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Complex Numbers and Elementary Functions of Complex Variables

The document defines complex numbers and their properties. It introduces the polar form of complex numbers and De Moivre's theorem. It discusses elementary functions of complex variables like exponential, logarithmic, circular and hyperbolic functions. It provides properties and relationships between these functions. It also discusses inverse hyperbolic functions, real and imaginary parts of functions and logarithms of complex numbers. Some examples of applying concepts to prove identities are also included. The document is a detailed reference on basic topics in complex analysis and functions of a complex variable.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
1K views13 pages

Complex Numbers and Elementary Functions of Complex Variables

The document defines complex numbers and their properties. It introduces the polar form of complex numbers and De Moivre's theorem. It discusses elementary functions of complex variables like exponential, logarithmic, circular and hyperbolic functions. It provides properties and relationships between these functions. It also discusses inverse hyperbolic functions, real and imaginary parts of functions and logarithms of complex numbers. Some examples of applying concepts to prove identities are also included. The document is a detailed reference on basic topics in complex analysis and functions of a complex variable.

Uploaded by

Maricar Bahaya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

OF COMPLEX VARIABLES
DEFINITION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:
A number of the form z x i y , where
numbers is called a complex number.

i = ( 1) , and x & y are real

The real number, x is called real part of z while y is called imaginary part of z.
Any real number u can be expressed by u = u + i 0.
Hence every real number is a complex number but the converse is not true.
Properties :
(1)

The conjugate of a complex number z x i y is denoted & defined by

z = x iy.
z+ z
z- z
and Im (z) = y =
.
2
2i
i y 2 then,

(2)

If z x i y then Re (z) = x =

(3)

If z1 x1 i y1 and z 2
(I)

Sum:

(II)

Difference:

(III)

Product:

(IV)

x2

z1 + z 2 =
=
z1 - z 2 =
=
z1 . z 2 =
=

z1
z2

Quotient :

( x1 i y1 ) + ( x2 i y2 )
( x1 x 2 ) i ( y1 y 2 )
( x1 i y1 ) - ( x2 i y2 )
( x1 x 2 ) i ( y1 y 2 )
( x1 i y1 ).( x2 i y2 )
( x1 x 2 y1 y 2 ) i ( x1 y 2

y1 x 2 )

x1 i y1
x2 i y 2
x1 i y1
x i y2
. 2
x2 i y 2
x2 i y 2
x1 x 2
x2

(4)
(5)

z x iy=
z x iy

y1 y 2
y2

x 2 y1 x1 y 2
x2

y2

is called modulus or absolute value of

(1)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER:


Let z x i y be a complex number. we can use order pair of real numbers
(x, y) to denote complex number z in the plane. Thus the order pair of real numbers
(x, y) can be identified with a point in the plane; with such an identification,
the plane is called the complex plane. The horizontal axis is called the real axis.
The vertical axis is called the imaginary axis.

- 2 + 3 i. .
2
1

.1+i = (1,1)

0
-1

z=x+iy
r=

1
x
-1

FIG 01

FIG 02

POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBERS:


Let z x i y be a complex number, here x& y are Cartesian coordinates of z.
In previous discussion If we declare (0,0)=0+i0 as pole and X axis as polar axis
then using geometry we will have x = r cos and y = r sin
Hence , z x i y
z = r cos + i r sin
= r (cos +i sin )
Also r can be consider as distance of point from pole and can be otanined using
tan-1(slope of the line passing through pole and (x,y))
y
i.e. r
x 2 y 2 and = tan 1
x
related to polar form r is called the absolute value or modulus of z and is called
argument or amplitude of z and it is denoted by argz.
y
y
x
Hence, argz = = tan 1
sin 1
cos 1
x
r
r
The value of argz which lies in the interval
is called
Principal value of the argument of z ( 0) .General value of the argz can be
expressed as 2n + .

(2)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

DE MOIVRE S THEOREM (only statement):


STATEMENT:
Let n be a rational number then the value or one of the value s of
(cos + i sin ) n is cos n + i sin n
Results :
We will denote cos + i sin
(1)

If

z = cos + i sin then


z -1 (cos + i sin ) -1
1
z

cos(

) i sin (

cos

i sin

Thus z -1 = cis(
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

by ci s .

)=

1
= cos - i sin
cis

(cis ) n cisn .
1
(cis ) n =
= cos n - i sinn
(cis ) n
(cis )(cis ) cis (
).
cis
cis(
).
cis

ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBER:


De Moivre s theorem can be used to find all n-roots (values) of a complex number.
Since, sin

= sin (2k + ) and cos = cos (2k + ),


Or
cis = cis (2k + ) ,Where k is an integer.
1

(cis ) n

)] n

[cis (2k
cis

2k
n

, where k 0,1, 2, 3,...., n 1.


1

Thus, we get n roots of [cis (2k

)] n .

(3)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

APPLICATION OF DE MOIVRE S THEOREM TO TRIGONOMETRICAL


IDENTITTIES:
Using De Moirve s theorem and corresponding results we have following
two results.
( I ) Expansion of sinn , cosn in powers of sin , cos ,when n is a positive
integer.
By De Moirve s theorem
cosn + i sinn = (cos + i sin ) n
Expanding R.H.S. by Binomial theorem and equating real &imaginary parts
we get required expansions.
( II )

Expansion of sinn , cosn and sinm .cosm


cosn , when n is a positive integer.

x cos

Let

x n cosn

+ i sin

then

+ i sinn

and

1
x

1
xn

in powers of sinn ,

1
cos + i sin
cosn

- i sinn

1
1
2 cos
and x
2i sin
x
x
1
1
xn
2 cos n and x n
2i sin n
n
x
xn
using above results we can expand powers of sin or cos
products in a series of cosines or sines of multiples of
hence, x

or their

EULER S FORMULAE :
Since for any value of x, we know that
x2 x3
xn
x
e
1 x
.........
........
2 ! 3!
n!
sin x

x3
3!

x5
...............
5!

x2 x4
cos x 1
................
2! 4!
Using above series , we get
(ix) 2 (ix) 3
(ix) 4
e ix
1 ix
.
2!
3!
4!
x2
2!

1
e ix

cos x

x4
4!

..........

i x

(ix) 5
5!
x3
3!

................
x5
5!

..........

i sin x ..................................(4)

ix

Similarly e
cos x i sin x....................................(5)
Formulae given by (4) & (5) are called Euler s formulae.

(4)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

Above all discussion lead us to following result


EXPONENTIAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER :
From previous result ei

cos

i sin

For any complex number z,


z

x iy
r cos

cartesian form
i sin

polar form

r ei

Exponential form

Thus the form z = r e i is called Exponential form of a complex number.


CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS:
From Euler s formulae,
If x is a real or complex
e ix
cos x
e

ix

i sin x

cos x i sin x.

We get,
sinx

e ix

e
2i

ix

and cosx

e ix

ix

Hence,
tanx

1 e ix
i e ix

e
e

ix
ix

e ix e ix
e ix e ix
2i
cosecx
ix
e
e ix
2
secx = ix
.
e
e ix

cotx

=i

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS:
Definition:
If x is a real or complex
Hyperbolic sine and cosine of x is denoted and defined by
ex ex
ex e x
sinhx
and coshx
2
2
Other Hyperbolic functions are defined as
ex e x
ex e x
2
tanhx = x
,
cothx
=
, cosechx
x
x
x
x
e e
e e
e e

(5)

, sechx =

2
e

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

PROPERTIES:
(1) Sinhx & coshx are odd & even function respectively.
i.e. sinh(-x) = sinhx and cosh(-x) = coshx .
(2)

Identity: cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1.


sec h 2 x tanh 2 x
1
coht 2 x cos ech 2 x 1

(3)

tanhx =

sinh x
cosh x
1
1
, cothx =
, sechx =
, cosechx =
cosh x
sinh x
cosh x
sinh x

(4) sinh 2 A. 2 sinh A cosh A


(5) cosh 2 A. cosh 2 A sinh 2 A = 2 cosh 2 A 1 = 1 + 2 sinh 2 A
2 tanh A
(6) tanh2A =
1 tanh 2 A
(7) sinh 3 A 3 sinh A 4 sinh 3 A , cosh 3 A 4 cosh 3 A 3 cosh A
(8)

cosh 3 A 4 cosh 3 A 3 cosh A

cosh 2 A. cosh 2 A sinh 2 A


1
1
(10) cosh 2 A
(cosh 2 A 1), sinh 2 A
(cosh 2 A 1)
2
2
(11) sinh( A B)
sinh A. cosh B cosh A. sinh B
(9)

(12)

sinh( A B)

sinh A. cosh B cosh A. sinh B

(13)

cosh( A B)

cosh A. cosh B sinh A. sinh B

(14) cosh( A B)
(15)

cosh A. cosh B sinh A. sinh B


tanh A tanh B
tanh A tanh B
tanh (A+B) =
, tanh (A - B) =
.
1 tanh A. tanh B
1 tanh A. tanh B

RELATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR & HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS:


sinix

= i sinhx ,

sinh(ix) = i sinx ,
sech(ix) = secx ,

cosix = coshx ,
cosh(ix) = cosx ,
cosech(ix) = -i cosecx ,

(6)

tanix

= i tanhx

tanh(ix) = i tanx
coth(ix) = -i cotx

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS:


If sinhy = x then y is called inverse hyperbolic sine of x and is denoted by
y = sinh-1x
Similarly we can define cosh-1x, tanh-1x , cosech-1x, sech-1x , coth-1x.
For real value of z we can prove the following results
(1)

sin h 1 z

log ( z

z2

( 2)

cos h 1 z

log ( z

(3)

tan h 1 z

1
1 z
log
2
1 z

z2

1)
1)

REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS:

(1)

sin (x i y)

sin x cos iy cos x sin iy


sinx coshy

(2)

cos(x i y)

cos x cos iy sin x sin iy


cosx coshy

(3)

tan (x i y)

i cosx sinhy

i sinx sinhy

sin (x i y)
cos(x i y)
2 sin (x i y). cos(x i y)
2 cos (x i y) .cos(x i y)
sin 2 x sin( 2iy )
cos 2 x cos( 2iy )
sin 2 x i sinh 2 y
cos 2 x cosh 2 y
sin 2 x
cos 2 x cosh 2 y

sinh 2 y
cos 2 x cosh 2 y

REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF HYPERBPLIC FUNCTIONS:

(1) sin h(x i y)

sinhx cosy

i coshx siny

(2) cos(x i y) y

coshx cosy

i sinhx siny

(3)

sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x cos 2 y

tan (x i y)

(7)

sin 2 y
cosh 2 x cos 2 y

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:


Let z x i y be a complex number and let x = r cos and y = r sin , then
y
r
x 2 y 2 and = tan 1
x
Hence,
z = r cos + i r sin
= r (cos +i sin )
= r ei
log z
log r i ..................................(1)
y
log( x i y ) log x 2 y 2 i tan 1 ............(2)
x
The value of logarithm given by (1) & (2) is called the principal value of the
logarithm of z.
Also,
z = r cos + i r sin
= r (cos +i sin )
= r [cos (2n + ) +i sin (2n + )]
= r ei ( 2 n )
Log z log r i (2n
)..................................(3)
y
log( x i y ) log x 2 y 2 i 2n
tan 1 ..........(4)
x
The value of logarithm given by (3) & (4) is called the general value of the
logarithm of z.
Thus the general value of the logarithm is a multi-valued function while the
Principal value of the logarithm is a single-valued function
If we put n = 0 in (4) we will get the principal value of the
logarithm of z.
RELATION BETWEEN PRINCIPAL AND GENERAL VALUE OF
LOGARITHM :
From (1) & (3) we can write
Log z

log z

2n i..................................(5)

.
COMPLEX EXPONENT :
To find ZC we will use ZC = eC log Z.

(8)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

Solve Following Problems: (Class room work)


Prove that (sin

cos 2 i sin 2
cos 4 i sin 4

Prove that

n
2

+ i cos ) n cos
5

cos 3
7
cos

n
2

i sin

i sin 3
i sin

cos12

i sin 12

Prove that :
n

(1 i ) n (1 i ) n

(I)

22

cos

(II) (1 i 3 ) n (1 i 3 ) n

n
.
4

2 n 1 cos

(III) ( 1 i 3 ) 3n ( 1 i 3 ) 3n
Prove that :
n
cos
sin
i (sin
sin )
cos
2 n 1 sin n

n
.
3

2 3n 1.
sin
2

i (sin

sin )

cos n

1 sin
Prove that :
1 sin
If x

1
2 cos
x

Prove that (i)


(ii)
If a = cis2

i cos

i cos

1.

1
1
2 cos and z
2 cos
y
z
1
x p yq zr
2 cos p
q r
p q r
x y z
,y

xm yn
2 cos m
yn xm
and b = cis2

Prove that : (i) 2cos ( - )

a
b

b
a

a
b
b
a
Show that the modulus and principal value of the argument of

(ii) 2i sin( - )

1 i 3
3 i

13
11

are 4 and

respectively.

1 i 3
2

Prove that

1 i 3
2

if n 3k 1

if n

3k

Find all nth roots of the following:


(i)

1
6

(ii )

-1

1
4

(ii )

-1

(9)

1
6

(ii )

(1 i 3 )

1
5

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

1
5

1. Find all the values of (1


2. Solve the equation x

12

i ) and show that their continued product is 1 + i.


1 0 and find which of its roots satisfy the equation

x 4 x 2 x 1 0.
3. Prove that the nth roots of unity are in geometric progression .hence prove
that the sum of these n roots is zero.
4. Use De Moivre s theorem to solve following:
(i) x 8 x 5 x 3 1 0.
(ii) x 8 x 5 x 3 1 0.
(iii) x 7

x4

i ( x 3 1) 0.

5. Prove that : cos 6


sin 7
6. Prove that :
sin
7. Prove that : tan 5

32 cos
7

(iv) x 4

48 cos

56 sin

18 cos

112 sin

10. Prove that : sin 7

x2

x 1

0.

1
64 sin

5 tan
10 tan 3
tan 5
1 10 tan 2
5 tan 4

8. If x = 2cos , prove that 2(1 + cos8 ) = ( x 4


9. Prove that : cos 4

x3

1
cos 4
8
1
3 sin
64

4 cos 2

4x 2

2 )2.

21sin 3

7 sin 5

sin 7

11. Prove that :

cos 5 sin 7

1
sin 12
21

12. Prove that cosh x sinh x


13. If sin

2 sin 10
n

4 sin 8

10 sin 6

5 sin 4

20 sin 2

cosh nx sinh nx

= tan hx , prove that tan

= sin hx
x
14. Show that cosechx + cothx = cot h .
2
x
15. If y = log tan
4 2
y
x
prove that : (i ) tan h
tan
2
2
(ii ) cos hy cos x 1
16. Prove that : sinh 1 (tan )

log tan

17. Prove that : cos h 2 x

1
1

2
.

1
1 cosh 2 x

(10)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

18. Prove that: tan

x a
x a

i
a
log
2
x

19. Prove that : (i) tan h 1 x

sin h

(ii) sin h 1 x
20. Prove that :
21. If sin

lim
x

1 x2
1

cos h

sin h 1 x log x

1 x2

tan

1 x2

log 2

(i ) x 2 cos ec 2
2

y 2 sec 2

1
2

(ii ) x sec h
y cos ech
If sin
i
(cos
i sin )
1
(i ) 2
cosh 2
cos 2
Prove that:
2
(ii ) tan
tanh cot
1

23. Prove that: cos

24. Separate tan

x iy ,

Prove that:

22.

25. Prove that sin

3i
4

i log 2

a i b in to real and imaginary parts.


1

cos ec

i log cot
2
2
26. Find general and principal value of the log( -3) and log(1 + i 3 ).
27. Prove that:
(i)
log( 1 +i tan ) = log sec + i
(ii)
log(1+ e 2i ) log(2 cos ) i
(iii)

log(e i

(iv)

log

(v)

e i ) log 2 cos

sin( x iy )
2i tan 1 cot x tanh y
sin( x iy )
1
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
log cos( x iy )
log
2
2
x iy
x iy

(vi)

log

(vii)

tan i log

2i tan
x iy
x iy

i tan

tan x tanh y

y
x

2ab
a b2
2

(11)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

28. Separate following into real and imaginary parts, and find modulus and
argument: (i )

(ii ) a i (iii )

i 1

iv i i

(v) i log(1

i)

29. Prove that i i is wholly real and show that the value of i i form a geometric
progression.
30. Find all roots of the equation sin hz = i

(12)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel


Lecturer, Mathematics

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