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Radiopropagazione Ed Impatto Ambientale: Arrays

1) An antenna array consists of two or more antennas arranged in a configuration, such as linear or two-dimensional lattice, to shape the radiation pattern. The array factor describes the directional properties of the array and depends on the relative amplitudes and phases of the antenna elements. 2) A linear array can steer its main lobe by introducing a linear progressive phase delay between elements. The phase delay controls the scan angle of the main beam. Frequency scanning can also be used to electronically steer the beam by introducing frequency-dependent phase shifts between elements through transmission line lengths. 3) The uniform linear array has a constant amplitude and linear phase progression between elements. Its array factor and beamwidth can be calculated analytically,

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43 views

Radiopropagazione Ed Impatto Ambientale: Arrays

1) An antenna array consists of two or more antennas arranged in a configuration, such as linear or two-dimensional lattice, to shape the radiation pattern. The array factor describes the directional properties of the array and depends on the relative amplitudes and phases of the antenna elements. 2) A linear array can steer its main lobe by introducing a linear progressive phase delay between elements. The phase delay controls the scan angle of the main beam. Frequency scanning can also be used to electronically steer the beam by introducing frequency-dependent phase shifts between elements through transmission line lengths. 3) The uniform linear array has a constant amplitude and linear phase progression between elements. Its array factor and beamwidth can be calculated analytically,

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Ciroxs
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Lectures

on

RADIOPROPAGAZIONE
ED IMPATTO AMBIENTALE
Lecturer: Prof. Giovanni Riccio

ARRAYS

Antenna arrays
When two or more antennas are used together, the combination is called antenna array. Although
an array need not consist of similar radiating elements, most arrays usually are formed by identical
elements excited by the same type of current or field distribution. The antenna elements
comprising an array may be arranged in various configurations, but the most common are the
linear one-dimensional configuration, wherein the elements are arranged along a straight line, and
the two-dimensional lattice configuration, wherein the elements form a rectangular grid.
The purpose of this section is to introduce to the basic principles of array theory and to design
techniques used in shaping the antenna pattern and steering the main lobe.
In the far-field region of any radiating element,
- j b0 r
b0z 0 e - j b0 r
e

E ( r,q , f ) = - j
Nq (q , f )q + Nf (q , f ) f =
A C (q , f )

4p
r
r

where A is the feeding coefficient representing the amplitude and phase of the excitation giving
rise to the radiated field and C (q , f ) is the antenna characteristic function, which accounts for
the directional dependence of the elements electric field.

Linear array
A linear array of N identical radiating elements is
considered. The spacing between adjacent elements is d.
The radiators are fed by a common oscillator through a
branching network. In each branch, an attenuator (or
amplifier) and a phase shifter are inserted in series to
control the amplitude and phase of the signal feeding the
antenna element in that branch. For each radiator it results:
- j b0 Rn
e - j b0 Rn
jy n e
E n ( r,q , f ) = An
C n (q , f ) = an e
C n (q , f )
Rn
Rn

E ( r,q , f ) =

N -1

n=0

E n ( r,q , f ) = C (q , f ) Ar

N -1

n=0

An e - j b0 Rn
Ar Rn

where Ar is the excitation of the element used as reference.

To satisfy the far-field condition for an array of length l = ( N - 1) d , the observation point distance
r should be sufficiently large that

rF =

2l
=
l0

N -1 d2

l0 2

Far-field (Fraunhofers) region r > rF of a linear array

Rn @ r - r ! r n

Rn @ r

phase term
N -1

magnitude term

An j b0 r n !r
e
=
Ar

e - j b0 r
=
C (q , f ) Ar
r

An j b0 (zn z)!(sin

q cos f x+sin
q sin f y+cos
q z)
e
=
Ar

e - j b0 r
=
C (q , f ) Ar
r

An j b0 nd cos q
e
Ar

E ( r,q , f ) =

- j b0 r

C (q , f ) Ar

n=0
N -1

n=0
N -1

n=0

Pattern multiplication principle


S ( r,q , f ) =

Ar

C (q , f )

2z 0 r 2

N -1

n=0

An j b0 nd cos q
e
= Se ( r,q , f ) Fa
Ar

The array power density is a product of two factors. The first factor Se is the power density
radiated by an individual element assumed as reference, and the second is
N -1

Fa =

n=0

An j b0 nd cos q
e
Ar

N -1

n=0

an j (y n -y r ) j b0 nd cos q
e
e
ar

array factor

The array factor is a function of the positions of the individual elements and their feeding
coefficients, but not a function of the specific type of used radiators.
The pattern multiplication principle allows the valutation of the array power density by first
computing the power pattern with the array elements replaced with isotropic radiators, which
yields the array factor, and then multiplying the result by the power density for a single element.
The array factor is governed by the array amplitude distribution an , which serves to control the
shape of the array radiation pattern, and the array phase distribution y n , which can be used to steer
its direction.

The uniform linear array


A linear array having a uniform amplitude distribution ( an a0 = 1) and a linearly progressive
phase delay from element to element across the array (y n - y 0 = nd ) is considered. Note that the
element with index 0 is assumed as reference.
N -1

Fa =

e jnd e j b0 nd cos q

N -1

n=0

e jn( b0 d cos q +d ) =

n=0

N -1

e jnj

= f (j )

n=0

where
f (j ) =

1- e jNj
1- e

jj

e jN j
e

sin ( N j 2 )
Fa (j ) =
sin (j 2 )

jj 2

e - jN j 2 - e jN j
e

- jj 2

-e

jj 2

=e

j(N -1)j 2

Famax (j ) = N 2

sin ( N j 2 )
sin (j 2 )

at!j = b0 d cosq + d = 0

2
Fa (j ) Fa (j ) sin ( N j 2 )
Fan (j ) =
=
= 2 2
Famax
Fa ( 0 ) N sin (j 2 )

cosq 1

- b0 d + d j b0 d + d

normalized array factor

Broadside linear array


This array has the main beam of the radiation pattern always in the direction orthogonal to the
array axis.

q max

-d p
= cos
=
b0 d 2
-1

d =0

A broadside linear array consists of in-phase elements


beamwidth
Dj
10 log Fan
= -3 ;
2

directivity
Dmax 2N

d
l0

p Dq Dj
b0 d cos =
2 2
2

Dj
Dq = 2 sin -1
2 b0 d

Endfire linear array


This array has the main beam of the radiation pattern along the array axis.

-d
= cos
=0
b d

d = - b0 d

-d
q max = cos -1
=p

b0 d

d = b0 d

q max

-1

beamwidth
Dj
10 log Fan
= -3 ;
2

directivity
Dmax 4 N

d
l0

Dq Dj

b0 d cos
m 1 =
2
2

Dj

Dq = 2 cos-1
1
2 b0 d

Linear array feeding


The phase delay d between adjacent elements can be used for steering the direction of the array
beam from broadside at q = 90! to any desired angle q 0 . In addition to eliminating the need to
mechanically steer an antenna to change its beam direction, electronic steering through the use of
electronically controlled phase shifters allows beam scanning at very fast rates.

A technique known as frequency scanning can be used to provide control of the phase of all the
elements simultaneously.
A common feed point is connected to the radiating elements through transmission lines of varying
lengths. If l0 is the path length of the zeroth element, ln = l0 + nl .

Signal propagation on a transmission line of length ln is characterized by a phase factor e - j b ln ,


where b = 2pf v p is the phase constant and v p is the phase velocity.

y n ( f ) - y 0 ( f ) = nd ( f ) = d n ( f ) = - b ( ln - l0 ) = -

2pf
2pf
(ln - l0 ) = - nl
vp
vp

At a frequency f0 , if the incremental length l is choosen such that

l = n0

vp

n0 is a specific positive integer

f0

so that

d1 ( f0 ) = -

2pf0
2pf0 v p
l=n0 = -2pn0

vp
vp
f0

d 2 ( f0 ) = -

2pf0
2l = -4pn0
vp

d 3 ( f0 ) = -

2pf0
3l = -6pn0
vp

! ! !
All the radiating elements have equal phase and the main beam is in the broadside direction.

At a frequency f1 = f0 + Df ,

d1 ( f0 + Df ) = -

2p ( f0 + Df )
2pf0 Df
Df
l = -2pn0 l
= -2pn0 - 2pn0
= -2pn0 + d
vp
v p f0
f0

d 2 ( f0 + Df ) = 2d1 ( f0 + Df ) = -4pn0 + 2d

d 3 ( f0 + Df ) = 3d1 ( f0 + Df ) = -6pn0 + 3d
! ! !
The incremental phase shifts are directly proportional to the fractional frequency deviation, thus
controlling Df provides a direct control of d , which in turn controls the scan angle q 0 .

j = b0 d cosq + d = 0

Df
b0 d cosq 0 = 2pn0
f0

-1 2pn0

Df
q 0 = cos
b0 d f0

As f is changed from f0 to f0 + Df , b0 also changes with frequency. However, if Df f0 is small,


b0 can be considered constant and equal to b0 = 2pf0 c0 .

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