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PNS is divided into Sensory (stimulus PNS CNS afferent) and Motor
(CNS PNS action efferent) divisions
These are split into Visceral (guts thoracic and abdominal cavities) and
Somatic (bones, skin, etc.) divisions
Heart races because of Visceral Motor signaling
Effectors = those cells stimulated by motor neurons (ex. gland, muscle, heart,
uterus, quads)
Why is glioma the most common form of brain cancer? These are the only
cells in the brain that are mitotic
Which cell does multiple sclerosis affect? Why? Disease of CNS.
Oligodendrocytes degeneration of the myelin sheath. It isnt a
Schwann cell because these are in the PNS!
NOTE: pay attention to diseases
All sensory neurons (except for the special senses) are what? Unipolar
Do all neurons traverse both the CNS and PNS? No ex. interneurons
[Na+] and [Cl-] are high outside (also [Ca2+]
[proteins] and [K+] are high inside
RMP = -70 mV (this charge concentration is just along the inside and outside
of the membrane)
Once AP reaches end of synaptic knob, Ca2+ channels (voltage-gated?) open
and allow Ca2+ into the knob, which trigger vesicles to release
neurotransmitters by exocytosis, these neurotransmitters hit receptors on the
postsynaptic neuron
Know GABA, ACh, and norepinephrine
Postsynaptic potentials excitatory postsynaptic potentials (summation
required for AP)
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (ex. Cl- channel opens)
Myelinated axons APs only occur at the nodes (there are no ion channels
along the internodes)
Na+ is pushed to the next node, no ion s to limit diffusion
Autonomic Nervous System self-regulating, targets are glands, smooth and
cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscles are targeted by somatic motor division (voluntary or somatic
reflex)
Somatic efferent pathway from CNS to skeletal muscles
ANS sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (resting and
digesting)
Enteric Nervous System separate but modified by ANS
Sympathetic NT released preganglionic neuron ACh and postganglionic NE
Parasympathetic NT released preganglionic neuron ACh and postganglionic
ACh
Consume potassium chloride net movement of K into cells due to chemical
gradient
RMP depolarizes somewhat when Na+/K+ ATPase pump inhibited
A slight reduction of the number of voltage regulated gates present on the
axon is not likely to affect the onset of an action potential
Receptors
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Sensory information is transduced to electrical information
Receptor potential: local potential of a receptor cell
Sensory receptors transmit signal (info) Type/modality, location (down to
receptive field) , intensity, duration (sensory adaptation)
Order of ossicles: MIS (malleus, incus, stapes)
Outer ear: auricle/pinna, auditory canal, external acoustic meatus (funnels
sound into ear to vibrate ear drum/tympanic membrane)
Middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes, and auditory tube/Eustachian tube (ear
infections connects tympanic cavity to pharynx, equalizes pressure on both
sides of tympanic membrane, middle ear infections)
The ossicles concentrate the vibration energy form the tympanic membrane
to the oval window
Inner ear: vestibule (saccule, utricle), 3 semicircular ducts, cochiea
Cochlea: hearing (sound transduction)
Vestibule and semicircular ducts are for equilibrium
Air bone fluid
Outer ear, vibrate tympanic membrane, vibrate ossicles, vibrate oval window,
vibrate endolymph, vibrate basilar membrane, conversion to
nerves/transduction when inner hair cells open the mechanically gated ion
channels
Cochlea: scala (filled with perilymph), cochlear duct (endolymph, tectorial
membrane, stereocilia, hair cells, basilar membrane)
Bony labyrinth surrounds perilymph surrounds membranous labyrinth
surrounds endolymph
Spiral organ (organ of Corti): sensory organ for hearing
Tectorial membrane does not move in the transduction of sound (it rests on
top of the stereocilia)
Inner hair cells depolarize and send a signal when you hear sound (outer hair
cells help filter sound the pons can do this too)
Receptor potential is caused by mechanically gated K+ channels opening
Loudness = amplitude (impacts how much cochlea vibrates AP firing more
frequently, larger portion of the basilar membrane vibrating)
Pitch = frequency (impacts where in cochlea sound is perceived
Proximal end of basilar membrane: attached to cochlea, stiff and inflexible,
site of peak amplitude for high-frequency sounds (high pitch)
Distal: unattached, moves freely, site of peak amplitude for low-frequency
sounds (low pitch)
Distal is located at the center of the curling snail shell
Hair cells are tonic receptors (continuously firing)
