CHAPTER 1

Introducing C#

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Why C#? Why .NET?

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class Program
{
static void Main()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello, world");
}
}

2 | Chapter 1:Introducing C#

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var californianAuthors = from author in pubs.authors
where author.state == "CA"
select new
{
author.au_fname,
author.au_lname
};
foreach (var author in californianAuthors)
{
Console.WriteLine(author);
}

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4 | Chapter 1:Introducing C#

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6 | Chapter 1:Introducing C#

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static void Main(string[] args)
{
var wordApp = new Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Application();
object fileName = @"WordFile.docx";
object missing = System.Reflection.Missing.Value;

C# 4.0, .NET 4, and Visual Studio 2010 | 7

object readOnly = true;

Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word._Document doc =
wordApp.Documents.Open(ref fileName, ref missing, ref readOnly,
ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,
ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing,
ref missing, ref missing, ref missing);
object docProperties = doc.BuiltInDocumentProperties;
Type docPropType = docProperties.GetType();
object authorProp = docPropType.InvokeMember("Item",
BindingFlags.Default | BindingFlags.GetProperty,
null, docProperties,
new object[] { "Author" });
Type propType = authorProp.GetType();
string authorName = propType.InvokeMember("Value",
BindingFlags.Default |BindingFlags.GetProperty,
null, authorProp,
new object[] { }).ToString();
object saveChanges = false;
doc.Close(ref saveChanges, ref missing, ref missing);

Console.WriteLine(authorName);
}

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static void Main(string[] args)
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var wordApp = new Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.Application();
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wordApp.Documents.Open("WordFile.docx", ReadOnly: true);
dynamic docProperties = doc.BuiltInDocumentProperties;
string authorName = docProperties["Author"].Value;
doc.Close(SaveChanges: false);
Console.WriteLine(authorName);
}

8 | Chapter 1:Introducing C#

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Summary
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Summary | 9

CHAPTER 2

Basic Programming Techniques

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11

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12 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

([DPSOH7KHFRGHLQDIUHVKO\FUHDWHGFRQVROHDSSOLFDWLRQ
using
using
using
using

System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.Linq;
System.Text;

namespace HelloWorld
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
}
}
}

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using
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using
using

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namespace HelloWorld
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello, world");
}
}
}

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Getting Started | 13

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14 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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namespace HelloWorld
{
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}

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16 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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static void Main(string[] args)
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18 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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20 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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22 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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Projects and Solutions | 23

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using System;
namespace HelloWorld
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello, world");
}
}
}

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24 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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Frobnicator.SetTarget("");
Frobnicator.SetTarget("Norfolk");

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// Frobnicator v2.41 has a bug where it crashes occasionally if
// we try to set the target to "Norfolk". Setting it to an empty
// string first seems to work around the problem.
Frobnicator.SetTarget("");
Frobnicator.SetTarget("Norfolk");

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Frobnicator.SetTarget("");

// Workaround for bug in v2.41

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/* This is part of a comment.
This continues to be part of the same comment.
Here endeth the comment. */

Comments, Regions, and Readability | 25

Bad Comments
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// Setting target to empty string
Frobnicator.SetTarget("");
// Setting target to Norfolk
Frobnicator.SetTarget("Norfolk");

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// Setting target to Norfolk
Frobnicator.SetTarget("Wiltshire");

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/// <summary>
/// Returns the square of the specified number.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">The number to square.</param>
/// <returns>The squared value.</returns>
static double Square(double x)
{
return x * x;
}

26 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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Variables
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EHFDXVHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWKH\FRQWDLQPD\EHGLIIHUHQWHDFKWLPHWKHSURJUDPUXQVRU
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YDULDEOHVLQRXUSURJUDPVMainPHWKRGWRUHSUHVHQWWKHGLVWDQFHWUDYHOHGE\WKHFDU
KRZORQJLWKDVEHHQPRYLQJDQGKRZPXFKIXHOLWKDVFRQVXPHGVRIDU7KHVHYDULDEOHV
GRQWYDU\DWDOOLQWKLVH[DPSOHDYDULDEOHVYDOXHFDQFKDQJHEXWLWV2.WRFUHDWH
YDULDEOHVZKRVHYDOXHLVIL[HG
([DPSOH9DULDEOHV
static void Main(string[] args)
{
double kmTravelled = 5.14;
double elapsedSeconds = 78.74;
double fuelKilosConsumed = 2.7;
}

1RWLFHWKDWWKHYDULDEOHQDPHVkmTravelledelapsedSecondsDQGfuelKilosConsumed
DUH UHDVRQDEO\ GHVFULSWLYH ,Q DOJHEUD LWV FRPPRQ WR XVH VLQJOH OHWWHUV DV YDULDEOH
QDPHVEXWLQFRGHLWLVDJRRGSUDFWLFHWRXVHQDPHVWKDWPDNHLWFOHDUZKDWWKHYDULDEOH
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DV\PSWRPRIWURXEOH,WVKDUGWRZULWHFRGHWKDWZRUNVLILWVQRWFOHDU
ZKDWLQIRUPDWLRQWKHFRGHLVZRUNLQJZLWK

7KHVHQDPHVLQGLFDWHQRWMXVWZKDWWKHYDULDEOHVUHSUHVHQWEXWDOVRWKHLUXQLWV7KLVLV
RIQRVLJQLILFDQFHWRWKHFRPSLOHUZHFRXOGFDOOWKHWKUHHYDULDEOHV tom dickDQG
harryIRUDOOLWFDUHVEXWLWVXVHIXOIRUKXPDQVORRNLQJDWWKHFRGH0LVXQGHUVWDQGLQJV
DERXWZKHWKHUDSDUWLFXODUYDOXHLVLQPHWULFRULPSHULDOXQLWVKDYHEHHQNQRZQWRFDXVH
VRPHH[WUHPHO\H[SHQVLYHSUREOHPVVXFKDVWKHDFFLGHQWDOGHVWUXFWLRQRIVSDFHFUDIW
7KLVSDUWLFXODUUDFHWHDPVHHPVWRXVHWKHPHWULFV\VWHP,I\RXUHZRQGHULQJZK\WKH
IXHO LV LQ NLORJUDPV UDWKHU WKDQ VD\ OLWHUV LWV EHFDXVH LQ KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH PRWRU
UDFLQJIXHOLVW\SLFDOO\PHDVXUHGE\ZHLJKWUDWKHUWKDQYROXPHMXVWOLNHLWLVLQDYLDWLRQ
)XHOWHQGVWRH[SDQGRUFRQWUDFWDVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHV\RXJHWEHWWHUYDOXHIRU
\RXUPRQH\LI\RXUHILOO\RXUFDULQWKHPRUQLQJRQDFROGGD\WKDQLQWKHPLGGOHRID
KRWGD\VRPDVVLVPRUHXVHIXOEHFDXVHLWVDPRUHVWDEOHPHDVXUH

Variable Types
$OOWKUHHRIWKHYDULDEOHGHFODUDWLRQVLQ([DPSOHVWDUWZLWKWKHNH\ZRUG double
7KLVWHOOVWKHFRPSLOHUZKDWNLQGRILQIRUPDWLRQWKHYDULDEOHKROGV)RUWKLVH[DPSOH
ZHUHFOHDUO\ZRUNLQJZLWKQXPEHUVEXW1(7RIIHUVVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWQXPHULFW\SHV
7DEOHVKRZVWKHFRPSOHWHVHWDQGLWPD\ORRNOLNHDEHZLOGHULQJDVVRUWPHQWRI
28 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

RSWLRQV EXW LQ SUDFWLFH WKH FKRLFH XVXDOO\ JRHV RQH RI WKUHH ZD\V int double RU
decimalZKLFKUHSUHVHQWLQWHJHUVIORDWLQJSRLQWRUGHFLPDOIORDWLQJSRLQWQXPEHUV
UHVSHFWLYHO\
7DEOH1XPHULFW\SHV
C# name

.NET name

Purpose

float

System.Single

Whole numbers and a limited range of fractions, with a wide range of values thanks to
floating point. Occupies 32 bits of space.

double

System.Double

Double-precision version of floatsame idea, but using 64 bits.

byte

System.Byte

Non-negative integer. Occupies 8 bits. Represents values from 0 to 255.

sbyte

System.SByte

Signed integer. Occupies 8 bits. Represents values from 128 to 127.

short

System.Int16

Signed integer. Occupies 16 bits. Represents values from 32,768 to 32,767.

ushort

System.UInt16

Non-negative integer. Occupies 16 bits. Represents values from 0 to 65,535.

int

System.Int32

Signed integer. Occupies 32 bits. Represents values from 2,147,483,648 to

2,147,483,647.

uint

System.UInt32

Nonnegative integer. Occupies 32 bits. Represents values from 0 to 4,294,967,295.

long

System.Int64

Signed integer. Occupies 64 bits. Represents values from 9,223,372,036,854,775,808

to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807.

ulong

System.UInt64

Nonnegative integer. Occupies 64 bits. Represents values from 0 to

18,446,744,073,709,551,615.

(none)

System.Numer
ics.BigInteger

Signed integer. Grows in size as required. Value range limited only by available memory.

decimal

System.Decimal

Supports whole numbers and fractions. Slightly less efficient than double, but provides
more predictable behavior when using decimal fractions.

Integers
7KHintW\SHVKRUWIRULQWHJHUUHSUHVHQWVZKROHQXPEHUV7KDWVFOHDUO\QRXVHIRURXU
H[DPSOHEHFDXVHZHUHGHDOLQJZLWKQXPEHUVVXFKDVDQGWKHFORVHVWWKDWDQ
intFDQJHWWRWKDWYDOXHLV%XWSURJUDPVRIWHQGHDOZLWKGLVFUHWHTXDQWLWLHVVXFKDV
WKHQXPEHURIURZVUHWXUQHGE\DGDWDEDVHTXHU\RUWKHQXPEHURIHPSOR\HHVUHSRUWLQJ
WRDSDUWLFXODUPDQDJHU7KHSULQFLSDODGYDQWDJHRIDQLQWHJHUW\SHLVWKDWLWVH[DFW
WKHUHVQRVFRSHIRUZRQGHULQJLIWKHQXPEHULVUHDOO\RUPD\EHMXVWDQXPEHUTXLWH
FORVHWRVXFKDV
7DEOHOLVWVQLQHW\SHVFDSDEOHRIUHSUHVHQWLQJLQWHJHUV7KHQLQWKBigIntegerLVD
VSHFLDOFDVHWKDWZHOOJHWWRODWHU7KHRWKHUHLJKWVXSSRUWIRXUGLIIHUHQWVL]HVZLWKD
FKRLFHEHWZHHQWKHDELOLW\DQGLQDELOLW\WRUHSUHVHQWQHJDWLYHQXPEHUV
8QVLJQHGQXPEHUVPD\VHHPOHVVIOH[LEOHEXWWKH\DUHSRWHQWLDOO\XVHIXOLI\RXQHHG
WRUHSUHVHQWYDOXHVWKDWVKRXOGQHYHUEHQHJDWLYH+RZHYHUWKHXQVLJQHGLQWHJHUW\SHV
DUHQRWZLGHO\XVHGVRPHSURJUDPPLQJODQJXDJHVGRQWVXSSRUWWKHPDWDOODQGVR
\RXOOILQGWKDWWKH1(7)UDPHZRUNFODVVOLEUDU\WHQGVWRXVHWKHVLJQHGW\SHVHYHQ

Variables | 29

ZKHQ WKH XQVLJQHG RQHV PLJKW PDNH PRUH VHQVH )RU H[DPSOH WKH Count SURSHUW\
DYDLODEOHRQPRVWFROOHFWLRQW\SHVLVRIW\SHintDVLJQHGELWLQWHJHUHYHQWKRXJK
LWGRHVQRWPDNHVHQVHIRUDFROOHFWLRQWRFRQWDLQDQHJDWLYHQXPEHURILWHPV
8QVLJQHGLQWHJHUVFDQDOVRUHSUHVHQWODUJHUQXPEHUVWKDQWKHLUVLJQHG
HTXLYDOHQWV7KH\GRQWQHHGWRXVHXSDELWWRUHSUHVHQWWKHVLJQVR
WKH\FDQXVHWKDWWRH[WHQGWKHUDQJHLQVWHDG+RZHYHUWKLVLVVRPHWKLQJ
\RXVKRXOGEHZDU\RIGHSHQGLQJRQ,I\RXUHVRFORVHWRWKHOLPLWVRI
DW\SHVUDQJHWKDWRQHPRUHELWPDNHVDGLIIHUHQFH\RXUHSUREDEO\LQ
GDQJHURIRYHUIORZLQJWKHW\SHVUDQJHLQDQ\FDVHDQGVR\RXVKRXOG
FRQVLGHUDODUJHUW\SH

%HVLGHVWKHVLJQHGXQVLJQHGGLVWLQFWLRQWKHYDULRXVW\SHVRIIHUGLIIHUHQWVL]HVDQGD
FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\GLIIHUHQWUDQJHRIYDOXHVELWVLVDSRSXODUFKRLFHEHFDXVHLWRIIHUV
DXVHIXOO\ZLGHUDQJHRIYDOXHVDQGLVHIILFLHQWIRUDELWSURFHVVRUWRZRUNZLWK
ELWW\SHVDUHXVHGIRUWKHIDLUO\UDUHRFFDVLRQVZKHQ\RXUHGHDOLQJZLWKODUJHHQRXJK
TXDQWLWLHVWKDWDELWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVUDQJHRIDFRXSOHRIELOOLRQLVLQVXIILFLHQW
ELWYDOXHVDUHUDUHO\XVHGDOWKRXJKWKH\RFFDVLRQDOO\FURSXSZKHQKDYLQJWRGHDOZLWK
ROGSURJUDPPLQJLQWHUIDFHVILOHIRUPDWVRUQHWZRUNSURWRFROV
7KHELWbyteW\SHLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHELQDU\,2HJZRUNLQJZLWKILOHVRUQHWZRUN
FRQQHFWLRQVLVPRVWO\E\WHRULHQWHG$QGIRUUHDVRQVRIKLVWRULFDOFRQYHQWLRQE\WHV
EXFNWKHWUHQGLQWKDWWKHXQVLJQHGW\SHLVXVHGPRUHZLGHO\WKDQWKHVLJQHGsbyteW\SH
%XWRXWVLGHRI,2DE\WHLVXVXDOO\WRRVPDOOWREHXVHIXO
6RLQSUDFWLFH intLVWKHPRVWZLGHO\XVHGLQWHJHUW\SH7KHIDFWWKDW&HYHQRIIHUV
\RXDOOWKHVHRWKHUFKRLFHVFDQVHHPDOLWWOHDUFKDLFLWKDUNVEDFNWRWKHWLPHZKHQ
FRPSXWHUVKDGVROLWWOHPHPRU\WKDWELWQXPEHUVORRNHGOLNHDQH[SHQVLYHFKRLFH
,WJHWVWKLVIURPLWV&IDPLO\FRQQHFWLRQVEXWLWGRHVWXUQRXWWREHXVHIXOWRKDYHWKLV
FRQWUROZKHQ\RXQHHGWRZRUNGLUHFWO\ZLWK:LQGRZV$3,VDV\RXOOVHHLQ&KDSWHU
1RWLFHWKDWPRVWRIWKHW\SHVLQ7DEOHKDYHWZRQDPHV&XVHVQDPHVVXFKDV
int DQG long EXW WKH 1(7 )UDPHZRUN FDOOV WKHVH W\SHV E\ ORQJHU QDPHV VXFK DV
System.Int32DQGSystem.Int647KHVKRUWHU&QDPHVDUHDOLDVHVDQG&LVKDSS\WR

OHW\RXXVHHLWKHU<RXFDQZULWHWKLV
int answer = 42;

RUWKLV
System.Int32 answer = 42;

RULI\RXU&VRXUFHILOHKDVDusing System;GLUHFWLYHDWWKHWRS\RXFDQZULWHWKLV
Int32 answer = 42;

30 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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WZRDUHHTXLYDOHQWVLPSO\EHFDXVHRIKRZQDPHVSDFHVZRUNEXWZK\GRHV&VXSSRUW
DFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWVHWRIDOLDVHV"7KHDQVZHULVKLVWRULFDO&ZDVGHVLJQHGWREH
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LQFOXGHV&&-DYDDQG-DYD6FULSW0RVWRIWKHODQJXDJHVLQWKLVIDPLO\XVHWKHVDPH
QDPHVIRUFHUWDLQNLQGVRIGDWDW\SHVPRVWXVHWKHQDPHintWRGHQRWHDFRQYHQLHQWO\
VL]HGLQWHJHUIRUH[DPSOH6R&LVPHUHO\IROORZLQJVXLWLWDOORZV\RXWRZULWHFRGH
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ELWLQWHJHUSystem.Int326LQFH&OHWV\RXXVHHLWKHUQDPLQJVW\OHRSLQLRQLVGLYLGHG
RQWKHPDWWHURIZKLFK\RXVKRXOGXVH7KH&IDPLO\VW\OHintdoubleHWFVHHPVWR
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GLIIHUHQWO\IURPWKHUHVW BigInteger,WGRHVQRWKDYHD&VW\OHQDPHVRLWVNQRZQ
RQO\E\LWVFODVVOLEUDU\QDPH8QOLNHDOOWKHRWKHULQWHJHUW\SHVZKLFKRFFXS\DIL[HG
DPRXQWRIPHPRU\WKDWGHWHUPLQHVWKHLUUDQJHDBigIntegerFDQJURZ$VWKHQXPEHU
LWUHSUHVHQWVJHWVODUJHULWVLPSO\FRQVXPHVPRUHVSDFH7KHRQO\WKHRUHWLFDOOLPLWRQ
UDQJHLVWKHDPRXQWRIPHPRU\DYDLODEOHEXWLQSUDFWLFHWKHFRPSXWDWLRQDOFRVWRI
ZRUNLQJZLWKYDVWQXPEHUVLVOLNHO\WREHWKHOLPLWLQJIDFWRU(YHQVLPSOHDULWKPHWLF
RSHUDWLRQVVXFKDVPXOWLSOLFDWLRQFDQEHFRPHUDWKHUH[SHQVLYHZLWKVXIILFLHQWO\YDVW
QXPEHUV)RUH[DPSOHLI\RXKDYHWZRQXPEHUVHDFKZLWKPLOOLRQGHFLPDOGLJLWV
HDFKQXPEHURFFXSLHVPRUHWKDQNLORE\WHVRIPHPRU\PXOWLSO\LQJWKHVHWRJHWKHU
WDNHVPRUHWKDQDPLQXWHRQDUHDVRQDEO\ZHOOVSHFLILHGFRPSXWHUBigIntegerLVXVHIXO
IRUPDWKHPDWLFDOVFHQDULRVZKHQ\RXQHHGWREHDEOHWRZRUNZLWKYHU\ODUJHQXPEHUV
EXWLQPRUHRUGLQDU\VLWXDWLRQVintLVWKHPRVWSRSXODULQWHJHUW\SH
,QWHJHUVDUHDOOYHU\ZHOOIRUFRXQWDEOHTXDQWLWLHVEXWZKDWLI\RXQHHGWKHDELOLW\WR
UHSUHVHQWVRPHWKLQJRWKHUWKDQDZKROHQXPEHU"7KLVLVZKHUHIORDWLQJSRLQWW\SHV
FRPHLQ

Floating point
7KHdoubleDQGfloatW\SHVERWKRIIHUWKHDELOLW\WRVXSSRUWQXPEHUVZLWKDIUDFWLRQDO
FRPSRQHQW)RUH[DPSOH\RXFDQUHSUHVHQWWKHYDOXHZLWKHLWKHURIWKHVHW\SHV
ZKLFK\RXFDQWGRZLWKDQ\RIWKHLQWHJHUW\SHV7KHRQO\GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQdouble
DQGfloatLVWKHOHYHORISUHFLVLRQDYDLODEOHVLQFHIORDWLQJSRLQWQXPEHUVKDYHDIL[HG
VL]HWKH\FDQRIIHURQO\DOLPLWHGDPRXQWRISUHFLVLRQ7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKH\FDQQRW
UHSUHVHQWDQ\IUDFWLRQWKHOLPLWHGSUHFLVLRQPHDQVIORDWLQJSRLQWQXPEHUVFDQRQO\
UHSUHVHQWPRVWQXPEHUVDSSUR[LPDWHO\

:KHQHYHUPRUHWKDQRQHZD\RIGRLQJVRPHWKLQJH[LVWVLQDSURJUDPPLQJV\VWHPDVFKLVPLQHYLWDEO\IRUPV
RIIHULQJWKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUORQJDQGSRLQWOHVVDUJXPHQWVRYHUZKLFKLVEHWWHU

Variables | 31

Floating Point
,I\RXUHZRQGHULQJZK\WKHVHDUHFDOOHGIORDWLQJSRLQWW\SHVWKHQDPHLVDWHFKQLFDO
GHVFULSWLRQRIKRZWKH\ZRUNLQWHUQDOO\7KHVHQXPEHUVFRQWDLQDIL[HGQXPEHURI
ELQDU\GLJLWVWRKROGWKHYDOXHDQGWKHQDQRWKHUQXPEHUWKDWVD\VZKHUHWKH.VKRXOG
JR6RWKHSRLQWLVDELQDU\SRLQWWKHELQDU\HTXLYDOHQWRIDGHFLPDOSRLQW,WVIORDW
LQJEHFDXVHLWFDQPRYHDURXQG

$floatRIIHUVDERXWVHYHQGHFLPDOSODFHVRISUHFLVLRQZKHUHDVDdoubleRIIHUVDERXW
 6WULFWO\ VSHDNLQJ WKH\ RIIHU  DQG  ELQDU\ SODFHV RI SUHFLVLRQ UHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHVHDUHELQDU\IRUPDWVVRWKHLUSUHFLVLRQGRHVQRWFRUUHVSRQGWRDQH[DFWQXPEHU
RIGHFLPDOSODFHVRISUHFLVLRQ6RWKHIROORZLQJFRGH
double x = 1234.5678;
double y = x + 0.0001;
Console.WriteLine(x);
Console.WriteLine(y);

SULQWVRXWZKDW\RXGH[SHFW
1234.5678
1234.5679

,ILQVWHDGZHXVHWKHIORDWW\SH
float x = 1234.5678f;
float y = x + 0.0001f;
Console.WriteLine(x);
Console.WriteLine(y);

ZHJHWWKLV
1234.568
1234.568

7KLVRIWHQVXUSULVHVQHZGHYHORSHUVEXWLWVQRUPDODQGLVE\QRPHDQVXQLTXHWR&
,IRQO\DOLPLWHGDPRXQWRIVSDFHLVDYDLODEOH\RXVLPSO\FDQQRWUHSUHVHQWDOOSRVVLEOH
QXPEHUVZLWKFRPSOHWHDFFXUDF\)ORDWLQJSRLQWDSSUR[LPDWHDVLWLVLVWKHVWDQGDUG
ZD\WRUHSUHVHQWQRQLQWHJHUQXPEHUVLQPRVWSURJUDPPLQJODQJXDJHVDQG\RXOOVHH
WKLVVRUWRILQDFFXUDF\DQ\ZKHUH

32 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

1RWLFHWKDWZKHQPRGLI\LQJWKHFRGHWRXVHfloatLQVWHDGRIdoubleZH
DGGHGWKHOHWWHUIWRWKHHQGRIWKHFRQVWDQWV0.0001fLQVWHDGRIMXVW
0.0001IRUH[DPSOH7KLVLVEHFDXVH&WUHDWVDQXPEHUZLWKDGHFLPDO
SRLQWDVDYDOXHRIW\SH doubleDQGLIZHWU\WRVWRUHWKLVLQDYDULDEOH
RIW\SHfloatZHULVNORVLQJGDWDGXHWRWKHORZHUSUHFLVLRQ6XFKFRGH
LVWUHDWHGDVDQHUURUKHQFHWKHQHHGWRH[SOLFLWO\WHOO&WKDWZHNQRZ
ZHUH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK VLQJOHSUHFLVLRQ IORDWLQJSRLQW YDOXHV ZLWK WKH I
VXIIL[,I\RXKDYHD double\RXUHDOO\ZRXOGOLNHWRWXUQLQWRD float
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WKLVZLWKDFDVWRSHUDWRU)RUH[DPSOH
double x = 1234.5678;
double y = x + 0.0001;
float impreciseSum = (float) (x + y);

7KH(float)V\QWD[KHUHLVDFDVWDQH[SOLFLWLQVWUXFWLRQWRWKHFRPSLOHU
WKDWZHZDQWWRFRQYHUWWKHW\SH6LQFHZHDUHEHLQJH[SOLFLWWKHFRP
SLOHUGRHVQRWWUHDWWKLVDVDQHUURU

)RUDORWRIDSSOLFDWLRQVOLPLWHGSUHFLVLRQLVQRWWRRELJDSUREOHPDVORQJDV\RXUH
DZDUHRILWEXWWKHUHVDVOLJKWO\VXEWOHUSUREOHPWKDWDIIOLFWV doubleDQG float7KH\
DUHERWKELQDU\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVEHFDXVHWKDWVWKHPRVWHIILFLHQWZD\RISDFNLQJSUH
FLVLRQLQWRWKHVSDFHDYDLODEOH+RZHYHULWPHDQVWKDW\RXFDQJHWVRPHVXUSULVLQJ
ORRNLQJUHVXOWVZKHQZRUNLQJLQGHFLPDO)RUH[DPSOHWKHQXPEHUFDQQRWEHUHS
UHVHQWHGDFFXUDWHO\DVDILQLWHOHQJWKELQDU\IUDFWLRQ)RUPXFKWKHVDPHUHDVRQWKDW
FDQQRWDFFXUDWHO\EHUHSUHVHQWHGDVDILQLWHOHQJWKGHFLPDOIUDFWLRQ,QHLWKHUFDVH
\RXHQGXSZLWKDUHFXUULQJ>LHLQILQLWHO\ORQJ@QXPEHULQGHFLPDOLV
UHFXUULQJLQGHFLPDOLVEXWLQELQDU\LWVUHFXUULQJ
7DNHWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOH
float f1 = 0.1f;
float f2 = f1 + 0.1f;
float f3 = f2 + 0.1f;
float f4 = f3 + 0.1f;
float f5 = f4 + 0.1f;
float f6 = f5 + 0.1f;
float f7 = f6 + 0.1f;
float f8 = f7 + 0.1f;
float f9 = f8 + 0.1f;
Console.WriteLine(f1);
Console.WriteLine(f2);
Console.WriteLine(f3);
Console.WriteLine(f4);
Console.WriteLine(f5);
Console.WriteLine(f6);
Console.WriteLine(f7);
Console.WriteLine(f8);
Console.WriteLine(f9);

Variables | 33

:HOOVHHKRZWRDYRLGVXFKKLJKO\UHSHWLWLYHFRGHZKHQZHJHWWRORRSVODWHULQWKH
FKDSWHUE\WKHZD\7KLVVKRZVWKHIROORZLQJUDWKHUVXVSHFWRXWSXW
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8000001
0.9000001

7KHLQDELOLW\WRUHSUHVHQWDFFXUDWHO\LVQRWLQLWLDOO\REYLRXVEHFDXVH1(7URXQGV
WKHQXPEHUVZKHQGLVSOD\LQJWKHPPDVNLQJWKHSUREOHP+RZHYHUDVZHNHHSDGGLQJ
QXPEHUVWRJHWKHUWKHLQDFFXUDFLHVDGGXSDQGHYHQWXDOO\VWDUWWREHFRPHYLVLEOH$V
\RXFDQLPDJLQHDFFRXQWDQWVGRQWOLNHWKLVVRUWRIWKLQJLIWKRVHQXPEHUVKDSSHQHG
WRUHSUHVHQWIXQGWUDQVIHUVPHDVXUHGLQELOOLRQVRIGROODUVKDYLQJELOOLRQ
VXGGHQO\DSSHDURXWRIQRZKHUHHYHU\HLJKWWUDQVDFWLRQVZRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
DEDGSUDFWLFH7KLVLVZK\WKHUHVDVSHFLDOQXPHULFW\SHMXVWIRUZRUNLQJLQGHFLPDO

Decimal floating point

7KH decimalW\SHRU System.DecimalDV1(7FDOOVLWLVVXSHUILFLDOO\YHU\VLPLODUWR
doubleDQGfloatH[FHSWLWVLQWHUQDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLVDGDSWHGWRGHFLPDOUHSUHVHQWD
WLRQV,WFDQUHSUHVHQWXSWRGHFLPDOGLJLWVRISUHFLVLRQDQGXQOLNHWKHWZRELQDU\
IORDWLQJSRLQWW\SHVDQ\QXPEHUWKDWFDQEHZULWWHQDVDGLJLWRUIHZHUGHFLPDO
FDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGFRPSOHWHO\DFFXUDWHO\DVDdecimalYDULDEOH7KHYDOXHILWVFRP
IRUWDEO\LQWRGLJLWVZLWKURRPWRVSDUHVRWKLVZRXOGIL[WKHSUREOHPLQWKHSUHYLRXV
H[DPSOH7KHdecimalW\SHVWLOOKDVOLPLWHGSUHFLVLRQLWMXVWKDVOHVVVXUSULVLQJEHKDYLRU
LI\RXUHORRNLQJDWDOO\RXUQXPEHUVLQGHFLPDO
6RLI\RXDUHSHUIRUPLQJFDOFXODWLRQVLQYROYLQJPRQH\decimalLVOLNHO\WREHDEHWWHU
FKRLFHWKDQdoubleRUfloat7KHWUDGHRIILVWKDWLWVVOLJKWO\OHVVHIILFLHQWFRPSXWHUV
DUHPRUHDWKRPHLQELQDU\WKDQGHFLPDO)RURXUUDFHLQIRUPDWLRQDSSOLFDWLRQZH
GRQW KDYH DQ\ SDUWLFXODU QHHG IRU GHFLPDO ILGHOLW\ ZKLFK LV ZK\ ZHUH XVLQJ WKH
doubleW\SHLQ([DPSOH
*HWWLQJEDFNWRWKDWH[DPSOHUHFDOOWKDWZHGHILQHGWKUHHYDULDEOHVWKDWKROGWKHGLV
WDQFHRXUFDUKDVWUDYHOHGKRZORQJLWWRRNDQGKRZPXFKIXHOLWEXUQHGLQWKHSURFHVV
+HUHLWLVDJDLQVRWKDW\RXGRQWKDYHWRIOLSEDFNWRLW
static void Main(string[] args)
{
double kmTravelled = 5.141;
double elapsedSeconds = 78.738;
double fuelKilosConsumed = 2.7;
}

34 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

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:HVWDUWZLWKWKHW\SHRIGDWDZHGOLNHWRZRUNZLWKIROORZHGE\WKHQDPHZHGOLNH
WRXVHDQGWKHQZHXVHWKH =V\PEROWRDVVLJQDYDOXHWRWKHYDULDEOH%XWDVVLJQLQJ
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EHFDXVH\RXFDQDVVLJQDQH[SUHVVLRQLQWRDYDULDEOH

Expressions and Statements

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VHHQVHYHUDOH[DPSOHVDOUHDG\WKHPRVWEDVLFEHLQJWKHQXPEHUVZHUHDVVLJQLQJLQWR
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5.141

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OLWHUDOH[SUHVVLRQV0RUHLQWHUHVWLQJO\H[SUHVVLRQVFDQSHUIRUPFDOFXODWLRQV)RUH[
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H[SUHVVLRQLQ([DPSOH
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kmTravelled / fuelKilosConsumed

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GLYLGHQGDQGWKHGLYLVRUDQGHDFKLQSXWLVLWVHOIDQH[SUHVVLRQ:HZHUHDEOHWRXVH
YDULDEOHQDPHVVXFKDVkmTravelledEHFDXVHDYDULDEOHQDPHLVYDOLGDVDQH[SUHVVLRQ
WKHUHVXOWDQWYDOXHLVMXVWZKDWHYHUWKDWYDULDEOHVYDOXHLV%XWZHFRXOGXVHOLWHUDOVDV
([DPSOHVKRZV$WUDSDZDLWVWKHXQZDU\KHUHVHHWKHVLGHEDURQWKHQH[WSDJH
([DPSOH'LYLGLQJRQHOLWHUDOE\DQRWKHU
60 / 10

2UZHFRXOGXVHDPL[WXUHRIOLWHUDOVDQGYDULDEOHQDPHVWRFDOFXODWHWKHHODSVHGWLPH
LQPLQXWHV
elapsedSeconds / 60

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elapsedSeconds / (60 * 60)

Expressions and Statements | 35

Integer Versus Floating-Point Division

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WKHWZROLWHUDOVLQ([DPSOHGRQRWFRQWDLQGHFLPDOSRLQWVWKHFRPSLOHUWUHDWVWKHP
DVLQWHJHUVDQGVRLWZLOOSHUIRUPDQLQWHJHUGLYLVLRQ%XWVLQFHWKH kmTravelledDQG
fuelKilosConsumedYDULDEOHVDUHERWKIORDWLQJSRLQWLWZLOOXVHDIORDWLQJSRLQWGLYLVLRQ
RSHUDWLRQ,QWKLVSDUWLFXODUFDVHLWGRHVQWPDWWHUEHFDXVHGLYLGLQJE\SURGXFHV
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WKLVIRUH[DPSOH
3/4

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double x = 3;
double y = 4;

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FDQGHDOZLWKQRQZKROHUHVXOWV,I\RXZDQWHGWRXVHIORDWLQJSRLQWFDOFXODWLRQVZLWK
OLWHUDOV\RXFRXOGZULWH
3.0/4.0

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LQJSRLQWGLYLVLRQVRWKHUHVXOWLV

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NLORPHWHUVSHUKRXU
kmTravelled / (elapsedSeconds / (60 * 60))

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double kmPerHour = kmTravelled / (elapsedSeconds / (60 * 60));

RUZHFRXOGGLVSOD\WKHYDOXHRIWKHH[SUHVVLRQLQWKHFRQVROHZLQGRZ
Console.WriteLine(kmTravelled / (elapsedSeconds / (60 * 60)));

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WKHConsoleFODVVVWriteLinePHWKRG

36 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

Order of Evaluation
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 HYDOXDWHVWR%XWSDUHQWKHVHVWUXPSSUHFHGHQFHVR 
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FDQEHRIDQ\W\SHWKRXJK)RUH[DPSOH("Hello, " + "world")LVDQ
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int approxKmPerHour = (int) kmPerHour;

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Expressions and Statements | 37

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QHZYDOXHVDWDQ\WLPH

Assignment Statements
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double kmPerHour = kmTravelled / (elapsedSeconds / (60 * 60));

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ZHFRXOGDVVLJQDQHZYDOXHLQWRWKHkmPerHourYDULDEOHDVVLJQPHQWVWDWHPHQWVDUHQW
UHTXLUHGWRGHFODUHQHZYDULDEOHVDQGFDQDVVLJQLQWRH[LVWLQJRQHV
kmPerHour = updateKmTravelled / (updatedElapsedSeconds / (60 * 60));

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&RIIHUVVRPHVSHFLDOL]HGDVVLJQPHQWVWDWHPHQWVWKDWFDQPDNHIRUVOLJKWO\PRUHVXF
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elapsedSeconds = elapsedSeconds + latestLapTime;

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DEOHVSHFLILHGRQWKHOHIWKDQGVLGH+RZHYHUWKLVSURFHVVRIDGGLQJDYDOXHWRDYDULDEOH
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elapsedSeconds += latestLapTime;

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Increment and Decrement Operators

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lapCount += 1;

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LPSRUWDQWFDVHWRGHYLVHDQHYHQPRUHVSHFLDOV\QWD[IRULWFDOOHGWKHLQFUHPHQWRSHU
DWRUZKLFK&GXO\RIIHUV
lapCount++;

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PHQWEXW\RXFDQDOVRXVHWKHLQFUHPHQWDQGGHFUHPHQWRSHUDWRUVLQWKHPLGGOHRIDQ
H[SUHVVLRQ
int currentLap = lapCount++;

38 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

%XWEHFDUHIXO7KHH[SUHVVLRQRQWKHULJKWRIWKLVDVVLJQPHQWVWDWHPHQWPHDQVHYDO
XDWHWKHFXUUHQWYDOXHRIlapCountDQGWKHQLQFUHPHQWlapCountDIWHUJHWWLQJLWVFXUUHQW
YDOXH6RLI lapCountZDVEHIRUHH[HFXWLQJWKLVVWDWHPHQW currentLapZRXOGEH
DQGlapCountZRXOGEHDIWHUH[HFXWLQJLW,I\RXZDQWWRXVHWKHXSGDWHGYDOXH\RX
SXWWKHLQFUHPHQWRUGHFUHPHQWRSHUDWRUEHIRUHLWVWDUJHW
int currentLap = ++lapCount;

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LQFUHPHQWDQGPHWKRGLQYRFDWLRQVWDWHPHQWV+RZHYHUVXFKDSURJUDPZRXOGQWEH
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Flow Control with Selection Statements

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RaceInfo 20.6 312.8 10.8

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static void Main(string[] args)
{
double kmTravelled = double.Parse(args[0]);
double elapsedSeconds = double.Parse(args[1]);
double fuelKilosConsumed = double.Parse(args[2]);
}

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Flow Control with Selection Statements | 39

DSDUWLFXODUW\SH<RXFDQPDNHDUUD\VRIDQ\WKLQJQXPEHUVWH[WRUDQ\W\SH7KH
string[]V\QWD[LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKLVPHWKRGH[SHFWVDQDUUD\RIVWULQJV,QDQH[SUHVVLRQ
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DIWHUWKHDUUD\YDULDEOHVQDPH6RWKHILUVWWKUHHOLQHVLQRXUPHWKRGKHUHXVHargs[0]
args[1]DQG args[2]WRJHWWKHILUVWVHFRQGDQGWKLUGLWHPVLQWKHDUUD\WKHWKUHH
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FDXVHWKHXVHUFDQW\SHDQ\WKLQJ
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if Statements
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WRH[HFXWHWKHEORFNRIFRGHHQFORVHGLQEUDFHV

40 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

([DPSOHLIVWDWHPHQW
double fuelTankCapacityKilos = 80;
double lapLength = 5.141;
double
double
double
double

fuelKilosPerKm = fuelKilosConsumed / kmTravelled;

fuelKilosRemaining = fuelTankCapacityKilos - fuelKilosConsumed;
predictedDistanceUntilOutOfFuel = fuelKilosRemaining / fuelKilosPerKm;
predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel =
predictedDistanceUntilOutOfFuel / lapLength;

if (predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel < 4)
{
Console.WriteLine("Low on fuel. Laps remaining: " +
predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel);
}

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,I\RXUXQWKHSURJUDPZLWKDUJXPHQWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRMXVWDIHZODSVHJ 15 238

8 LW ZRQW SULQW DQ\WKLQJ %XW WU\ UXQQLQJ LW ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ DUJXPHQWV 141.95
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predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel < 4

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RQO\LIWKHQXPEHURISUHGLFWHGODSVRIIXHOLVOHVVWKDQ&OHDUO\LVOHVVWKDQVR
LQWKLVFDVHLWOOUXQWKDWFRGHSULQWLQJRXWWKHIROORZLQJ
Low on fuel. Laps remaining: 1.60701035044548

Flow Control with Selection Statements | 41

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SHUIRUPHGDFRPSDULVRQZHUHWHVWLQJWRVHHLIDYDULDEOHLVOHVVWKDQ7KHUHDUHRQO\
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GLIIHUHQWLQQDWXUHWRWKHH[SUHVVLRQVSHUIRUPLQJPDWKHPDWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQV,I\RXZHUH
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Console.WriteLine(predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel < 4);

LWZRXOGGLVSOD\HLWKHUTrueRUFalse7KH1(7)UDPHZRUNKDVDVSHFLDOW\SHWRUHS
UHVHQWVXFKDQHLWKHURUFKRLFHFDOOHGSystem.BooleanDQGDVZLWKWKHQXPHULFW\SHV
&GHILQHVLWVRZQDOLDVIRUWKLVW\SH bool$Q ifVWDWHPHQWUHTXLUHVD%RROHDQH[
SUHVVLRQ6RLI\RXWU\WRXVHDQH[SUHVVLRQZLWKDQXPHULFUHVXOWVXFKDVWKLV
if (fuelTankCapacityKilos - fuelKilosConsumed)

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ERRO7KLVLVLWVZD\RIVD\LQJWKDWLWH[SHFWVDboolHLWKHUWUXHRUIDOVHDQG\RXYH
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boolW\SHLWLQVLVWVWKDWDQ ifVWDWHPHQWVH[SUHVVLRQLVDOZD\VRIW\SH
bool

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6RPHRIWKHVHRSHUDWRUVFDQEHDSSOLHGWRQRQQXPHULFW\SHVWRR)RUH[DPSOH\RX
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DIWHUDQRWKHUZKHQVRUWHGDOSKDEHWLFDOO\+RZHYHUWKHUHVPRUHWKDQRQHZD\WRVRUW
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FRPSDULVRQWRZRUN

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WZRYDOXHVWUXHDQGIDOVH+LVV\VWHPLVIXQGDPHQWDOWRWKHRSHUDWLRQRIDOOGLJLWDOHOHFWURQLFVVRLWVDVKDPH
WKDW&GRHVQWVHHILWWRVSHOOKLVQDPHSURSHUO\

42 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRSHUDWRUV
C# operator

Meaning

<

Less than

>

Greater than

<=

Less than or equal to

>=

Greater than or equal to

==

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!=

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WKDWYDOXHZHFRXOGZULWH
if ((predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel < 4) &&
(predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel < remainingLapsInRace))
{
Console.WriteLine("Low on fuel. Laps remaining: " +
predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel);
}

7KLVKDVWKHVDPHHIIHFWDVWKHIROORZLQJVOLJKWO\PRUHYHUERVHFRGH
if (predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel < 4)
{
if (predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel < remainingLapsInRace)
{
Console.WriteLine("Low on fuel. Laps remaining: " +
predictedLapsUntilOutOfFuel);
}
}

2QO\LIERWKFRQGLWLRQVDUHWUXHZLOOWKHPHVVDJHEHGLVSOD\HG7KHUHVDOVRD||RSHU
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Flow Control with Selection Statements | 43

if...else
7KHifVWDWHPHQWH[DPSOHVZHYHORRNHGDWVRIDUMXVWGHFLGHZKHWKHUWRH[HFXWHVRPH
RSWLRQDOFRGHEXWZKDWLIZHZDQWWRFKRRVHEHWZHHQWZRDFWLRQV"$Q ifVWDWHPHQW
FDQRSWLRQDOO\LQFOXGHDQ elseVHFWLRQWKDWUXQVLIWKHFRQGLWLRQZDVIDOVHDVLQWKLV
K\SRWKHWLFDOSRVWUDFHH[DPSOH
if (weWonTheRace)
{
Sponsors.DemandMoreMoney();
}
else
{
Driver.ReducePay();
}

2QHW\SHRILIHOVHWHVWFRPHVXSRIWHQHQRXJKWKDW&IDPLO\ODQJXDJHVKDYHDVSHFLDO
V\QWD[IRULWVRPHWLPHV\RXZDQWWRSLFNEHWZHHQRQHRIWZRYDOXHVEDVHGRQVRPH
WHVW<RXFRXOGZULWHWKLV
string messageForDriver;
if (weWonTheRace)
{
messageForDriver = "Congratulations";
}
else
{
messageForDriver = "You're fired";
}

6RPHWLPHVLWVPRUHFRQYHQLHQWWREHDEOHWRSXWWKLVLQVLGHDQH[SUHVVLRQ7KLVFDQEH
GRQHZLWKWKHWHUQDU\RSHUDWRUVRFDOOHGEHFDXVHLWFRQWDLQVWKUHHH[SUHVVLRQVD%RR
OHDQWHVWH[SUHVVLRQWKHH[SUHVVLRQWRXVHLIWKHWHVWLVWUXHDQGWKHH[SUHVVLRQWRXVH
LIWKHWHVWLVIDOVH7KHV\QWD[XVHV?DQG:FKDUDFWHUVWRVHSDUDWHWKHH[SUHVVLRQVVRWKH
EDVLF SDWWHUQ LV test ? resultIfTrue : resultIfFalse :H FDQ FROODSVH WKH SUHYLRXV
ifelseH[DPSOHWRDVLQJOHDVVLJQPHQWVWDWHPHQWE\XVLQJWKHWHUQDU\RSHUDWRULQWKH
H[SUHVVLRQRQWKHULJKWKDQGVLGHRIWKHDVVLJQPHQW
string messageForDriver = weWonTheRace ?
"Congratulations" :
"You're fired";

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OLQHVWRPDNHWKHPHDV\WRVHH%XWVRPHSHRSOHOLNHWRXVHWKHWHUQDU\RSHUDWRUWR
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DEOHFRQFLVHQHVVRULPSHQHWUDEOHWHUVHQHVVGHSHQGLQJRQ\RXUSHUVRQDOWDVWHV
<RXFDQVWULQJPXOWLSOHifelseWHVWVWRJHWKHU7RVHHKRZWKDWPLJKWEHXVHIXOLQRXU
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IRUWKHGULYHUVWRIROORZVORZO\LIWKHZUHFNDJHLVSDUWLFXODUO\VSHFWDFXODURULQH[WUHPH

44 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

FDVHVUHGIODJJLQJWKHUDFHDWHPSRUDU\FRPSOHWHKDOWIROORZHGE\DUHVWDUW(DFK
RI WKHVH KDV LWV RZQ DSSURSULDWH UHVSRQVH ZKLFK FDQ EH GHDOW ZLWK E\ D FKDLQ RI
ifelse ifelseVWDWHPHQWVDVVKRZQLQ([DPSOH
([DPSOH7HVWLQJPXOWLSOHFRQGLWLRQVZLWKLIDQGHOVH
string raceStatus = args[3];
if (raceStatus == "YellowFlag")
{
Driver.TellNotToOvertake();
}
else if (raceStatus == "SafetyCar")
{
Driver.WarnAboutSafetyCar();
}
else if (raceStatus == "RedFlag")
{
if (ourDriverCausedIncident)
{
Factory.OrderNewCar();
Driver.ReducePay();
if (feelingGenerous)
{
Driver.Resuscitate();
}
}
else
{
Driver.CallBackToPit();
}
}
else
{
Driver.TellToDriveFaster();
}

:KLOHWKLVZRUNVWKHUHVDQDOWHUQDWLYH7KLVSDWWHUQRIFKRRVLQJRQHRSWLRQRXWRI
PDQ\LVVXIILFLHQWO\FRPPRQWKDW&KDVDVSHFLDOVHOHFWLRQVWDWHPHQWWRKDQGOHLW

switch and case Statements

$switchVWDWHPHQWOHWV\RXVSHFLI\DOLVWRIH[SHFWHGYDOXHVDQGZKDWWRGRIRUHDFK
YDOXH7KHYDOXHVFDQEHHLWKHUVWULQJVRULQWHJUDOW\SHV,QWHJUDOW\SHVLQFOXGH int
shortHWF\RXFDQQRWVZLWFKRQIORDWLQJSRLQWQXPEHUV(QXPHUDWLRQW\SHVZKLFK
DUHGLVFXVVHGLQ&KDSWHUDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHLQWHJUDOW\SHVIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRID
switchVWDWHPHQW:HFDQXVHWKLVWRUHZULWH([DPSOHDVVKRZQLQ([DPSOH

Flow Control with Selection Statements | 45

([DPSOH7HVWLQJPXOWLSOHFRQGLWLRQVZLWKVZLWFKDQGFDVH
string raceStatus = args[3];
switch (raceStatus)
{
case "YellowFlag":
Driver.TellNotToOvertake();
break;
case "SafetyCar":
Driver.WarnAboutSafetyCar();
break;
case "RedFlag":
if (ourDriverCausedIncident)
{
Factory.OrderNewCar();
Driver.ReducePay();
if (feelingGenerous)
{
Driver.Resuscitate();
}
}
else
{
Driver.CallBackToPit();
}
break;

default:
Driver.TellToDriveFaster();
break;
}

7KHbreakNH\ZRUG\RXFDQVHHDWWKHHQGRIHDFKcaseLVSUHVHQWPDLQO\
IRUFRQVLVWHQF\ZLWKRWKHU&OLNHODQJXDJHV,Q&DQG&LI\RXOHDYH
RIIWKH breakWKHFRGHZLOOIDOORXWRIRQHFDVHWKURXJKWRWKHQH[W
6RLIZHOHIWRIIWKH breakLQWKH YellowFlagFDVHZHGHQGXSWHOOLQJ
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WKURXJK,WVXQIRUWXQDWHWKDWLQ&DQG&IDOOWKURXJKZDVWKHGHIDXOW
&FKDQJHVWKLVLI\RXZDQWIDOOWKURXJK\RXPXVWDVNIRULWH[SOLFLWO\
E\ZULWLQJ goto case "SafetyCar"%XWGHVSLWHIDOOWKURXJKQRORQJHU
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PHQWDV\RXZRXOGLQRWKHU&IDPLO\ODQJXDJHVZKHQ\RXGRQWZDQW
IDOOWKURXJKLI\RXOHDYHLWRXW\RXOOJHWDQHUURU

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46 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

caseRIIHURQHXVHIXODGYDQWDJHWKH\PDNHLWFOHDUZKDWZHUHGRLQJZHUHORRNLQJ
DWDVLQJOHH[SUHVVLRQraceStatusDQGZHUHFKRRVLQJRQHRIDQXPEHURIRSWLRQVEDVHG

RQWKHYDOXHRIWKDWH[SUHVVLRQ$GHYHORSHUIDPLOLDUZLWK&FDQORRNDWWKLVFRGHDQG
XQGHUVWDQGWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVVDWDJODQFH:LWKWKHSUHYLRXV
H[DPSOH\RXZRXOGQHHGWRORRNDWHDFK else ifVWDWHPHQWLQWXUQWRPDNHVXUHLW
ZDVQWGRLQJVRPHWKLQJPRUHFRPSOH[FKDLQHGelse ifVWDWHPHQWVDUHPRUHIOH[LEOH
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XQGHUVWDQGWKHFRGH6RPHWLPHVDVHOILPSRVHGFRQVWUDLQWFDQPDNHFRGHHDVLHUWRUHDG
DQGPDLQWDLQDQGDswitchVWDWHPHQWLVDJRRGH[DPSOHRIWKDW
6HOHFWLRQVWDWHPHQWVPDNHSURJUDPVFRQVLGHUDEO\PRUHXVHIXOWKDQWKH\ZRXOGRWK
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VLPSOHUHSHWLWLYHWDVNVPDQ\WLPHVRYHU

Iteration Statements
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WLPHV5HSHDWHGH[HFXWLRQLVDOVRRIWHQNQRZQDVDORRSEHFDXVHOLNHWKHUDFHFDUWKH
FRGHJRHVURXQGDQGURXQGDJDLQ7KLVVHHPVOLNHLWFRXOGEHXVHIXOLQRXUUDFHGDWD
DQDO\VLVUDFHFDUVXVXDOO\FRPSOHWHPDQ\ODSVVRZHZLOOSUREDEO\KDYHPXOWLSOHVHWV
RIGDWDWRSURFHVV,WZRXOGEHDQQR\LQJWRKDYHWRZULWHWKHVDPHFRGHWLPHVMXVW
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IXHODWWKHHQGRIHDFKODS7RLOOXVWUDWHKRZWRZRUNZLWKVXFKGDWDZHOOVWDUWZLWKD
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6LQFHWKLVFRGHLVDOLWWOHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHSUHYLRXVH[DPSOHVWDUWDQHZSURMHFWLI\RX
ZDQWWRIROORZDORQJ0DNHDQRWKHUFRQVROHDSSOLFDWLRQFDOOHGLapAnalysis
7REHDEOHWRWHVWRXUFRGHZHOOQHHGDILOHFRQWDLQLQJWKHWLPLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ<RXFDQ
DGGWKLVWR\RXU9LVXDO6WXGLRSURMHFW5LJKWFOLFNRQWKH LapAnalysisSURMHFWLQWKH
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&WUO6KLIW$,QWKH,QVWDOOHG7HPSODWHVVHFWLRQRQWKHOHIWVHOHFWWKH*HQHUDOFDWHJRU\
XQGHU 9LVXDO & ,WHPV DQG WKHQ LQ WKH FHQWUDO DUHD VHOHFW 7H[W )LOH &DOO WKH ILOH
/DS7LPHVW[WDQGFOLFN$GG<RXOOQHHGWKLVILOHWREHVRPHZKHUHWKHSURJUDPFDQJHW
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SDQHOEXWLI\RXGRQWVHHLWULJKWFOLFNRQ/DS7LPHVW[WLQWKH6ROXWLRQ([SORUHUDQG

Iteration Statements | 47

VHOHFW3URSHUWLHV,QWKH3URSHUWLHVSDQHO\RXVKRXOGVHHD&RS\WR2XWSXW'LUHFWRU\
SURSHUW\%\GHIDXOWWKLVLVVHWWR'RQRWFRS\&KDQJHLWWR&RS\LIQHZHU9LVXDO
6WXGLRZLOOHQVXUHWKDWDQXSWRGDWHFRS\RIWKHILOHLVDYDLODEOHLQWKHELQ?'HEXJIROGHU
LQZKLFKLWEXLOGV\RXUSURJUDP<RXOOQHHGVRPHGDWDLQWKLVILOH:HOOEHXVLQJWKH
IROORZLQJWKHVHQXPEHUVUHSUHVHQWWKHHODSVHGWLPHLQVHFRQGVVLQFHWKHVWDUWRIWKH
UDFHDWWKHHQGRIHDFKODS
78.73
157.2
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313.8
390.7
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7KHSURJUDPLVJRLQJWRUHDGLQWKHFRQWHQWVRIWKHILOH7RGRWKLVLWOOQHHGWRXVH
W\SHVIURPWKHSystem.IOQDPHVSDFHVR\RXOOQHHGWRDGGWKHIROORZLQJQHDUWKHWRS
RI\RXU3URJUDPFVILOH
using System.IO;

7KHQLQVLGHWKHMainPHWKRGXVHWKHIROORZLQJFRGHWRUHDGWKHFRQWHQWVRIWKHILOH
string[] lines = File.ReadAllLines("LapTimes.txt");

7KHFileW\SHLVLQWKHSystem.IOQDPHVSDFHDQGLWVReadAllLinesPHWKRGUHDGVLQDOO
WKHOLQHVRIDWH[WILOHDQGUHWXUQVDQDUUD\RIVWULQJVstring[]ZLWKRQHHQWU\SHUOLQH
7KHHDVLHVWZD\WRZRUNWKURXJKDOOWKHVHHQWULHVLVZLWKDforeachVWDWHPHQW

foreach Statements
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VXFKDVDQDUUD\)RUH[DPSOHWKLV
foreach (string line in lines)
{
Console.WriteLine(line);
}

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HDFKWLPHDURXQGLVDVHYHUGHOLPLWHGE\D{ }SDLU
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:HFDQXVHWKLVWRGLVFRYHUWKHIDVWHVWODSWLPHDVVKRZQLQ([DPSOH

48 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques

([DPSOH)LQGLQJWKHIDVWHVWODSZLWKIRUHDFK
string[] lines = File.ReadAllLines("LapTimes.txt");
double currentLapStartTime = 0;
double fastestLapTime = 0;
foreach (string line in lines)
{
double lapEndTime = double.Parse(line);
double lapTime = lapEndTime - currentLapStartTime;
if (fastestLapTime == 0 || lapTime < fastestLapTime)
{
fastestLapTime = lapTime;
}
currentLapStartTime = lapEndTime;
}
Console.WriteLine("Fastest lap time: " + fastestLapTime);

7KHcurrentLapStartTimeEHJLQVDW]HUREXWLVXSGDWHGWRWKHHQGWLPHRIWKHSUHYLRXV
ODSHDFKWLPHDURXQGWKHORRSZHQHHGWKLVWRZRUNRXWKRZORQJHDFKODSWRRN
EHFDXVHHDFKOLQHRIWKHILOHFRQWDLQVWKHWRWDOHODSVHGUDFHWLPHDWHDFKODS$QGWKH
fastestLapTimeYDULDEOHFRQWDLQVWKHWLPHRIWKHIDVWHVWODS\HWIRXQGLWOOEHXSGDWHG
HDFKWLPHDIDVWHUODSLVIRXQG:HDOVRXSGDWHLWZKHQLWV]HURZKLFKLWZLOOEHWKH
ILUVWWLPHZHJRDURXQG
7KLVILQGVWKHIDVWHVWODSWLPHVHFRQGVLQWKHH[DPSOHGDWDZHUHXVLQJ%XWLW
GRHVQWWHOOXVZKLFKODSWKDWZDV/RRNLQJDWWKHQXPEHUVZHFDQVHHWKDWLWKDSSHQV
WREHWKHIRXUWKEXWLWZRXOGEHQLFHLIWKHSURJUDPFRXOGWHOOXV2QHZD\WRGRWKLV
LVWRGHFODUHDQHZYDULDEOHFDOOHG lapNumberLQLWLDOL]LQJLWWRRXWVLGHWKHORRSDQG
DGGLQJRQHHDFKWLPHDURXQGWRNHHSWUDFNRIWKHFXUUHQWODS7KHQZHFDQUHFRUGWKH
ODSQXPEHURQZKLFKZHIRXQGWKHIDVWHVWWLPH([DPSOHVKRZVDPRGLILHGYHU
VLRQZLWKWKHDGGLWLRQDOFRGHLQEROG
([DPSOH)DVWHVWODSLQFOXGLQJODSQXPEHU
string[] lines = File.ReadAllLines("LapTimes.txt");
double currentLapStartTime = 0;
double fastestLapTime = 0;
int lapNumber = 1;
int fastestLapNumber = 0;
foreach (string line in lines)
{
double lapEndTime = double.Parse(line);
double lapTime = lapEndTime - currentLapStartTime;
if (fastestLapTime == 0 || lapTime < fastestLapTime)
{
fastestLapTime = lapTime;
fastestLapNumber = lapNumber;
}
currentLapStartTime = lapEndTime;
lapNumber += 1;
}
Console.WriteLine("Fastest lap: " + fastestLapNumber);
Console.WriteLine("Fastest lap time: " + fastestLapTime);

Iteration Statements | 49

,I\RXUHWU\LQJWKLVRXWWKLVPLJKWEHDJRRGRSSRUWXQLW\WRDFTXDLQW\RXUVHOIZLWK
9LVXDO6WXGLRVGHEXJJLQJIHDWXUHVVHHWKHVLGHEDUEHORZ

The Debugger
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DWLRQVRUKRZPDQ\WLPHVFRGHUXQVLWFDQEHXVHIXOWRLQVSHFWWKHH[HFXWLRQ,I\RXU
FRGHGRHVQWZRUNTXLWHKRZ\RXH[SHFW\RXFDQZDWFKZKDWLWGRHVRQHOLQHDWDWLPH
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Console.WriteLine("Coming, ready or not!");

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50 | Chapter 2:Basic Programming Techniques