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EE359 - Lecture 2 Outline: Announcements

This document outlines the key topics covered in Lecture 2 of the EE359 course. It includes announcements about homework and office hours. The lecture will review signal propagation models including free space path loss and ray tracing approaches. It will also cover propagation characteristics such as path loss, shadowing, and multipath fading. Different path loss modeling techniques are discussed ranging from Maxwell's equations to empirical models. The main points are that path loss models simplify Maxwell's equations, power falloff depends on distance, and the simple path loss model captures the main characteristics for analysis purposes.

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Heather Wallace
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

EE359 - Lecture 2 Outline: Announcements

This document outlines the key topics covered in Lecture 2 of the EE359 course. It includes announcements about homework and office hours. The lecture will review signal propagation models including free space path loss and ray tracing approaches. It will also cover propagation characteristics such as path loss, shadowing, and multipath fading. Different path loss modeling techniques are discussed ranging from Maxwell's equations to empirical models. The main points are that path loss models simplify Maxwell's equations, power falloff depends on distance, and the simple path loss model captures the main characteristics for analysis purposes.

Uploaded by

Heather Wallace
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE359 Lecture 2 Outline

Announcements
1st HW posted tomorrow, due next Thursday at 5pm.
Discussion section starts next week (Monday)
Lecture will end today at 10:30: OHs today 5-6 for me

Review of Last Lecture


Signal Propagation Overview
TX and RX Signal Models

Complex

baseband models

Path Loss Models

Free-space Path Loss


Ray Tracing Models
Simplified Path Loss Model
Empirical Models

Lecture 1 Review

Course Information

Wireless Vision

Technical Challenges

Multimedia Requirements

Current Wireless Systems

Spectrum Regulation and Standards

Emerging systems will be covered in the last lecture of the quarter

Propagation Characteristics

Path Loss (includes average shadowing)

Shadowing (due to obstructions)

Multipath Fading
Slow

Pt

Pr

Pr/Pt

Fast

Very slow

d=vt
d=vt

Path Loss Modeling

Maxwells equations
Complex

Free space path loss model


Too

simple

Ray tracing models


Requires

site-specific information

Simplified power falloff models


Main

and impractical

characteristics: good for high-level analysis

Empirical Models
Dont

always generalize to other environments

Free Space (LOS) Model


d=vt

Path loss for unobstructed LOS path

Power falls off :


to 1/d2
Proportional to l2 (inversely proportional to f2)
Proportional

Ray Tracing Approximation


Represent wavefronts as simple particles
Geometry determines received signal from
each signal component
Typically includes reflected rays, can also
include scattered and defracted rays.
Requires site parameters

Geometry
Dielectric

properties

Two Path Model

Path loss for one LOS path and 1 ground (or


reflected) bounce
Ground bounce approximately cancels LOS
path above critical distance
Power falls off

Proportional to d2 (small d)
Proportional to d4 (d>dc)
Independent of l (f)

General Ray Tracing

Models all signal components


Reflections
Scattering
Diffraction

Requires detailed geometry and dielectric


properties of site
Similar

to Maxwell, but easier math.

Computer packages often used

Simplified Path Loss Model


Used when path loss dominated by
reflections.
Most important parameter is the path loss
exponent , determined empirically.

d0
Pr Pt K ,
d

2 8

Empirical Channel Models

Cellular Models: Okumura model and extensions:


Empirically based (site/freq specific)
Awkward (uses graphs)
Hata model: Analytical approximation to Okumura
Cost 231 Model: extends Hata to higher freq. (2 GHz)
Walfish/Bertoni: extends Cost 231 to include diffraction

WiFi channel models: TGn

Empirical model for 802.11n developed within the IEEE


tandards committee. Free space loss up to a breakpoint,
then slope of 3.5. Breakpoint is empirically-based.

Commonly used in cellular and WiFi system simulations

Main Points

Path loss models simplify Maxwells equations

Models vary in complexity and accuracy

Power falloff with distance is proportional to d2


in free space, d4 in two path model

Main characteristics of path loss captured in


simple model Pr=PtK[d0/d]

Empirical models used in simulations

Low accuracy (15-20 dB std)


Capture phenomena missing from formulas
Can be awkward to use in analysis

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