NA128
U F PS C
4 Multiplying and dividing decimals by powers of 10

5 Multiplying decimals by estimating
6 Multiplying decimals
7NA154
7NA154
6NA130
UF
UFC
7 Dividing decimals by whole numbers
7NA154
U F PS R
UFC
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8 Dividing decimals
7NA154
U F PS R C
9 Terminating and recurring decimals

10 Rounding decimals
11 Decimal problems
7NA156
7NA154
7NA157, 8NA184
UFRC
U F PS C
F PS C
Related topics
Year 7: Whole numbers, Fractions and percentages, Area and volume, Analysing data, Probability, Ratios, rates and
time
Year 8: Pythagoras theorem, Working with numbers, Fractions and percentages, Investigating data, Probability, Ratios,
rates and time

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Understanding decimal concepts, operations and terminology
F = Fluency (applying maths): Applying appropriate techniques and operations with decimals for different
situations
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Solving real-life problems using decimal
operations
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Understanding the logic behind decimal multiplication and
division; observing general patterns in terminating and recurring decimals
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Using the language and notation of terminating and
recurring decimals
Extension ideas
Investigate patterns in the recurring decimals of fraction families
Investigate the value of 0. 9 . Is it really equal to 1?

How are decimals written in other number systems? How are decimals used in scientific notation?
Converting recurring decimals to fractions (Year 9, Stage 5.3)

In primary school, students learn to write, order, add and subtract decimals, multiply and divide decimals by any
number from 2 to 9 and powers of 10 (terminating decimal answers only), and multiply decimals by two-digit
numbers.
Investigate the Dewey classification system for classifying books, as an application of ordering decimals. See the
Worksheet Dewey decimals.
Decimals can be ordered by comparing digits in the same decimal place. Ask students to sort athletic distances/times
and place them in order.
For operations with decimals, encourage students to estimate answers first.
Applications of decimals: shopping, buying fruit, meat, petrol; calculating wages; car odometers (tenths of a
kilometre); stopwatches.
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Some decimals are neither terminating nor recurring. Their digits run endlessly, but without repeating. For example,
2 = 1.4142135 and = 3.1415926
Rounding may be introduced by examining examples of rounding to the nearest dollar, the nearest cent, the nearest
5 cents, the nearest centimetre or the nearest whole number. One-cent and two-cent coins were phased out in
Australia in 1990.
When teaching rounding, include more difficult examples, such as rounding 4.8971 to two decimal places.
Assessment ideas
Topic assignment
Technology
Students may investigate the FIX mode on a calculator or the Format cell function on a spreadsheet for rounding
decimals. Students can use the spreadsheet to order decimals and can explore converting fractions to terminating and
recurring decimals.
Language
deci means tenth (for example, decimate, decimetre, decibel). The word decimal when used to describe fractions is
actually short for decimal fraction.
An anagram of A DECIMAL POINT is IM A DOT IN PLACE.
From the NSW syllabus, under Stage 3 Fractions and Decimals 2: The decimal 1.12 is read one point one two
and not one point twelve.
Terminating means stopping; recurring means repeating.
Note the different ways rounding is described: Approximate, Write correct to, to two decimal places, to the
nearest hundredth.
As with large numbers, when writing long decimals leave a space after every three digits (for example,
3.141 592 65).
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8 Area and volume


Area 1/Using units of measurement
Calculate the perimeter and area of rectangles using familiar metric units (5MG109)
Length 2/Using units of measurement
Connect decimal representations to the metric system (6MG135)
Convert between common metric units of length, mass and capacity (6MG136)
Volume and Capacity 2/Using units of measurement
Connect volume and capacity and their units of measurement (6MG138)
Area/Using units of measurement
Establish the formulas for areas of rectangles, triangles and parallelograms and use these in problem solving
(7MG159)
Volume/Using units of measurement
Calculate volumes of rectangular prisms (7MG160)
Choose appropriate units of measurement for area and volume and convert from one unit to another (8MG195)
Volume/Shape
Draw different views of prisms and solids formed from combinations of prisms (7MG161)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-12MG calculates the perimeters of plane shapes and the circumferences of circles
MA4-13MG uses formulas to calculate the areas of quadrilaterals and circles, and converts between units of area
MA4-14MG uses formulas to calculate the volumes of prisms and cylinders, and converts between units of volume
Introduction
In this Measurement topic, perimeter, area and volume concepts are revised and extended. The emphasis is upon
understanding the meaning of each concept and the decimal relationships between their units. This topic could be partly
assessed by a practical test. Note that this topic also ties Measurement with Geometry (prisms) and Algebra (formulas).
Content
1 The metric system
6MG135, 6MG136
UFC
Recognise the significance of the metric prefixes in units of measurement
Identify and use the correct operations when converting units, including millimetres, centimetres, metres,
kilometres, milligrams, grams, kilograms, tones, millilitres, kilolitres and megalitres
2 Perimeter
5MG109
U F PS R
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3 Metric units for area

4 Area of a rectangle
8MG195
7MG159
5 Area of a triangle
7MG159
6 Area of a parallelogram
U PS R
7MG159
7MG161
9 Metric units for volume
U PS R
7MG159
7 Areas of composite shapes

8 Drawing prisms
U F PS R C
U F PS C
UFC
8MG195
10 Volume of a rectangular prism

11 Volume and capacity
U PS R
U F PS R C
7MG160
U F PS R
6MG136, 6MG138
U F PS C
3
Recognise that 1 mL is equivalent to 1 cm
Related topics
Year 7: Algebra and equations, Geometry, Decimals, Ratios, rates and time
Year 8: Pythagoras theorem, Working with numbers, Algebra, Geometry, Area and volume, Ratios, rates and time

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Learning measurement concepts, terminology and techniques
F = Fluency (applying maths): Selecting correct strategies to convert between metric units and calculate areas and
volumes
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Solving problems involving measurement,
perimeter, area and volume
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Introducing formulas to generalise the rule for calculating
perimeters, areas and volumes; analyse relationships when converting between metric units for length, area and
volume
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Knowing and applying the names of the metric units
Extension ideas
Research the history of measurement, the imperial and metric systems
Pi and the circumference of a circle, areas of special quadrilaterals and circles, volumes of right prisms (8MG196,
8MG197, 8MG198)
Surface area of prisms
Investigate the relationships between volume, capacity and mass of water. Demonstrate that one litre of water has a
mass of 1 kg.

Resources: rulers, trundle wheels, 1 cm grid paper and transparencies, centicubes, measuring containers, base 10
blocks, models and nets of prisms, different-shaped boxes, square dot paper, isometric dot paper
Demonstrate the usefulness and power of variables in formulas, such as the formulas for the perimeters of a square
and rectangle.
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Areas may be found by paper-cutting activities and grid overlays: print out the Worksheet 1 cm grid paper and
photocopy it onto an overhead transparency.
Measure the perimeters and areas of various places around the school: playgrounds, basketball courts, football fields,
or library spaces. Estimate areas of windows, noticeboards, blackboards, desktops, postage stamps. Mark a square
metre or a hectare on the school grounds.
Applications of area: bricks, tiling, wallpaper, or carpeting. Investigate brick walls to determine the number of bricks
per square metre. Investigate areas of rooms, homes, or blocks of land.
Although students have calculated perimeters, areas and volumes of shapes in primary school, this is the first time
they deal with the algebraic formulas for doing so. This is the first application of algebra concepts (variables) from
the Algebra and equations topic.
Draw triangles in different orientations, and include obtuse triangles
Investigate alternative ways of finding composite areas: L-shape, T-shape, U-shape, and trapezium
Many students have trouble drawing solid shapes, so guidance should be given. At this age, many Year 7 students
have difficulty visualising and drawing objects in 3D, especially from different perspectives
Compare measured volumes with labelled capacities of juice packs
Students should not be fooled into thinking that tall, thin containers hold more liquid than short, wide containers
Assessment ideas
A practical test for measuring perimeter, area and volume
A practical project involving outdoor investigation or problem-solving
Technology
Use a spreadsheet to find the largest possible rectangle (in area) for a given perimeter (see Technology, page 323 in the
textbook). Use the Internet to investigate land areas of countries or Australian states.
Language
Discuss the meanings of the prefixes milli, centi, kilo, etc.
Note the different types of length: height, width, breadth, depth, distance, thickness.
In this chapter, we have used the word and abbreviation width (w) rather than breadth (b)for two reasons. Width is
more commonly-understood than breadth, and the variable b is already used for base.
The metric unit of length is spelt metre, not meter. Meter is the US spelling, or refers to a measuring device.
From Stage 4 of the NSW syllabus under Area, and Volume, respectively: The abbreviation m2 is read square
metre(s) and not metre squared or metre square The abbreviation m3 is read cubic metre(s) and not metre
cubed or metre cube.
Trivia: The metric unit of area called are equals 100 m2 so one hectare equals 100 ares (hecto means 100).
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9 The number plane

NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Number and Algebra, Measurement

and Geometry
Position 1/Location and transformation
Use a grid reference system to describe locations (5MG113)
Position 2/Location and transformation
Introduce the Cartesian coordinate system using all four quadrants (6MG143)
Linear Relationships/Linear and non-linear relationships
Given coordinates, plot points on the Cartesian plane, and find coordinates for a given point (7NA178)
Linear Relationships/Location and transformation
Describe translations, reflections in an axis, and rotations of multiples of 90 on the Cartesian plane using coordinates
(7MG181)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-11NA creates and displays number patterns; graphs and analyses linear relationships; and performs
transformations on the Cartesian plane
Introduction
This topic revises and extends number plane and transformation concepts learned in primary school. Number plane
activities may be limited to locating and plotting points, rather than formal coordinate geometry. Locating position and
plotting coordinates were introduced in Years 34 while the four-quadrant number plane (including negative
coordinates) was introduced in Years 56. This Year 7 topic focuses on patterns found when plotting points on the
number plane and when shapes are translated, reflected and rotated on the number plane. The Year 8 topic Graphing
linear equations will examine graphs of algebraic rules on the number plane.
Content
1 Location using coordinates
5MG113
UFC
find a place on a map or in a directory, given its coordinates (NSW)
2 The number plane
6MG143, 7NA178
UFRC
3 The number plane with negative numbers

4 Graphing tables of values
7NA178
6MG143, 7NA178
UFRC
UFR
Plot points from an integer table of values and recognise simple patterns, such as points that lie on a straight line
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5 Transformations on the number plane
7MG181
UFRC
Plot and name the coordinates for P resulting from translating P one or more times, or reflecting P in either the
x- or y-axis, or rotating P by a multiple of 90 about the origin (NSW Stage 4)
Related topics
Year 7: Integers, Geometry
Year 8: Graphing linear equations

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Understanding the concept and terminology of grid references
and the number plane
F = Fluency (applying maths): Plotting and reading coordinates of locations on the number plane
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Analysing general patterns found when locating and
plotting points on the number plane and when transforming shapes on the number plane
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Describing locations and transformations on the
number plane using coordinates
Extension ideas
From the NSW syllabus under Linear relationships: Descartes and Fermat used coordinates to identify points in
terms of positive or zero distances from axes. Isaac Newton introduced negative values.
Investigate latitude and longitude on the world globe, or polar coordinates on a number plane.
Graph points, lines and curves on the number plane (Years 89).

Resources: number line, number plane or grid paper, street map and grids, Battleship games, number plane picture
puzzles
Convert the classroom into a coordinate system of rows and columns.
Stress that order is important with coordinates, for example (2, 5) is not (5, 2). Hence the term ordered pair.
Note that the coordinates on a number plane describe a point, not a rectangular cell as in a road map or a Battleship
game.
Assessment ideas
Research assignment or poster on the number plane
Coordinates and/or terminology test
Technology
Play Battleship games on the computer. Investigate GPS and global coordinates (latitude, longitude).
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Language
From the NSW syllabus under Stage 3 Position 2: The Cartesian plane (commonly referred to as the number
plane) is named after [Ren] Descartes who was one of the first to develop analytical [coordinate] geometry on the
number plane.
Examine the everyday meanings of the words origin, quadrant, coordinate, and how they relate to their mathematical
meanings.
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10 Analysing data
NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Statistics and Probability

Data 2/Data representation and interpretation
Interpret secondary data presented in digital media and elsewhere (6SP148)
Single Variable Data Analysis 1/Data representation and interpretation
Identify and investigate issues involving numerical data collected from primary and secondary sources (7SP169)
Construct and compare a range of data displays including stem-and-leaf plots and dot plots (7SP170)
Single Variable Data Analysis 2/Data representation and interpretation
Calculate mean, median, mode and range for sets of data. Interpret these statistics in the context of the data. (7SP171)
Describe and interpret data displays using median, mean and range (7SP172)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-19SP
collects, represents and interprets single sets of data, using appropriate statistical displays
MA4-20SP
analyses single sets of data using measures of location and range
Introduction
This Statistics topic revises different types of graphs from primary school before introducing dot plots, stem-and-leaf
plots, statistical measures and analysing data. This is a practical topic, and it is expected that some data will be generated
from student surveys undertaken in class. The mass media, including the Internet, is a rich source of data for statistical
investigation.
Content
1 Interpreting graphs
6SP148
U F PS R C
Identify potentially misleading data representations in the media, such as graphs with broken axes or nonlinear scales, or graphics not drawn to scale
3 Dot plots
7SP170
4 Stem-and-leaf plots
5 The mean and mode
6 The median and range
U F PS R C
Understand that some data representations are more appropriate than others for particular data sets, and answer
questions about those data sets
2 Misleading graphs
7SP170
UFRC
7SP170
7SP171
7SP171
UFRC
U F PS R C
U F PS R C
Use the mean and median to compare data sets and explain how outliers may affect the comparison
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33 of 41
7 Analysing dot plots and stem-and-leaf plots

8 Comparing data sets
7SP169, 7SP172
7SP169, 7SP170
U F PS R C
U F PS R C
Related topics
Year 7: Fractions and percentages, Probability, Ratios, rates and time (travel graphs)
Year 8: Investigating data, Probability

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Knowing the various types of data displays and statistical
measures
F = Fluency (applying maths): Reading and interpreting graphs, calculating and analysing statistics, comparing data
sets
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Analysing data to solve problems, drawing
conclusions
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Making generalisations and drawing conclusions from
statistical displays and measures
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Representing data sets on different types of statistical
graphs and displays
Extension ideas
Frequency tables, histograms, polygons (Year 8)
The mean from a frequency table, the mean using the calculators statistics mode (Year 8)
Quartiles, interquartile range (Year 10)

Resources: Spreadsheets, statistical and graphing software, statistical yearbooks and census data from the Australian
Bureau of Statistics, graphs and data from newspapers and magazines, RTA accident statistics.
Compare the strengths and weaknesses of different types of graphs for use with the same set of data.
Collect examples of misleading graphs and the misuse of statistics in the media, including from the Internet.
Sampling, data collection, types of data, frequency histograms and polygons. The statistics mode of a calculator will
be met in the Year 8 topic Investigating data.
The class may be surveyed on a number of characteristics: height, arm span, shoe size, heartbeat rate, reaction time,
number of children in family, number of people living at home, hours slept last night, number of letters in first name,
number of cars or mobile phones owned at home, make/colour of car, mode of travel to school, favourite
television/radio station, reaction time, eye/hair colour, birth month or star sign.
In Australia, a census takes place every five years, in a year ending in 1 or 6.
Students learned to calculate the average of a list of numbers from primary school, but they may not know the word
mean.
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Applications of mean: sports averages, rainfall or temperatures, number of matches in a matchbox, market research.
Applications of mode: number of people in an Australian family, most popular Australian car, ordering stock for a
shop.
Applications of median: wages, house prices.
The range is a measure of spread. Application: daily temperature range.
When is it more appropriate to use the mode or median, rather than the mean, when analysing data? Which is higher,
the mean or median price of Australian houses?
Assessment ideas
Include open-ended questions: The range of a set of eight scores is 10 and the mode is 3. What might the scores be?
Plan, implement and report on a statistical investigation.
Vocabulary test
Investigate the use and abuse of statistics and statistical graphs in the media.
Technology
Explore the statistical and graphing features of a spreadsheet, GeoGebra, Fx-Stat, a graphics/CAS calculator or software.
Visit the Australian Bureau of Statistics website (www.abs.gov.au) particularly the CensusAtSchool page
(www.abs.gov.au/censusatschool) website, or purchase the CD-ROMs.
Language
What is the difference between a graph and a plot?
Median means middle, for example median strip on a highway, or sounds like medium. Mode (French) means
fashionable, or popular.
The mean, median and mode are collectively called measures of location or measures of central tendency.
This topic contains a lot of statistical jargon, and a student-created glossary may be useful.
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11 Probability
NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Statistics and Probability

Chance 1/Chance
Recognise that probabilities range from 0 to 1 (5SP117)
Chance 2/Chance
Conduct chance experiments with both small and large numbers of trials using appropriate digital technologies
(6SP145)
Compare observed frequencies across experiments with expected frequencies (6SP146)
Probability 1/Chance
Construct sample spaces for single-step experiments with equally likely outcomes (7SP167)
Assign probabilities to the outcomes of events and determine probabilities for events (7SP168)
Identify complementary events and use the sum of probabilities to solve problems (8SP204)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-21SP
represents probabilities of simple and compound events
Introduction
This short topic revises and extends probability concepts learned in primary school, such as the language of chance,
sorting events in order of likelihood and listing the possible outcomes of a chance situation. Students will develop a
formal understanding of probability as a calculated value, and compare this against experimental probability (relative
frequency). There are many opportunities here for class discussion, practical lessons and language activities. This topic
will also allow students to apply their number skills with fractions, decimals and percentages.
Content
1 Sample spaces
2 Probability
7SP167
7SP168
3 The range of probability

4 Experimental probability
5 Complementary events
UC
U F PS C
5SP117
U F PS C
6SP145, 6SP146
8SP204
U F PS R
U F PS R C
Related topics
Year 7: Whole numbers, Fractions and percentages, Decimals, Analysing data
Year 8: Investigating data, Probability
36 of 41

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Knowing the terminology, concepts and notations of
probability
F = Fluency (applying maths): Applying probability theory to solve problems
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Using probability theory to investigate problems,
analyse the results of a chance experiment
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Making generalisations and inferences about probability
situations and experiments, including complementary events
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Describing sample spaces, probabilities and
complementary events using the language of chance
Extension ideas
Venn diagrams and two-way tables (Year 8)
Two-stage or three-stage experiments: making lists, tables, tree diagrams
Counting techniques
Investigate probability expressed as odds (ratio)
The addition rule of probability

Resources: dice, coins, counters, spinners, playing cards, probability simulation software
Order cards showing chance words such as unlikely and even chance on an empty number line (see the Worksheet
Chance cards). Match situations or calculated probabilities to chance words. Ask students to write or tell a story, or
complete a cloze passage, involving chance.
Do not assume that all students have had experience with the properties of playing cards: suits, colours, deck of 52.
Be sensitive to religious and cultural differences in attitudes towards gambling.
Explain that a probability of
1
4
means one chance in 4.
Reinforce the ideas of randomness and equally likely outcomes. Discuss the claim: Since traffic lights can show red,
amber or green, the probability that a light shows red is 13 .
Investigate common misconceptions about chance, such as if a coin is tossed and heads comes up five times in a row
then, for the next toss, tails has a better chance than heads.
Do not fall into the trap of thinking of (or teaching) probability as being all about games of chance and gambling.
Investigate the applications of probability in insurance, for example car accidents, home burglaries, life expectancy,
or quality control and sampling. Use the Internet to find quotes on premiums. What factors affect the chances of a
particular car being stolen?
Collect newspaper or Internet articles involving chance, and compare probabilities expressed as fractions, decimals
and percentages. Test a chance game to see if it is fair.
Investigate the frequency of each letter of the alphabet in print or in the Scrabble game.
Investigate games involving dice (Craps, Yahtzee), coins (Two-Up), cards, raffles, spinners, Roulette. Play calculator
cricket or noughts-and-crosses on the computer/Internet. Use real or simulated experiments to find the probabilities
of winning and compare these with theoretical probabilities. Investigate the data from past Lotto draws using the
NSW Lotteries website (www.nswlotteries.com.au).
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Assessment ideas
Vocabulary test or writing activities using the language of chance
Research/investigation involving listing and counting the outcomes of a sample space
Open-ended questions: Write an event that could have a probability of 65%
Design a game or spinner that satisfies some probability specifications
Technology
Random numbers can be generated on a calculator, graphics or CAS calculator, or spreadsheet. The Internet,
spreadsheets and other software may be used to simulate a chance situation such as a lotto draw, coin tosses and dice
throws.
Language
Interpret a probability story. What does 20% chance of rain on the weekend really mean?
Explain the meaning of the following terms: equally likely, random, outcome, event, sample space. What is the
difference between impossible and improbable?
Students should know the difference between an outcome and an event. An event contains one or more outcomes.
How is the use of the word complementary in this topic similar to its use with complementary angles or its everyday
English meaning? Carry out language activities that involve identifying the complement of an event such as There
are fewer than 3 children in a family. This could be done as a matching pairs memory card game.
What is the difference between more than 3 and 3 or more?
Buckleys chance is an old Australian expression meaning little or no chance. (See Just for the record on
page 452.)
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NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Number and Algebra, Measurement

and Geometry
Time 1/Using units of measurement
Compare 12- and 24-hour time systems and convert between them (5MG110)
Time 2/Using units of measurement
Interpret and use timetables (6MG139)
Proportion/Real numbers
Recognise and solve problems involving simple ratios (7NA173)
Financial Mathematics/Money and financial mathematics
Investigate and calculate best buys, with and without digital technologies (7NA174)
Proportion/Linear and non-linear relationships
Investigate, interpret and analyse graphs from authentic data (7NA180)
Time/Using units of measurement
Solve problems involving duration, including 12- and 24-hour time within a single time zone (8MG199)
A student:
MA4-1WM
MA4-2WM
MA4-3WM
MA4-6NA
solves financial problems involving purchasing goods
MA4-15MG performs calculations of time that involve mixed units, and interpret time zones
Introduction
In this topic, students are introduced briefly to ratios, rates and time calculations. Ratios compare parts or shares of
something, and are similar (but not identical) to fractions, so students will be able to apply their mental and calculator
skills with fractions here. Rates compare quantities expressed in different units, for example speed compares the
distance travelled with the time taken. Travel graphs and time calculations are included in this topic because travel
graphs also compare distance with time, while many rates include units of time. Note that this topic links together
concepts in Number, Measurement and Statistics (graphs, timetables).
Content
1 Ratios
7NA173
2 Simplifying ratios
3 Ratio problems
UC
7NA173
7NA173
UFC
U F PS C
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4 Rates
7NA173
UC
5 Best buys
7NA174
U F PS R
6 Rate problems
7NA173
U F PS C
7 Travel graphs
7NA180
U F PS R C
Interpret features of travel graphs, such as the slopes of lines and the meaning of horizontal lines
Time calculations
NSW Stage 4
UFC
Round calculator answers to the nearest minute or hour (NSW Stage 4)
Add and subtract time mentally and with a calculator using the degrees, minutes, seconds button (NSW
Stage 4)
24-hour time
5MG110
10 Time differences
11 Timetables
UFC
8MG199
6MG139
U F PS
U F PS
Related topics
Year 7: Fractions and percentages, Decimals, Area and volume, Analysing data
Year 8: Fractions and percentages, Ratios, rates and time

U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Learning the concepts and operations involving ratios, rates
and time
F = Fluency (applying maths): Applying appropriate concepts and skills to situations
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Solving real-life problems using ratios, rates,
travel graphs and time calculations
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Making generalisations and inferences about best buys and
travel graphs
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Using the correct notations for ratios, rates, hours and
minutes, and 24-hour time
Extension ideas
Investigate the golden ratio and the golden rectangle: see the NSW syllabus under Proportion (Stage 4)
Dividing a quantity in a given ratio, scale drawings, international time zones (Year 8)
Solve harder rate problems, such as fuel consumption, and converting rates to different units, for example from km/h
to m/s
Extend the unitary method to fraction and percentage problems
Research the history of the calendar and/or time measurement: Julian, Gregorian, Islamic, Chinese, Jewish calendars,
daylight saving, international time zones, International Date Line
Research ancient time-measuring devices such as the hourglass, sundial, water clock, pendulum, candle clock
40 of 41

Resources: supermarket catalogues for best buys, tables of data showing rates such as fuel consumption or birth rates,
stopwatch, 24-hour clock, calendars, timetables, map with world time zones
Encourage the class to list instances of ratios, when the parts or shares of a mixture are important: cordial, punch,
cake mix, lawn mower fuel, concrete, paste (flour and water), lemonade, milkshake, fertiliser, gear ratios, slopes of
hills, probability and betting odds.
Investigate scale diagrams. Scale maps, dividing a quantity in a given ratio, speed and international time zones will
be covered in the Year 8 topic Ratios, rates and time.
Investigate the aspect ratios of television, computer and cinema screens (see Just for the record on page 468).
For rates, stress that the slash (/) indicates the division process and means per or out of.
Encourage students to list examples of rates and the two units those rates compare: birth rate; population growth;
heartbeat; typing speed; fuel consumption; postage rates; metric conversions and currency conversions; download
speed; filling a tank; mobile phone costs; classified advertisements; cost of petrol, meat or fruit; population density;
cricket run rate (runs/over); batters strike rate (runs/100 balls); bowlers strike rate (balls/wicket); and other sports
statistics.
Investigate population density, population growth, birth rate, death rate, speed, and fuel consumption.
Investigate unit pricing on supermarket shelves, and how sometimes the unit is 100 mL rather than 1 mL (Why?).
Discuss why the best buy is usually the largest item. Since 2009, unit pricing has been compulsory in all Australian
supermarkets, so supermarket retailers must display prices of products according to their cost per unit whenever this
is possible.
Compare the advantages of 12-hour and 24-hour time and investigate their history. What do a.m. and p.m. stand
for? When and where is 24-hour time used? Why is it also called military time?
Applications of time calculations: bus/plane trip using timetables, length of a movie, payroll (hours worked), sunrise
to sunset, length of a school day or work day.
Plan a holiday and create a travel schedule with the times written in 12-hour or 24-hour time
Assessment ideas
Problem-solving test
Poster assignment about applications of ratios or rates
Travel graph tell me a story writing activities
Problems involving travel times and time zones
Technology
Ratios can be entered into a calculator using the [ab/ c ] fraction key. However, when simplifying improper ratios, use
the [d/c] key to convert the mixed numeral answer to a proper ratio. Students should be introduced to the calculators
degrees-minutes-seconds key for time calculations. Use the Internet to find airline, train and cinema timetables. Put
itineraries onto a spreadsheet and calculate different times.
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Language
A symbol for minute is ; a symbol for second is . Their abbreviations are min and s respectively.
The word minute comes from the Latin pars minuta prima, meaning the first (prima) division (minuta) of an hour.
In this way, it is related to the alternative meaning and pronunciation of the word minute as tiny. The word second
comes from pars minuta secunda, meaning the second (secunda) division of an hour.
The parts of a ratio are called its terms.
Why does the unitary method have that name?

Teaching Program Year 7

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1 of 41

New Century Maths 7 for

(Number and Algebra)

(Number and Algebra)

8 Area and volume

(Measurement and Geometry)

(Measurement and Geometry)

9 The number plane

(Number and Algebra)

(Number and Algebra,

4 Fractions and percentages

5 Algebra and equations

(Number and Algebra)

(Statistics and Probability)

12 Ratios, rates and time

(Number and Algebra,

Measurement and Geometry)

(Measurement and Geometry)

Measurement and Geometry

Statistics and Probability

(Measurement and geometry)

(Statistics and Probability)

2 Working with numbers

(Number and Algebra)

(Measurement and Geometry)

(Number and Algebra)

(Measurement and Geometry)

(Number and Algebra)

5 Area and volume

11 Ratios, rates and time

(Measurement and Geometry)

(Number and Algebra,

6 Fractions and percentages

(Number and Algebra)

Measurement and Geometry

Statistics and Probability

Text: New Century Maths 7, Chapter 1, page 2

NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Number and Algebra

applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems

recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning

2 Integers on a number line

9 Integers and the calculator

11 Revision and mixed problems

Proficiency strands/Working mathematically

Teaching notes and ideas

Text: New Century Maths 7, Chapter 2, page 36

NSW/Australian Curriculum references: Measurement and Geometry

applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems

recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning

Use the two alternative conventions for naming angles

2 Measuring and drawing angles

Measure, estimate and compare angles in degrees

Classify angles according to their sizes

4 Complementary and supplementary angles

5 Angles at a point and vertically opposite angles

6 Constructing parallel and perpendicular lines

7 Corresponding angles on parallel lines

12 Revision and mixed problems

Proficiency strands/Working mathematically