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Algebraic Expressions: .a number , including literal numbers , along with the signs of
fundamental operations .
Eg: Find the sum of
1) -15a2 +3ab -6b2 , a2 -5ab + 11b2 ,-7a2 -18ab -13b2 and 26a2
-16ab -7b2
Ans- 5a2 -36ab -15b2
________________________________________
Remainder Theorem: this theorem represents the relationship between the divisor of the first
degree in the form (x-a) and the remainder r(x)
Q: Find the remainder when 27x3 -9x2 +3x- is divided by 3x+2
Ans : 3x+2=0 , x = -2/3
remainder is f(-2/3)
f(-2/3) = 27(-2/3)3 -9(-2/3)2 +3(-2/3) -8
= -8-4-2-8 = -22
___________________________
_____________
CONDITIONS OF DIVISIBILITY:
1) xn + an is exactly divisible by (x + a) only when n is odd.
2) xn +an is never divisible by (x -a)
eg - a7 +b7 or a10 + b10 is not divisible by a - b
Quadratic Equations:
Factorize1)x2 -3x +4 =0
2)if a+b+c =0 ,find the value of a2 +b2 +c2/a2 -bc

BOATS AND STREAMS SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

1.When a boat is moving in the same direction as the stream or water current, the boat is
said to be moving with the stream or moving downstream.
2.Instead of boats in water, it could be a swimmer or a cyclist cycling against or along the
wind.
3. When a boat is moving in a direction opposite to that of the stream or water current, the
boat is said to be moving against the stream or water current or moving downstream.
4. When the speed of the boat is given, it is the speed of the boat in still water.

5. Speed of the boat against stream or while moving upstream = Speed of the boat in still
water - Speed of the stream.
6. Speed of the boat with stream or while moving downstream= Speed of the boat in still
water + Speed of the Stream.
7. If 'p' is the speed of the boat down the stream and 'q' is the speed of the boat up the
stream, then,
Speed of the boat in still water = (p+q) / 2.
Speed of the boat of the water stream = (p-q) / 2.
Eg 1: A boat travels 36 km upstream in 9 hours and 42 km downstream in 7 hours. Find the
speed of the boat in still water and the speed of the water current ?
Ans: Upstream speed of the boat = 36/9 = 4 kmph
Downstream speed of the boat = 42/ 7 = 6kmph.
Speed of the boat in still water = (6+4) / 2.
= 5 kmph
Speed of the water current = (6-4) /2
= 1 kmph
Eg 2: A man can row at 10 kmph in still water. If it takes a total of 5 hours for him to go to
a place 24 km away and return, then find the speed of the water current ?
Ans: Let the speed of the water current be y kmph.
Upstream speed = (10- y) kmph
Downstream speed = (10+y) kmph
Total time = (24/ 10+y) + ( 24/10-y) = 5
Hence, 480/ (100-y2 ) = 5
480= 500-5y2
5y2= 20

y2= 4
y = 2 kmph.
8. A man can row x kmph in still waters. If in a stream which is flowing at y kmph, it takes
him z hrs to row from A to B and back (to a place and back), then
The distance between A and B = z ( x2 - y2) / 2x.
Eg 3: A man can row 6 kmph in still water. When the river is running at 1.2 kmph, it takes
him 1 hour to row to a place and back. How far is the place?
Ans: Required distance = 1 x ( 62 - ( 1.2)2) kmph
= (36 - 1.44) / 12
= 2.88 km.
9. In the above case, If distance between A and B, time taken by the boat to go upstream
and back again to the starting point, speed of the stream are given; then the speed of the
boat in still waters can be obtained using the above given formula.
10. A man rows a certain distance downstream in x hours and returns the same distance in
y hrs. If the stream flows at the rate of z kmph then,
The speed of the man in still water = z(x+y) / ( y-x) kmph.
EG 4: Ramesh can row a certain distance downstream in 6 hours and return the same
distance in 9 hours. If the stream flows at the rate of 3 kmph. Find the speed of Ramesh in
still water?
Ans: Ramesh's speed in still water = 3 (9+6) / (9-6)
= 15 kmph.
11. A man rows a certain distance downstream in x hours and returns the same distance in
y hours. If the speed of the man in still water z kmph, then
Speed of the stream = z (y-x) / (x+y) kmph.
Eg 5: Ramesh can row a certain distance downstream in x hours and returns the same
distance in y hours. If the speed of Ramesh in still water is 12 kmph. Find the speed of the
stream?
Ans: Speed of the stream = 12 ( 9-6) / (9+6)

= 2.4 kmph.

TRAINS SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

1. When a train passes a stationary point, the distance covered (in the passing) is the length of the
train.
Eg 1: What is the time taken by a train of length 360m to cross a pole at a speed of 72 kmph ?
Ans: Time taken by the train to cross the pole = Length of the train / Speed of the train
Speed of the train is given in kmph, whereas the length of the train is given in mts. So the speed
of the train is to be expressed in m/sec.
Speed of the train ( in mts/sec) = 72 x (5/18)
= 20 mts/sec
Time taken by the train to cross the pole = 360/20
= 18 seconds.
2. If the train is crossing a platform or a bridge, the distance covered by the train is equal to the
length of the train plus the length of the platform or a bridge.
Eg 2: How long will a train 200 m long travelling at a speed of 54 kmph take to cross a platform
of length 100 m?
Ans: Distance covered by the train = Length of the train + Length of the platform
= 200 + 100
= 300 m
Speed of the train is given in kmph, whereas the distance covered by the train is given in mts. So
speed of the train is to be expressed in mts / sec.
Speed of the train = 54 x (5/18)
= 15 mts/ sec
Time taken by the train = 300/15
= 20 seconds.
3. If two trains pass each other ( travelling in the same direction or in opposite directions) , the
total distance covered ( in the crossing/ overtaking as the case may be) is equal to the sum of the
lengths of the two trains.
Eg3: Two trains 121 mts and 99 mts in length respectively are running in opposite directions, one
at the rate of 40 kmph and the other at the rate of 32 kmph. In what time will they be completely
clear of each other from the moment they meet?
Ans: As the trains are moving in opposite directions their relative speed = 40 + 32 km/hr.
= 72 km/hr.
The length to be travelled by the trains = 121 + 99
= 220 mts.
The speed of the train is given in Kmph, whereas the length is given in mts. Hence, the relative
speed of the trains is to be expressed in mts/sec.
The relative speed in mts/sec = 72 x (5/18)
= 20 mts /sec
Time required to completely clear of each other from the moment they meet = 220 / 20
= 11 secs.

4. If two bodies are moving in the same direction at speeds S1 and S2 respectively, then the
relative speed is:
Relative speed = S1 - S2
5. If two bodies are moving in opposite direction at speeds S1 and S2 respectively, then the
relative speed is:
Relative speed = S1+ S2.
6. Two trains of length 'p' m and 'q' m respectively run on parallel lines of rails. When running in
the same direction the faster train passes the slower one in 'a' seconds, but when they are running
in opposite directions with the same speeds as earlier, they pass each other in 'b' seconds. Then,
Speed of the faster train = [( p + q)/ 2] x [ ( a+b) / (a x b)]
Speed of the slower train = [(p-q) / 2] x [ (a-b) / (a x b)]
Note : The speeds obtained using the above formula are in mts/ sec, if the speeds are to be
expressed in kmph, they have to be multiplied by 18/5.
Eg 4: Two trains of length 100 m and 250 m run on parallel lines. When they run in the same
direction it will take 70 seconds to cross each other and when they run in opposite direction, they
take 10 seconds to cross each other. Find the speeds of the two trains?
Ans: Speed of the faster train = [(100 + 250) / 2] [ (70 + 10) / ( 70 x 10) ].
= 175 x (8 /70)
= 20 m/sec.
Speed of the slower train = [ ( 100 + 250) / 2] [ ( 70-10) / (70 x 10) ]
= 175 x ( 6/ 70)
= 15 m/ sec.
Therefore, speeds of the trains are 72 kmph (20 x 18 /5) and 54 kmph ( 15 x 18/5) respectively.
6. If a train passes by a stationary man in 'p' seconds and passes by a platform / bridge, the length
of which is 'm' mts, completely in 'q' sec. Then
Length of the train = (m x p) / (q-p).
Eg 5: A train crosses by a stationary man standing on the platform in 7 seconds and passes by the
platform completely in 28 seconds. If the length of the platform is 330 meters, what is the length
of the train?
Ans: Length of the train = ( 330 x 7) / ( 28-7)
= 330x 7 / 21
= 110 mts.
(TOP)

TIME AND DISTANCE SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

1. Distance = Speed x Time
2. Time = Distance / Speed
3. Speed = Distance / Time
________________________________________
4. To convert speed in kmph to m/sec, multiply it with 5/18.

Eg 1: Express a speed of 72 km/hr in m/s?

Ans: 72 x (5/18) = 20 m/s
________________________________________
5. To convert speed in m/sec to kmph , multiply it with 18/5.
Eg 2: Express a speed of 20 m/sec in km/hr?
Ans: 20 x (18 /5) = 72 km/hr
________________________________________
6. If a body travels from point A to point B with a speed of 'p' and back to point A (from point B)
with a speed of q, then the average speed of the body is:
= 2pq/(p+q).
Eg 3: A car covers a certain distance at a speed of 90 km/hr while going and returns to the
starting point at a speed of 60 km/hr. Find the average speed of the car for the whole journey?
Ans: Average speed = (2 x 90 x 60)/ (60+90)
= 72 km/hr
________________________________________
.
7. If a car does a journey in 'T' hrs, the first half at 'p' km/hr and the second half at 'q' km/hr. The
total distance covered by the car:
= (2 x Time x p x q ) / (p + q).
Eg 4: A motorcar does a journey in 10 hrs, the first half at 21 kmph and the second half at 24
kmph. Find the distance?
Ans: Distance = (2 x 10 x 21 x 24) / (21+24)
= 10080 / 45
= 224 km.
________________________________________
8. If a body covers part of the journey at speed p and the remaining part of the journey at a speed
q and the distances of the two parts of the journey are in the ratio m : n, then the average speed
for the entire journey is:
= (m+n) pq / (mq+np).
9. If a person travelling between two points reaches p hours late (If time is given in minutes, it
should be converted in hrs by dividing it by 60) travelling at a speed of 'a' km/hr and reaches 'q'
km/hr and reaches q hours early travelling at 'b' km/hr, the distance between the two points is:
= (ab/a-b)(p-q)
Eg 5: A person travelling at 6 kmph reaches his office 15 minutes late. Had he travelled at 8
kmph he would have been 25 minutes early. Find the distance the person has to travel to reach
his office ?
Ans: Distance = (6 x 8 / 8-6) / ( 15/60 + 25/60)
= 16 km.
________________________________________
10.If a person goes from 'A' to 'B' at a speed of 'p' kmph and returns at a speed of 'q' kmph and
takes 'T' hours in all, then the distance between the A and B:
= Total time taken x (Product of the two Speeds / Addition of the two speeds)
________________________________________
Eg 6: A boy goes to school at a speed of 3 kmph and returns to the village at a speed of 2 kmph.
If he takes 5 hrs in all, what is the distance between the village and the school?

Ans: Let the required distance be x km.

Then time taken during the first journey = x/3 hr.
and time taken during the second journey = x/2 hr.
x/3 + x/2 = 5 => (2x + 3x) / 6 = 5
=> 5x = 30.
=> x = 6
Required distance = 6 km.
________________________________________
Eg 7: Walking of his speed, a person is 10 min late to his office. Find his usual time to cover
the distance?
Ans: Usual time = Late time / {1/ (3/4) - 1)
= 10 / (4/3 -1 )
= 10 / (1/3)
= 30 minutes.
Eg 8: Running 4/3 of his usual speed, a person improves his timing by 10 minutes. Find his usual
timing by 10 minutes. Find his usual time to cover the distance?
Ans: Usual time = Improved time / { 1 - (1/ (3/4)}
= 10 / { 1- (3/4) }
= 40 minutes.
________________________________________
11. A train travelling at a speed of 'S1' kmph leaves A at 't1' hrs. and another train travelling at
speed 'q' kmph leaves A at 'S2' hrs in the same direction. Then the meeting point's distance from
starting starting point:
= (S1 x S2 X Difference in time) / Difference in speed.
Eg 9: A train travelling 25 kmph leaves Delhi at 9 a.m. and another train travelling 35 kmph
starts at 2 p.m. in the same direction. How many km from will they be together ?
Ans: Meeting point's distance from the starting point = [25 x 35 x (2p.m. - 9 a.m)] / (35 -25)
= (25 x 35x 5) / 10
= 4375 / 10
= 437.5 km .
________________________________________
12. If two persons A and B start at the same time in opposite direction from two points and after
passing each other they complete the journeys Squarein 'a' and 'b' hrs respectively, then A's
speed : B's speed = root of b : Square root of a.
Eg 10: A sets out to cycle from Delhi to Rohtak, and at the same time B starts from Rohtak to
cycle to Delhi. After passing each other they complete their journeys in 3 1/3 and 4 4/5 hours
respectively. At what rate does the B cycle if A cycles at 8 km per hour?
Ans: As per the above formula, the ratio of A's speed to B's speed = Square root of 4 4/5 / Square
root of 3 1/3.
A's speed : B's speed = 6/5.
A's speed = 8 kmph
B's speed = (5/6) x 8
= 6 2/3 kmph.

13. If A travels certain distance at the rate of 'S1' kmph and B covers the same distance at the rate
of 'S2' kmph and if one of them takes 't' minutes longer than the other, then:
Distance covered = {(S1 x S2) x Difference in time to cover the distance} / (S1-S2)
Note :- If speed is given kmph and time is given in minutes, then time is to be expressed in hrs.
before solving the problem using this formula.
Eg 11: Two runners cover the same distance at the rate of 15 km and 16 km per hour
respectively. Find the distance travelled when one takes 16 minutes longer than the other?
Ans: Distance travelled = {(15 x 16) x (16/60)} / (16-15)
= 64 km (TOP)

PROFIT & LOSS SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

1. Profit = Selling Price - Cost price

2. Selling Price = Cost Price + Profit

3. Cost Price = Selling Price - Profit

4. Loss = Cost Price - Selling Price

5. Selling Price = Cost Price - Loss

6.Cost price = Selling Price + Loss

7. Percentage profit / loss is always calculated on CP unless otherwise stated.

8. Profit Percentage = (Profit x 100) / CP

9. Loss Percentage = (Loss x CP) / CP

10. Selling Price = {[(100+ Gain %) x CP] / 100}

11. Selling Price = {[100- Loss %) x CP] /100}

12.Cost Price = {(100 x SP) / (100+ Gain %)}

________________________________________
: Cost price of the chair = [ (300 x 100) / (100 + 20) ]
= 30000/120
= Rs. 250.
13.Cost Price = {(100 x SP) / (100 - Loss %)}
14. If a man buys 'p' articles for 'a' rupees and sells 'q' articles for 'b' rupees. Then,
The % profit or loss = (p x b) - (q x a) / (a x q).
Note: If the Sign is +ve, there is gain. If the sign is -ve, there is a loss.
Eg : A trader buys oranges at 9 for Rs. 16 and sells them at 11 for Rs. 20. What does he gain or
lose percent?
Ans: % profit or loss = [(9 x 20) - (16 x 11)]/ 16 x 11
= 2 3/11 %.
Since the sign is +ve, there is a gain of 2 3/11%.
________________________________________
15. If a shopkeeper sells his goods at x% loss on cost price but uses y gm instead of z gm, then,
His % profit or loss = [(100 - x) (z/y)] - 100.

Eg: A dishonest trader sells goods at 6 % loss on cost price but uses 875 gm instead of 1 kg.
What is his percentage profit or loss?
Ans: Profit or loss percentage = [(100-6 ) (1000/875)] - 100
= [(375/4) (8/7)] - 100
= (107.1428) -100
= 7.1428 %
Since sign is +ve, there is a profit of 7.1428%.

________________________________________
16. If a shopkeeper sells his goods at x% profit on cost price but uses y gm instead of z gm, then,
His % profit or loss = [(100 + x) (z/y)] - 100.
Eg: A dishonest trader sells goods at 4 % gain on cost price but uses 840 gm instead of 1 kg.
What is his percentage profit or loss?
Ans: Profit or loss percentage = [(100+4) (1000/840)] - 100
= [123.8095] - 100
= 23.8095%
Since sign is +ve, there is a profit of 7.1428%.
________________________________________
14. When two articles are sold at the same price such that there is a Profit of x % on one article
and a Loss of x% on the other. Then Percentage Loss is:
= (Common profit or loss) 2 /100

= X2 /100
15. Marked Price or List Price is the price that is indicated or marked on the product or it is the
price, which is given in the price list. This is the price at which the product is intended to be sold.
However, there can be some DISCOUNT given on this price and consequently, the actual Selling
Price of the product may be less than the Marked Price.
Selling Price = Marked Price - Discount.
16. Discount Percent = (Marked Price - Selling Price) x 100 / Marked Price
17. If the successive discounts given on a product are p%, q% and r%, then the selling price after
all the discounts is:
= [Marked Price x (100-p) (100-q) (100-r)]/ 100 x 100 x 100
18. If 'x' articles are purchased for 'p' rupees and 'y' articles are sold for 'p' rupees. Then,
Percentage profit / loss = (x-y) / y.
19. If selling price of 'x' pens is equal to the cost price of 'y' pens. Then profit percentage = (y-x)
x 100 / x
E.g 2: The selling price of 12 pens is equal to the cost price of 20 pens. Find the profit
percentage?
Ans: Percentage profit = (20 - 12) / 20
= 8/20
= 66.66%.
E.g3: If 12 oranges are purchased for Rs. 100 and 10 oranges are sold for Rs. 100. Find the
percentage profit / loss ?
Ans: Percentage Profit = [(12 - 10) /10]x 100.
= (2 /10) x 100
= 20 %.

20. By using false weight, if a substance is sold at cost price the overall gain % is given by [(100
+ Gain %) / 100]. = True weight/ False weight.

PIPES AND CISTERNS SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

The above concept of 100% could be applied to the questions related to pipes and cisterns. We
will do one question and you will understand the link between questions related to time and work
& pipes and cisterns.
_______________________________________
Q.1. Tap A can fill the tank in 8 hours and another hole B can empty the tank in 16 hours.If both
are opened simultaneously in how many hours the tank will be full?
solution: Tap A can do the work of filling the tank in 8 hours. So work done in 1 hour= 100%/8=
12.5%
Hole B can do the work of emptying the tank in 16 hours. So work done in 1 hour= 100%/16 =
6.25%
If both A and B work simultaneously, % of the tank filled(work done) in 1 hour= 12.5 - 6.25 =
6.25%.
So time in which the 100% of the work will be done=100%/6.25=16 hours.
In this way we can asociate each and every questions related to time and work to questions
related to pipes and cisterns and solve the questions.
________________________________________
RULE OF FRACTION
Q. 15 men can do a work in 20 days. in how many days will 20 men do the full work?
solution:first case:
M1= 15 D1= 20
second case:
M2=20 D2= ?
here there are two variables. men and days. we have full information about men but we have to
find the number of days in the second case.
we have to see what is the effect of increase or decrease in no.of men on the no.of days in second
case. we see the no. of men has increased in the second case as compared to the first case. so we
can easily use our common sense that when no. of men will increase the no. of days required to
complete the task will decrease as each day more work will be done. so, to find the answer we
have to do the following calculations,
D2=20x( 15/20){as there is decreasing effect on the no. of days we will
multiply D1 with lower fraction of M1 and M2(i.e.15/20).if
there had been increasing effect we would have multiplied

D1 with higher fraction of M1 and M2(i.e. 20/15)}

answer=15 days.
________________________________________
Q.a garrison of 2200 men has provision for 16 weeks at the rate of 45 gms per day per men. how
many men must leave so that the same provision may last for 24 weeks at 33 gm per day per
man?
solution: first case:
m1=2200 w1=16 p1 =45
second case:
m2=? w2=24 p2=33
here we have to see the effect of increase or decrease in other variables on m2 :
weeks has increased so if weeks increases less men will be supported.
provision has decreased so more men will be supported.
m2=2200 . 16/24 . 45/33=2000
so we see with given variables in the second case only 2000 men will be supported. so (22002000) =200 men should leave.
Q.if 15 books cost Rs 35, what do 21 books cost?
ans. b1=15 c1=35
b2=21 c2=?
so, c2= 35x(21/15)=Rs 49.00
in this way we can see this rule of fraction is applicable to any area whereever there is
comparision.

TIME AND WORK SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

'A' can do a work in 10 days. How much work does he do in 1 day.
If we go by traditional method the prompt answer would be 1/10 of the work.
But multiplicity of such fraction based calculations in a particular question is not going to make
our life simpler but harder.
So if we take the whole work to be done as 100% and if we keep some of the percentage values
of fractions in our mind, our life becomes easier. So, for the above question in 1 day
10%(100%/10) of the work is done.

This could be applied to the questions related to pipes and cisterns.

To make our concept more clear let us deal with some of the questions.
________________________________________
{some %age values of fractions}
1/1=100% =50% 1/3=33.33% =25%
1/5=20% 1/6=16.66% 1/7=14.28% 1/8=12.5%
1/9=11.11% 1/10=10% 1/11=9.09% 1/12=8.33%
1/13=7.69% 1/14=7.14% 1/15=6.66% 1/16=6.25%
1/17=5.88% 1/18=5.55% 1/19=5.26% 1/20=5%
Q.1: Anup can do a piece of work in 10 days and Jagdeesh can do the same work in 15 days.
1. In how many days the work will be completed if both works together.
2. In how many days the work will be completed if Megha who can complete the same work in
30 days joins.
3. In how many days the work will be completed if Alankar who destructs the work done in 25
days joins joins the two.
4. In how many days the work will be completed if Anup and Jagdeesh do the work on alternate
days. Anup starting first.
5. With reference to the q.4 who will conclude the work.
6. With reference to q.4 when will the work be completed if Alankar who destructs the work in
25 days does the work every third day.
________________________________________
solutions: 1. Anup can do in 1 day={100%/10}=10% of the work.
Jagdeesh can do in 1 day= {100%/15}=6.66 % of the work.
if both of them works together, the work done by them in 1
day=10%+6.66%=16.66%
so no. of days the total work(100%) will be done=100/16.66=6.002 or 6 days.
________________________________________
2. Megha can do in 1 day={100/30}=3.33% of the work.
Anup and Jagdeesh can do the work in 1 day=16.66%. and when Megha joins them in one day
the percentage of work done=(16.66+3.33)%=19.99% or 20%
No. of days the work will be completed=100/20=5 days.
________________________________________
3. Anup and Jagdeesh can do the work in 1 day=16.66%.
Alankar can destroy the % age of work in 1 day=100/25=4 %.
Total work done in 1 day=16.66-4=12.66 %
So total work will be done in=100/12.66=7.88 or 8 days.
________________________________________
4. Since Anup starts first, on the 1st day %age of work done=10%
On the 2nd day ,only Jagdeesh work,so work done=6.66%

3rd day=10%
4th day=6.66%......so on.
every two day 16.66 % of the work is done.
so in 6 pairs of days 99.96% of the work is done.or say 12 days. But still some work is left to be
done,so in 13 days the work will be completed.
________________________________________
5. If we go by explanation given in solution.4 on 12th day Jagdeesh will do the work. So on the
13th day which is the last day, Anup will do the work, so Anup will conclude the work.
________________________________________
6.On the 1st day only Anup will do the work. Work done on 1st day=10%
On the 2nd day only Jagdeesh will do the work, work done after expiry of 2nd day=10%
+6.66%=16.66%
On the third day Alankar will destroy the work= - 4%( negative sign as work is not being done
but being destroyed )
At the end of third day total work completed=16.66%(work done upto 2nd day) less 4%( work
destroyed in the third day=16.66-4=12.66%
So every third day 12.66% of the total work will be completed.
So in 7 group of every three days 88.62%{12.66*7} of the work is done.In other way, we can say
that after expiry of 21 days(7*3) 88.62 % of the work is done.
On 22nd day work completed =(88.62+10)=98.62%.
So we see on the 23rd day only 1. 38%(100 - 98.62) of the work is to be done. And on the third
day Jagdeesh will do the work ,who can do 6.66% of work in one day. So the work will be
completed on the 23 rd day and Jagdeesh will do the conclusion.

PARTNERSHIP SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

partnership is an asociation of two or more persons who invest their money in order to carry on a
certain business. a partner who manages the business is called working partner and the partner
who simply invests is called the sleeping partner.
if the period of investment is same for each parner, then the profit or loss is divided in the ratio of
their investments.
the simple formula involved is (if there are two partners A and B)
investment of A x period of investment of A = profit /loss of A
investment of B x period of investment of B profit /loss of B
OR,
monthly equivalent investment of A= profit /loss of A
monthly equivalent investment of B profit /loss of B
where,

investment of A x period of investment of A= monthly equivalent investment of A

and the same holds true for B.
if there are more than two parners then respective ratios can be derived using concepts discussed
in the chapter on Ratio & Proportion.
________________________________________
let us do some of the questions.
Q1. three partners A, B and C invest Rs 1600, Rs 1800 and Rs 2300 respectively in a business.
how should they divide a profit of Rs 399?
solution: here profit is to divided in the ratio 16:18:23
A's share of profit=16/(16+18+23)x 399= Rs 112.
B's share of profit=18/(16+18+23)x 399= Rs 126
C's share of profit=23/(16+18+23)x 399= Rs 161
________________________________________
Q2.A. B and C enter into a partnership. A advances Rs 1200 for 4 months. B gives Rs 1400 for 8
months and C Rs 1000 for 10 months. they gain Rs 585 altogether. find the share of profit each?
solution: monthly equivalent of A = 1200 x 4= 4800
monthly equivalent of B = 1400 x 8= 11200
monthly equivalent of C = 1000 x 10= 10000
so, profit is to be divided in the ratio 48:112:100 i.e. 12:28:25
A's share of profit is (12/65)x 585=Rs108
B's share of profit is (28/65)x 585=Rs252
C's share of profit is (25/65)x 585=Rs225

RATIO AND PROPORTION SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

o RATIO- t he ratio of two quantities of the same kind is the fraction
that one quantity is of the other, in other words to say, how many
times a given number is in comparison to another number. A ratio
between two nos.x A and B is denoted by A/B
o Some of the points to be remembered :
1. The two quantities must be of the same kind.
2. The units of the two quantities must be the same.
3. The ratio has no measurement.
4. The ratio remains unaltered even if both the antecedent(A) and the
consequent(B)are multiplied or divided by the same no.
o If two different ratios ( say A /B and C/D) are expressed in different
units, then if we are required to combine these two ratios we will
follow the following rule=

A xC / B xD
The required ratio is AC / BD
o The duplicate ratio of A/B is A2/B2 the triplicate ratio of A/B is A3/B3
o The subduplicate ratio of A/B is sq.root of A/ sq.root of B
o The subtriplicate ratio of A/B is cube root of A/ cube root of B
o To determine which of the given two ratio A/B and C/D is greater or
smaller ,we compare A xD and B xC provided B>0 and D>0;
if AxC> B xD then A/B > C/D and vice versa,but if A xC= B xD
then A/B = C/D
o Properties of ratios.
1. Inverse ratios of two equal ratios are equal, if A/B=C/D then B/A =
D/C.
2. The ratios of antecedents and consequents of two equal ratios are
equal if A/B=C/D then A/C=B/D
3. If A/B=C/D THEN A+B/B=C+D/D
4. If A/B=C/D THEN A-B/B=C-D/D
5. If A/B=C/D THEN A+B/A-B=C+D/C-D
6. If A/B=C/D=E/F.....so on then each of the ratio( A/B, C/D.....etc) is
equal to
sum
of
th
numerators/sum
of
the
denominators=A+C+E...../B+D+F......=k
PROPORTION
o Two ratios of two terms is equal to the ratio of two other terms, then
these four terms are said to be in proportion i.e. if A/B=C/D then
A,B,C and D are in proportion.
A,B,C and D are called first, second,third and fourth proportionals
respectively.
A and D are called Extremes and B and C are called the Means
and it follows that A xD=B xC
o Continued proportion: when A/B=B/C then A, B and C are said to be
in continued proportion and B is called the geometric mean of A and
C so it follows,
A xC=B2 ,OR square root of (A xC)=B
o Direct proportion: if two quantities A and B are related and an
increase in A decreases B and vice-versa then A and B are said to be
in direct proportion.Here A is directly proportional to B is written as
AB.when is removed equation comes to be
A = kB,where k is constant.
o Inverse proportion: if two quantities A and B are related and an
increase in A increases B and vice-versa then A and B are said to be
in inverse proportion. Here A is inversely proportional to B is written
as A1/B or, A=k/B,where k is constant.

o Propotional division:
It simply means a method by which a quantity may be divided into
parts which bear a given ratio to one another .The parts are called
propotional parts.
e.g.divide quantity "y" in the ratio a:b:c then
first part= a/(a+b+c)=y
second part=b/(a+b+c)=y
third
part=c/(a+b+c)=y
Now let us work out some questions to understand the underlying concept.
Q1. Find the three numbers in the ratio of 1:2:3 so that the sum of
their squares is equal to 504?
Ans:let 1st no. be 1x,2nd no. be 2x and 3rd no. be 3x
their squares- x2 , (2x)2 and (3x)2
as per the question, x2 + (2x)2+(3x)2 = 504
x2+4x2+9x2=504
14x2=504
x2=504/14=36
so, x=6
So the three no. are 1x=6,2x=12 and 3x=18
Q2.A,B,C and D are four quantities of the same kind such that A:B=3:4,B:C=8:9 and C:D=
15:16xfind ratio a)A:D b)A:B:C:D
ans: a)A/D=A/B x B/C x C:D=3/4 x 8/9 x 15/16=5/8
so A:D=5:8
A: B = 3:4
B: C =8:9
C : D = 15 :16
in A:B:C:D value of A will be given by product of ABC .
value of B will be given by product of BBC
value of C will be given by product of BCC
value of D will be given by product of BCD
so A:B:C:D is 3x8x15:4x8x15:4x9x15:4x9x16
or,30:40:45:48
Q3.if a carton containing a dozen mirrors is dropped, which of the
following cannot be the ratio of broken mirrors to unbroken mirrors?
options:a)2:1 b)3:1 c)3:2 d) 1:1 e)7:5
There are 12 mirrors in the cartonx in the given options antecedents tell
the broken mirrors and consequents tell the unbroken mirrorsx so, the sum
of antecedent and consequent in each ratio should divide the noxof mirrors
perfectlyxout of the given options option 'c' which totals 5 cannot divide 12,
cannot be the ratio of broken mirrors to unbroken mirrorsx
Q4.find the fourth proportional to the numbers 6,8 and 15?

ans: let K be the fourht proportional, then 6/8=15/K

solving it we get K=(8x15)/6= 20
Q5. find the mean mean proportion between 3 and 75?
ans. this is related to continued proportion.let x be the mean proportionalx
then we have
x2=3x75 or x=15
Q6.divide Rs 1350 into three shares proportional to the numbers 2, 3
and 4?
ans: 1st share= Rs 1350x(2/2+3+4)=Rs 300
2nd share = Rs 1350x(3/2+3+4)=Rs 450
3rd share= Rs 1350x(4/2+3+4)=Rs 600
Q7. a certain sum of money is divided among A,B and C such that for
each rupee A has ,B has 65 paise and C has 40 paisex if C's share is
Rs 8, find the sum of money?
ans: here A:B:C = 100:65:40 = 20:13:8
now 20+13+8=41
as 8/14 of the whole sum=Rs 8
so, the whole sum=Rs 8x41/8=Rs 41
Q8.in 40 litres mixture of milk and water the ratio of milk and water
is 3:1. how much water should be added in the mixture so that the
ratio of milk to water becomes 2:1.?
ans:here only amount of water is changing. the amount of milk remains
same in both the mixtures. so, amount of milk before addition of water
=(3/4)X40=30 ltrs. so amount of water is 10 ltrs.
After addition of water the ratio changes to 2:1.here the mixture has two
ltrs of milk for every 1 ltr of water. since amount of milk is 30 ltrs the
amount of water has to be 15 ltr so that the ratio is 2:1. so the amount of
water to be added is 15-10=5 ltrs.
Q9. three quantities A, B and C are such that AB=kC ,where k is
constant. when A is kept constant, B varies directly as C: when B is
kept constant, A varies directly C and when C is kept constant, A
varies inversely as B.
initially A was at 5 and A:B:C was 1:3:5. find the value of A when B
equals 9 at constant B?
solution: initial values are A=5,B=15 and C=25.
thus we have 5x15=kx25
hence, k=3
thus the equation becomes AB=3C.
for the problem C is kept constant at 25. then,
Ax9=3x25 A=75/9=8.33

AVERAGE SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

AVERAGE is also called mean. suppose a,b,d,e(in ascending order) are the given nos.and c is the
average of given nos=a,b,d,e.
the average value c is such a value ,so that sum of the individual distances of nos.from avg. value
c lying below the avg. value. c and sum of the individual distances of nos.from avg. value c lying
above c are equal.e.g. take nos.1,2,3,4,5
.their avg.is 3. distance of 1 from 3=3-1=2(a)
distance of 2 from 3=1(b)
distance of 3 from 3=0
distance of 4 from 3=1(c)
distance of 5 from 3=2(d)
here a+b=c+d
normally average is also called arithmetic mean.
avg.=total of items/number of items
or,
formula for average 'c'=(a+b+d+e)/4
there is one more way of calculating average.take one example.
numbers given are.21,25,15,20,26,31,18
we dont know the avg.. let us take 20 as an avg. we could have taken any no.like 21 ,22,10,40
...anything. now take the summation of distances between the assumed avg.20 and given
numbers.for the nos. below 20 take the differences with negative sign and for the nos. above 20
take the differences with positive sign.now add them and divide the summation with the total no.
of numbers given.if the resulting no.is negative ,substract it from the asumed avg. to get the
original avg. and if the resulting no. is positive add to the assumed avg. to get the original avg.
in the given problem,
sum of the differences=1+5+(-5)+0+6+11+(-1)=16
16/7=2.28
now add this to assumed avg. 20=20+2.28=22.28(original avg.)
Now let us solve some of the questions to clarify the concept.
________________________________________
Q1. the avg. age of 30 boys of a class is 14 years.when the age of the class teacher is included the
average becomes 15 years. find the age of clas teacher?
solution:summation of the ages of 30 boys=avg. age of boys x no.of boys
= 14x30=420 yrs-(i).

summation of ages of 30 boys & 1 teacher(total 31 items)=15x31=465 yrs(ii)

now difference of ii and i will give the age of teacher=465-420=45 yrs.
there is one more way of doing this problem.
when avg. is calculated the total value of items is equally distributed among the items whose
values has been totalled.in the above problem when avg. age was calculated 14 yrs was
distributed equally among 30 boys. when the age of teacher is added the avg. age increases by 1
yr. in other way we can say,each boy was given 1 yr. so total of 30 yrs from the teacher's age was
given to the boys. then we have to keep 15 yrs for the teacher(as he also joins the group) so as to
maintain the new avg. age of 15 yrs.
so,our answer is 45 yrs(30+15). out of which 30 yrs has been given to 30 boys and remaining 15
yrs is kept to maintain avg. of 15 yrs for the group of 31 people.
________________________________________
Q2.the avg. age of 4 men is increased by 3 kg when one of them who weighs 120 kg is replaced
by another man. what is the weight of the new man?
solution: let the avg. age of four men before exit of man with 120kg weight be 'A'.when he exits
and new person enters,avg.age becomes 'A+3'. it means the newcomer brings with him weight
which is more than 120 kg. the extra amount brought by him must be 12 yrs, as he has to give 3
yrs each to each of four members including himself(4x3=12).so his age must be 120+12 yrs=132
yrs.
________________________________________
Q3.one third of a certain journey is covered at rate of 25km/hr, one fourth at the rate of 30 km/hr
and the rest at 50 km/hr. find the average speed for the whole journey?
solution:let us take the total distance be 120km(as it is divisible by both 3 and 4)
so,distance travelled @25km/hr=1/3 x 120=40 km. time taken to travel this distance=40/25=1.6
hr
distance travelled @30km/hr=1/4 x 120=30 km. . time taken to travel this distance=30/30=1 hr
distance travelled @50km/hr=120-40-30=50 km. . time taken to travel this distance=50/50=1hr
so, total time taken=1.6+1+1=3.6 hours.
total distance travelled=120 km
avg. speed for the journey=120/3.6=33.33 km/hr
________________________________________
Q4.a cricketer has completed 10 innings and his average is 21.5 runs.how many runs he must
make in his next inning so as to raise his avg.to 24?
solution:keeping in mind the solutions given in Q1 and Q2, from the runs scored in the 11th
inning 2.5 runs is to be given to each of the 10 innings so as to raise their avg. score to 24 runs
and in addition to that 11th inning has to keep 24 runs to maintain the avg. score per inning(for
11 innings) at 24 runs.
so,total runs to be scored in the 11th inning is =2.5x10+24=49 runs.
________________________________________
Q5.the avg. of 11 results is 30,that of the first five is 25 andthat of the last five is 28. find the
value of sixth number?
solution:total of 11 results=11x30=330 - 'a'
total of the first five results=5x25=125
total of the last five results=5x28=140

total of the first five results & total of the last five results=125+140=265-'b'
in this operation,our sixth result has been left as
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1st five last five
so difference of 'a' and 'b' will give the value of 6th result =330-265=65
________________________________________
Q6the average of first 61 natural no.is?
solution:first of take the total of first 61 natural nos.={n(n+1)}/2
n=61 so, 61(61+1)/2=1891
now for avg. of 61 nos.= 1891/61=31

PERCENTAGES SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

1. " Percent " implies " for every hundred".
2.The base used for the sake of percentage change calculations is always the original quantity
unless otherwise stated.
3. In general, if the percentage increase is p%, then the new value is [(p/100) +1]
4. If the new value is k times the old value, then the percentage increase is (k-1) x 100
Eg1: If the percentage increase is 300%, the new value is 4 times the old value.
If the new value is 4 times the old value, the percentage increase is 300%.
5. If there are successive increases of p%, q% and r% in three stages, the effective percentage
increase is
= {[(100+p) /100] [(100+q)/100] [ (100+r)/100] -1} x 100
Eg2: The percentage increase in the value of exports of apples of a country is as follows:
2001- 2002 => 25 %; 2002-2003 => 20 %; 2003-2004 => 10%
What is the percentage increase in the value of exports of apples of the country from 2001 to
2004?
Ans : Let the value of exports in 2001 be 100 units.
Then total percentage increase is:
= {[(100+25)/100] [ (100+ 20)/ 100] [ (100+10)/100] - 1} x 100
= {(1.25) (1.20) (1.10) -1} x 100
= [1.65-1.00] x 100
= [0.65] x 100
= 65
________________________________________
6. If the price of an item goes up by x %, the percentage reduction required to bring it down to
the original price is:
= {100x / (100+x)} %
Eg3: If the price of an item goes up by 10%, by what percentage should the new price be reduced
to bring it down to the original price?
Ans: Percentage reduction = {100 x 10/ (100 + 10)} %
= (1000/110) %
= 9.09 %

________________________________________
7. If the price of an item goes down by x %, the percentage increase required to bring it back to
the original price = {(100 x 10) / (100 - x)} %.
8. If A is x % more/ less than B, then B is {(100 x 10) / (100 - x)} % less/ more than A.
9. If the price of an item goes up by x %, then the quantity consumed should be reduced by
{100x /(100 +x)} % so that the total expenditure remains the same.
10. If the price of an item goes downs by x %, then the quantity consumed should be increased
by {100x /(100 -x)} % so that the total expenditure remains the same.
Eg4: If the price of tea goes up by 10%, then what should be the percentage decrease in the
quantity consumed so that the total expenditure on tea remains the same?
Ans: Required Percentage decrease = { (10 x 100) / (100+10) }%
= (1000/110) %
= 9.09%
11. If A's income is x% more than that of B, then B's income is less than that of A by [(100r)/
(100+r).
SIMPLE INTEREST & COMPOUND INTEREST SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE
APTITUDE
SI - when interest is calculated on the original principal for any
length of time .
SI = p*r*t /100 where p= principal, r= rate of interest , t = no. of
years
A =P + I =P +PRT/100
or P = 100 * A/100 + RT
( tip) - in counting the no of days between the two given dates the
either day (first or last) is excluded.you have to keep in mind that
interest is not charged for the day on which money is borrowed but
it is charged for the day it is returned.
Q: A sum of Rs 468.75 was lent out at simple interest and at the end
of 1 year 8 months the total amount was Rs 500.Find the rate of
interest percent per annum.
Ans - I = Rs (500 - 468.75) = Rs 31.25
r = 100*31.25/468.75*5/3 = 100*3125/46875*3/5 = 4
Compound Interest :
A = P{1 + R/100 }n
where A is amount, R is rate of interest, 'n' is no. of years
CI = amount - principal

if the interest is payable half yearly then A = P{1+ R/2 }2T

-----100
Monthly Installment = amount to be paid-down payment/no. of installments
when rates are different for different years , say R1% , R2% ,R3% for 1st ,
2nd and 3rd year then,
amount =px[1+r1/100][1+r2/100][1+r3/100]
Q: If the compound interest on a certain sum for 2 years at 3 percent
be rs 101.50,What would be the simple interest?
Ans- CI= {1.03*1.03-1} = 609/10000
SI on Rs 1 = 6/100
SI/CI = 6/100*10000/609 = 200/203
SI = 200/203 of Rs 101.50= Rs 200/203*203/2 = Rs 100

Problems based on ages SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Problems based on ages:
Q1: The age of the father 3 years ago was 7 times the age of his son. At present the father's age is
5 times that of his son.What are the present ages of the father and the son.
Ans: Let the present age of son = x years
then the present age of father = 5x yrs
3 years ago,
7(x-3) =5x - 3
2x = 18, x= 9 yrs
so father's age = 45 yrs

Q2: The sum of the ages of a son and father is 56 yrs.After 4 yrs , the age of the father will be 3
times that of the son .What is the age of the son? (ans 12 yrs)
______________________________________
Q3: The ratio of the father's age to that of son's age is 4:1 The product of their ages is 196.What
will be ratio of their ages after 5 yrs?

Ans- let the ratio of proportionality be x yrs

4x*x = 196 or 4x2 = 196 or x= 7
thus father's age = 28 yrs, Son's age = 7 yrs
After 5 yrs , father's age = 33 yrs , son's age =12 yrs
Ratio = 33:12= 11:4

NUMBER SYSTEM SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Natural Numbers - N (1,2,3,4,.........)
Whole Numbers - W(0,1,2,3,.....)
Prime Numbers - a number other than 1 , if it is divisible only by 1 and itself
prime numbers
o the lowest prime no. is 2
o 2 is the only even prime no.
o the lowest odd prime no. is 3.
o the remainder when a prime no. p>=5 is divided by 6 is 1 or 5. however, if a no. on being
divided by 6 gives remainder of 1 or 5 the no. need not be prime.
o the remainder of the division of the square of a prime number p>= divided by 24 is 1.
o for prime no. p>3, p2-1 is divisible by 24.

divisibility rules

o divisibility by 2: a no. is divisible by 2 if its last digit is 0 or divisible by 2.

o divisibility by 3: a no. is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by three.
o divisibility by 4: a no. is divisible by 4 if its last two digits are '00 or divisible by 4.

o divisibility by 5: a no. is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 0 or 5.

o divisibility by 6: a no. is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and 3 both.
o divisibility by 7: a no. is divisible by 7 if the difference of the number of its thousands and the
remainder of its division by 1000 is divisible by 7.
o divisibility by 8: a no. is divisible by 8 if its last three digits are '000 or divisible by 8.
o divisibility by 9: a no. is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9
o divisibility by 11: a no. is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sum of the digits at even
places and sum of the digits at odd places is zero or divisible by 11.
o divisibility by 13: a no. is divisible by 13 if the difference of the number of its thousands and
the remainder of its division by 1000 is divisible by 13.
certain rules pertaining to number system
o of n consecutive whole nos. a, a+1,.......a+n-1, one and only one is divisible by n.
o 3n will always have an even no. of tens.e.g. 27,81, 243,729 etc.
o a sum of five consecutive whole numbers will always be divisible by 5. e.g.
1+2+3+4+5=15/5=3
o xy-yx is divisible by 9.
o the product of three consecutive natural nos.is divisible by 6.
o odd no.x odd no.=odd no.
o odd no.x even no.=even no.
o even no.x even no.=even no.
o odd no.+ odd no.=even no.
o odd no.- odd no.=even no.
o odd no.+ even no.=odd no.
o even no.+ even no.=even no.

o even no.- even no.=even no.

o the product of 'r' consecutive numbers is divisible by r!
if m and n are two numbers then (m+n)! is divisible by m!n!
if a and b are any two odd prime then a2-b2 is composite. also, a2+b2 is composite

________________________________________
Q1) IS 349 a prime number?
Ans- the square root of 349 is approx 19.The prime no. less than 19 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17
clearly ,349 is not divisible by any of them. Therefore 349 is a prime number.
________________________________________
'VBODMAS' where V ,B,O,D,M,A,S stand
,multiplication,addition and subtraction respectively.
- {3/7 +8/14} 3-2) +[ 1/5 Simplify: 3/7 of (6+8*
3/7 of (6+8*1) + {1/5 / 7/25 - 14/14 } Sol : 1
1/ 3/7 of (6+8) + {1/5* 25/7 -1}
1 / 3/7 of 0f 14 +{5/7 - 1 }
1 / 6 +{ -2/7}
1/6 -2/7 = 7-12/42 = -5/42
Some formulaes:
ax *ay = ax+y
ax /ay = ax-y
ax = 1, then x is 0 for all values of a (except 0)
Ascending or descending orders in Rational Numbers:

for

viniculum,bracket,

of

,division

Q: Which is greater 5/8 or 9/14 ?

Ans : the fraction whose numerator after cross multiplication gives the greater value is greator.
5/8 9/14 we have 5 * 14 = 70 & 8*9 = 72
as 72 is greater than 70 ,therefore 9/14 is greater of the two.
Some rules on counting numbers:
1) sum of all the first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2
eg 1+2+3+......+105 =105(105+1)/2 = 5565
2) sum of 1st n odd numbers = n2
eg 1+3+5+7 = 42 = 16
3) sum of 1st n even numbers =n(n+1)
2+4+6+8+....+100= 50(50+1) = 2550
4) sum of squares of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)(2n +1)/6
5) sum of cubes of first n natural numbers = {n(n +1)/2 }2
Digit in unit place
1) for odd numbers
when there is an odd digit in the unit place (except 5) , multiply the no. by itself until you get 1 in
the unit place.
3) for even numbers
when there is an even digit in the unit place ,multiply the no. by itself until you get 6 in the unit
place
For 1,5,6 the unit digit will remain the same , be multiplied any no.times
________________________________________

Q1: A watch ticks 90 times in 95 seconds and another watch ticks 315 times in 323 sec. If both
the watches are started together ,how many times will they tick together in the first hour?
Ans- The first watch ticks every 95/90 sec and the sec watch ticks every 323/315 sec
they will tick together after (LCM of 95/90 and 323/315) sec
LCM of 95/90 &323/315 = LCM of 95,323/ HCF of 90, 315
= 19*5*17/45
The no. of times they will tick in the first 3600 sec = 3600 / 19*5*17/45= 3600*45/19*5*17
=100..
Once they have already ticked in the beginning ; so in 1 hour they will tick 100+1= 101 times.
________________________________________
Q2) Find the least number which , when divided by 13, 15, 19 leaves the remainders 2, 4 and 8
respectively.
Ans - 13-2 =15-4= 19-8 = 11
now LCM of 13,15,19 = 3705
Therefore the required least no = 3705 - 11 = 3694
________________________________________
FIND THE REMAINDER:
Q1) Find the remainder when 713 + 1 is divided by 6?
Ans- 713 = (6 +1)13 has each term except 113 exactly divisible by 6. Thus , when 713 is divided
by 6 we have the remainder 113 = 1 and hence , when 713 +1 is divided by 6 the remainder is
1+1 = 2
________________________________________
To find the number of different divisors of a composite number
find the prime factors of the no. and increase the index of each factor by 1. The continued
product of increased indices will give the result including unity and the number itself.
Q1) 50 = 2*5*5 = 2 * 52

the no of total divisors = (1+1)(2+1) = 2*3 = 6

or the no. of divisors excluding 1 and 50 = 6-2 =4
________________________________________
Q2) How many nos. up to 200 are divisible by 4 and 3 together?
Ans - LCM of 4& 3 is 12
Now, divide 200 by 12 and the quotient obtained is the required number of numbers .
200 = 16 * 12 + 8
Thus , there are 16 numbers
________________________________________
Q3) If the places of last two digits of a three- digit number are interchanged , a new number
greater than the original number by 54 is obtained.What is the difference between the last two
digits of that number?
Ans - Let the three -digit no be 100x +10y +z
A/Q (100x +10z + y) - ( 100x +10y +z ) =54
or 9z - 9y = 54 or z-y = 6

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Algebraic Expressions: .a number , including literal numbers , along with the signs of
fundamental operations .
Eg: Find the sum of
1) -15a2 +3ab -6b2 , a2 -5ab + 11b2 ,-7a2 -18ab -13b2 and 26a2
-16ab -7b2
Ans- 5a2 -36ab -15b2
________________________________________
Remainder Theorem: this theorem represents the relationship between the divisor of the first
degree in the form (x-a) and the remainder r(x)
Q: Find the remainder when 27x3 -9x2 +3x- is divided by 3x+2
Ans : 3x+2=0 , x = -2/3
remainder is f(-2/3)

f(-2/3) = 27(-2/3)3 -9(-2/3)2 +3(-2/3) -8

= -8-4-2-8 = -22
___________________________
_____________
CONDITIONS OF DIVISIBILITY:
1) xn + an is exactly divisible by (x + a) only when n is odd.
2) xn +an is never divisible by (x -a)
eg - a7 +b7 or a10 + b10 is not divisible by a - b
Quadratic Equations:
Factorize1)x2 -3x +4 =0
2)if a+b+c =0 ,find the value of a2 +b2 +c2/a2 -bc

FRACTIONS SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Proper Fraction: is one whose numerator is less than denominator.
eg - 3/4, 17/19
Improper fraction: a fraction whose numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator .
eg - 17/12, 18/5
Complex fraction: is one in which the numerator or denominator or both are fractions.
eg - 5'7/8
________________________________________
Q. Simplify :
7
----------
5-8/3

3-

2
---- 5/7
3- 3/2
------------4- 3/2
________________________________________
Q2. One -quarter of one seventh of a land is sold for Rs 30,000. What is the value of an eight
thirty - fifths of land?
Ans- one quarter of one seventh = 1/4 * 1/7= 1/28
8/35 of the land will cost 30,000*28*8/35 = Rs 1,92,000.
Recurring Decimals: a decimal in which a figure or set of figures is repeated continually .
eg - 1/3 = 0.333-----________________________________________
Simplify:
Q1. 9.5* 0.085/0.0017 * 0.19
(Ans- 0.01)

Q2. (0.6bar + 0.7bar +0.8bar + 0.3bar) * 9000 = 24,000

HCF & LCM SHORTCUTS FOR QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

In order to understand this concept, we need to learn some words
Factor - One number is said to be a factor of another when it divides the other exactly. Eg- 6 & 7
are factors of 42.
Highest Common Factor - Hcf of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides each
of them exactly. Thus ,6 is the HCF of 18 & 24.Because there is no number greater than 6 that
divides both 18 & 24.
eg- HCF of 1365,1560& 1755
1365 = 3*5*7*13
1560 = 2*2*2*3*5*13
1755 = 3*3*3*5*13
HCF = 3*5*13 = 195
Relation between HCF & LCM
HCF(n1,n2) x LCM(n1,n2) = n1 x n2
after expressing the given fractions in lowest terms.
LCM - lcm of two or more given numbers is the least number which is exactly divisible by each
of them.
15 is a common multiple of 3 & 5
LCM of 8, 12, 15, 21
8= 2*2*2*
12= 2*2*3
15 = 3*5
21= 3*7
Here, the prime factors that occur in the given numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7 and their highest powers are
respectively 2*2*2, 3, 5, & 7.
Hence , the required LCM = 2*2*2**3*5*7= 840
________________________________________
Ex1: The LCM of two numbers is 2079 and their HCf is 27. If one of the numbers is 189, find
the other ?
sol. the required number= LCM * HCF /first number= 2079*27/189 = 297
Some questions on this topic
Q1. Find the least number of square tiles required to pave the ceiling of a hall 15m 17cm long
and 9m 2cm broad.
Ans - 814

Q2. Find the HCF & LCM of 4/5, 5/6, 7/15?

Ans - HCF = 1/30
LCM = 140
________________________________________
HCF of decimals
step 1 -first of all , we make the same no. of decimal places by putting zero or zeroes in the given
no .It is done only when the nos have different decimal places i.e. 1.3,1.32
step II - find the HCF of the given numbers without taking decimals into consideration i.e. as
integers
step III - put in the result , i.e. HCF as many decimal places as there are in each of the numbers
after making them same in step 1.

REASONING ABILITY WITH SHORT CUTS

REASONING ABILITY TOPIC-WISE SHORT CUT METHODS AND EXPLANATION

BLOOD RELATIONS
SYLLOLOGISM
Coded inequality
Data sufficiency
Number, Ranking and Time Sequence
PUZZLE TEST
DIRECTION TEST
CODING DECODING
TYPES ALPHABET SERIES COMPLETION
ALBHABETS SERIES
CLASSIFICATION
Different Types Completing The Analogy pair

 ANALOGY - REASONING ABILITY MATERIAL

ANALOGY REASONING ABILITY TOPIC-WISE MATERIAL

BLOOD RELATIONS SHORT CUTS FOR REASONING ABILITY

Mother or father's son ----------------------------------------------Brother
Mother's of father's daughter ----------------------------------------Sister
Mother or father's brother ------------------------------------------Uncle
Mothers or fathers sister --------------------------------------------Aunt
Mothers or fathers father--------------------------------------------Grandfather
Mothers or fathers mother-------------------------------------------Grandmother
Son's wife-----------------------------------------------------------Daughter-in-law
Daughters husband--------------------------------------------------Son -in -law
Husbands or wifes sister---------------------------------------------Sister-in-law
Husbands or wifes brother-------------------------------------------Brother-in-law
Brother's son--------------------------------------------------------Nephew
Brother's daughter --------------------------------------------------Niece
Uncle or aunts son or daughter--------------------------------------Cousin
Sisters husband-----------------------------------------------------Brother-in-law
Brothers wife-------------------------------------------------------Sister-in-law
Grandsons or geand daughter --------------------------------------Great grand daughter
Ex-- A man pointing to a photographer says "the lady in the photograph is my nephew's maternal
grandmother" .How is the lady in the photograph related to the man's sister who has no other
sister ?
a)Cousin b) Sister-in -law c)Mother d)Mother-in-law
Solution: Clearly the lady is the grandmother of man's sister's son that is the mother of the
mother of man's sister's son that is the mother of man's sister.Hence the answer is c
Ex: A woman going with a boy is asked by another woman about the relationship between
them .The womwn replied ,"My maternal uncle and the uncle of his maternal uncle is the same".
How is the lady related with that boy?
a)grandmother and Grandson b)Mother and son
c)Aunt and nephew d)None of these

Solution:Clearly the brother of woman's mother is the same as the brother of the father of boys
maternal uncle .So, the womans mother's brother is the boy's maternal uncle's father ,Thus the
woman's mother's brother's son is boy's maternal uncle that is ,woman's mother's brother's
daughter is boy's mother .So the woman and boy's mother are cousins. Thus the woman is boys
aunt .Hence the answer is c
Ex: Pointing out to a lady ,Rajan said ,"she is the daughter of the woman who is the mother of
the husband of my mother ."Who is the lady to Rajan ?
a)Aunt b)Grand daughter c) Daughter d)Sister e) Sister-in-law
Sol:The relation may be analysed as follows
Mother's husband --Father ;Father's mother --Grandmother ; Grandmother's daughter -- Father's
sister,Father's sister --Aunt
Hence, the answer is a
Ex: 1. Pointing towards a person a man said to a woman "His mother is the only daughter of your
father . How is the woman related to that person?
a)Daughter b) Sister c)Mother d) wife
sol: The only daughter of woman's father is she herself ,so the person is woman's son that is the
woman is the person's mother .Hence the answer is c
Ex: 2) Pointing to a lady in a photograph ,Shaloo said , "Her sons father is the son-in-law of my
mother ," How is shaloo related to the lady ?
a)Aunt b) Sister c)Mother d) Cousin e) nono of these
sol:Lady's son's father is lady's husband .So the lady's husband is the son -in law of shaloo's
mother that is the lady is the daughter of shaloo's mother .Thus Shaloo is the lady's sister . Hence
the answer is b
Ex- 3: Anil introduces Rohit as the son of the only brother of his father's wife. How is Rohit
related to Anil
a)Cousin b) Son c) Uncle d) Son-in-law e) Brother
sol: The relation may be analysed as follow
Father's wife --Mother ,Mother's brother --Uncle ,Uncle's son --Cousin
So ,Rohit is Anils Cousin .Hence answer is a

Ex-4:Pointing towards a person in the photograph Anjali said "He is the only son of the father of
my sister's brother " . How is that person related to Anjali ?
a) Mother b) Father c) Maternal uncle d)Cousin e)none of these
sol:Relation may be analysed as follow
Sisters brother -- Brother ,Brother's father -Father , Father's son -Brother
So the person in the photograph is Anjali's brother .Hence the answer is e
Ex-5: Rita told Mani,"The girl i met yesterday at the beach was the youngest daughter of the
brother-in-law of my freind's mother " How is the girl related to Rita's freind ?
a) Cousin b) Daughter c) Nice d) Freind e)Aunt
sol: The relation may be analysed as follow
Daughter of brother -in-law --Niece : Mother niece --Cousin : so the girl is the cousin of Rita's
freind . Hence the answer is a
TYPE-2 BLOOD RELATIONS
Direction : Read the following information and answer the question given below it .
A is the father of a C .But C is not his son .
E is the daughter of C .F is the spouse of A.
B is the brother of C. D is the son of B.
G is the spouse of B. H is the father of G.
Q.:- Who is the grandmother of D?
a) A b) C c) F d) H
Solutions:- ( answer is c.) D is the son of B, B is the brother of C and A is the father of C. Thus
means that B is the father of D and A is the father of B . So , A is the grandfather of D. Since F is
the spouse of A, So F is the grandmother of D.
Q.) Who is the son of F?
a) B b) C c) D d) E

Solutions:- ( Answer is a.) As explained above , B is the son of A and F is the spouse of A. So , B
is the son of F.
EX
i) In a family of six persons A, B, C, D, E, and F, There are two married couples .
ii). D is grandmother of A and mother of F.
iii). C is wife of B and mother of F.
iv) F is the granddaughter of E.
Q:- What is C to A?
a) Daughter b) grandmother c) mother d) cannot be determined e) none of these
Solutions:- ( answer is c.) Cis the wife of B and D is the mother of B. Also , D is grandmother of
A. So , C is the mother of A.
Q.:- How many male members are there in the family?
a) two b) three c) four d) cannot be determined e) none of these
Solutions:- Clearly the sex of A cannot be determined so answer is (d).
Q:- Which of the following is true?
a) A is brother of F.
b) A is the sister of F.
c) D has two grandsons .
d) B has two daughters
e) None of these.
Solutions:-The sex of A is not known , so, neither (a) nor (b) is definitely true. Clearly , D is the
grandmother of A and F. So, the answer is (e).
Q.) Who among the following is one of the couples .
a) CD b) DE c) EB d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

Solutions:- C is the wife of B, so , one couple is BC. Now , D is grandmother of A. B is the son
of D and his wife C is the mother of F . So , D is also grandmother of F. But F is the
granddaughter of E . So , E is the grandfather of F and the husband of D . Thus , DE is another
couple. Therefore , our answer is (b).
Ex. Read the following information and answer the questions given below :
A is the son of B. C, B's sister has a son D and a daughter E. F is the maternal uncle of D.
Q. How is A related to D?
a) cousin b) nephew c) uncle d)brother
Q. How is E related to F?
a) sister b) Daughter c) Niece d) Wife
Q. How many nephews does F have ?
a) nil b) one c) two d) three
Solutions:- First answer is (a) . A is the son of B and D is the son of the sister of B. So , A is the
cousin of D.
Second answer is (c). E is the daughter of C and D is the son of C. So, F, who is the maternal
uncle of D, is also the maternal uncle of E. Thus , E is the niece of F.
Third answer is (c). Clearly , F is the maternal uncle of D means F is the brother of D's mother
i.e. F is the brother of C. C is the sister of B. So , F is the brother of B who is A's mother . Thus F
is the maternal uncle of A . So , A and D are the nephews of F i.e.F has two nephews.
SYLLOLOGISM SHORT CUTS FOR REASONING ABILITY

Step
1)

1:
Changing

the

How
order

of

to
statement

(Up

align
&

Down).

2)
Converting
anyone
statement
through
It
IEA"
rule.
A -I, E-E, I-I, 0 - Not Converted (SUBJECT as PREDICATE, PREDICATE as SUBJECT).
COMBINATION: only six types combination's possible . Other combination has no conclusion
1)A+A=A
2)A+E=E
3)A+I=no conclusion
4)E+A=O*
5)E+I =O*
6)I +E=O
7)I +A=I
explanations :1)A+A=A
All M are N (A type)
All N are P (A type)
We can combine this two types only if predicate of first sentence :N and subject of second
sentence :N are same .in other words the same words must come diagonally. conclusion is .
All M are P
2) A+E=E
All M are N(A type)
No N are P(E type)
conclusion :No M are P
3) A+I = no conclusion
4) I +I = no conclusion
5)I +E=O
Some M are N ( I type)
No N are P (E type)
conclusion : Some M are not P ( O type)
6) I +A = I
Some M are N ( I type)
All N are P (A type )
conclusion :Some M are P (I type)
7) E +A =O*
No M are N (E type )
All N are P (A type)
conclusion: Some P are not M ( O* type)
Note: In O* we use some not but the subject is the predicate of 2nd sentence
8)E +I =O*
No M are N (E type)
Some N are P(I type)
conclusion: Some P are not M (O* type)
Rest combination are not possible E + E = No conclusion
Complementary pair: If the options given in conclusion part is not our conclusion then we check
for complementary. There are mainly three pairs coming under complementary pair. They are
1)A-O
2)I-O
3)I-E

But the condition is subject and predicate of both the sentences should be same.
1)A-O pair: All M are N (A type)
Some M are not N (O type)
2)I-O pair : Some M are N (I type)
Some m are not N (O type)
3)I-E pair: Some M are N (I type)
No M are N (E type)

Coded inequality SHORTCUTS FOR REASONING ABILITY

Few points to remember
A) Similar points between two variable and common variable in middle .Conclusion is similar
signs .
1)A>=B, B>= C
conclusion: A>=C
2)A<=B,B<=C conclusion: A<=C 3) A>B, B>C
conclusion: A>C
4)A=and > and <=and < prevails then conclusion is >and < 6) A>=B , B>C
conclusion : A> C
7) A<=B, B< C C) If the conclusion we get >= or <= signs and in option we have two choices
>and
= signs or < and = between two variables then conclusion will be either choice follow ExA>=B , B>= C A<=B, B<=C 1)AC, 2) A=C Our answer is either 1 or 2 D) We can't combine two
variables with common variable in middle having sign >= and <=or > and < for example
1)A>=B, B<=C no conclusion between A and C 2) A>B , B < C no conclusion between A and C
E) At least if we don't get any conclusions yhen we check for complementary pair. So there are
two complementary pair 1) >= and < 2) <=and >
Ex: 1)A>=B, B <=C conclusion: a) A >= C
b) A <=C d) A >C
Ans: Either a or b
Either c or d
E) If any new alphabet is compared in the conclusion part ,and if it is not used in the question
part then it can't have a definite conclusion .It will have complementary pair
Ex- A >=B, B>=C
option 1) T > C
2)T<=C 3) T>= C
4) T
conclusion : either 1 or 2 and either 3 or 4

P @Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q

P+ Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q
P%Q means P is greater than Q
PX Q means P is smaller than Q
P$ Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q
Now in each of the following questions assuming the given statement to be true ,find which of
the two conditions I and II given below them is /are definately true ? Give answer.
a) If only conclusion I is true
b) If only conclusion II is true
c) If either I or II is true
d) If neither I or II is true
e) If both I and II is true
1) Statements : M @R , R%T , T$ K
Conclusion : I) KXM, II) TXM
2) Statements : H%J, B+J, B@F
Conclusion: I)F$J, II) J%F
3) Statements : D$M, M%W, W@R
Conclusion : I) RXD, II) W+D
4) Statements : A+N , NXV, V$J
Conclusion: I) J@N, II) A +V
5) Statements : KXT , T@B , B+M
Conclusion : I)M%T II) K+B
6) Statements : B@H, HXM , M$N
Conclusion : I) B@N, Ii) N%H
Answers: 1)- e 2)C 3)a 4)d) 5)d 6)b

Data sufficiency SHORT CUTS FOR REASONING ABILITY

Direction: Each of the questions below consist of a question and statements numbered I and II
given below it. You have to decide whether the data provided in the statements are sufficient to
answer the question.
a. If the data in statement I alone are sufficient to answer the question, while the data in
Statement II alone are not sufficient to answer the question
b. If the data in statement II alone are sufficient to answer the question, while the data in
statement I alone are not sufficient to answer the question
c. If the data either in statement I alone or in statement II alone are sufficient to answer the
question.

d. If the data both in statement I and statement II together are not sufficient to answer the
question.
e. If the data both in statement I and statement II together are necessary to answer the question.
1. What is the colour of the fresh grass?
i) Blue is called green , red is called orange, orange is called yellow.
ii) Yellow is called white , white is called black, green is called brown and brown is called purple
.
2. What does nip stands for in a code language ?
i) In the code language ,that is very beautiful is written as , " nip sto sre tip "
ii) In the same code language , " my house is beautiful is written as " nip sto sre tip .
3. In a certain code , nop al ed means they like flower . Which code word means flowers?
i) Id nim nop means they are innocent .
ii) gob ots al means we like roses .
4. What is the code for sky in the code language ?
i) In the code language , sky is clear is written as de ga jo
ii) In the same code language , make is clear is written as de ra fa.
5. How J related to p?
i) M is the brother of P and T is the sister of P.
ii) P's mother is married to J's husband, who has one son and two daughter .
6 .How is T related to K?
I) R's sister J has married T's brother L, who is the only son of his parent.
ii) K is the only daughter of L and J.
7.B is the brother of A . How is A related to B?
iii) A is the sister of C.

iv) E is the husband of A .

8. How is M related to N ?
I) P, who has only two kids , M and N is the mother -in-law of Q , who is sister -in-law of N.
II) R, the sister-in-law of M, is the daughter -in -law of S, who has only two kids , M and N.
9. P, Q, R,and S are sitting around a circle facing at the center. Who is to the immediate right of
Q?
i) R is between P and S
ii) S is to the immediate right of R.
10. What is Sumit's position from the right in a row of children?
i) There are ten children between sumit and ranjan
ii) Ranjan is the twentieth from the left end of the row of the children
11. What is the Nitin's rank from the top in a class of 40 students?
i) There are ten student between Nitin and Deepak
ii) Deepak is the twentieth from the top
12. On which date of the month was Anjali born in february , 2004 ?
i) Anjali was born on an even date of the month.
ii) Anjali's birthdate was a prime number.
13. Which train did Aman catch to go to office?
i) Aman missed his usual train of 10:25 a.m..A train comes in every five minutes .
ii) Aman did not catch the train 10:40 a.m, train or any train after that time
Soln .
1. (b). The colour of fresh grass is green and as given in II , green is called brown . So the color

of fresh grass is brown

2. (d). In I and II , the common codes are nip and sre and the common words are is and
beautiful . So nip and sre are the codes for is and beautiful . But the exact word for nip; cannot be
found out
3. (e). In the given statement, and I , the common word is they and the common code word is nop
. So , nop is the code for They . In the given statement and II , the common word is like and the
common code word is al . So , al is the code for like . Thus , in the given statement, ed is the
code for flowers.
4. (d). The only word common to I and II is clear and as such , only the code for clear can be
ascertained from the given information .
5. (b). From II, we know that P's mother is married to J's husband , which means that J is P's
mother .
6. (e). From I, we know that L is T's brother and J's husband . Since L is the only son of his
parents , T is L's sister .
From II, we know that K is L's daughter .
Thus , from I and II, we conclude that T is the sister of K's father i.e.T is K's aunt.
7.(c) . B is A's brother means A is either brother or sister of
B. Now , each one of I and II individually indicates
that A is female , which means that A is B's sister .

8.(a). From I, we conclude that P is the mother of M and N , while Q is the daughter -in-law of P
and sister -in-law of N. Thus , Q is M's wife and hence , M is N's brother . From II, we conclude
that M and N are the children of S. Also, R is the daughter -in-las of S . Hence , M is either
brother or sister of N.
Answer is (d).. Clearly, neither the number of children in the row is given nor the position of
Sumit relative to Ranjan is mentioned in any one of I or II.
11. Answer is (d). Since there are ten students between Nitin and Deepak , so Nitin may be
eleven ranks above or below Deepak . Thus Nitin may be 9th, or 31st from the top.

12. Answer is (e). From I and II , We conclude that Anjali was born in February, 2004 on a date
which is an even prime number . Since the only even prime number is 2 , so Anjali was born on
2nd February, 2004.
13. Answer is (d). From I and II , we conclude that Aman went to office by either 10:30 a.m. or
10:35 a.m train.
Number, Ranking and Time Sequence SHORT CUT METHODS FOR REASONING
type1- Number test :- In this type of questions, generally a set , group or series of numerals is
given and the candidate is asked to trace out numerals following certain given conditions or lying
at specific mentioned positions after shuffling according to a certain given pattern.
1. How many 5s are there in the following number sequence, which are immediately preceded by
7 and immediately followed by 6?
755945764598756764325678
a. One b. two c. three d. four
2. How many 6's are there in the following number series , each of which is immediately
preceded by 1 or 5 and immediately followed by 3 or 9?
263756429613416391569231654321967163
a. none b. one c.two d.three e.none of these
3. How many 7's immediately preceded by 6 but not immediately followed by 4 are there in the
following series ?
74276436753578437672406743
a.one b. two c.four d.six
4. In the series given below , count the number of 9's , each of which is not immediately
preceded by 5 but is immediately followed by either 2 or 3. How many such 9's are there ?
1932174269746132874138325674395820187463
a. one b. three c. five d. six
5. How many 4's are there preceded by 7 but not followed by 3?
5932174269746132874138325674395820187463

a. three b. four c. five d.six.

soln. 1(a ) , 2(d ) , 3 ( b ) , 4 ( b ) , 5 ( b )
TYPE- RANKING TEST
EX.1 Rohan ranks 7th from the top and 26th from the bottom in the class. How many students
are there in the class?
a.31 b.32 c.33 b.34
Soln. Clearly , the whole class consist of
i) 6 students who have ranked higher than Rohan
ii) Rohan, and
iii) 25 students who have ranks lower than Rohan i.e. 6+1+25 = 32 students
EX.2 Manik is 14 th from the right end in the row of 40 students . What is his position from the
left end ?
i) 24 ii) 25 iii)26 iv)27
Soln. Clearly, The number of students towards the left of the Manik = 40-14= 26
so Manik is coming 27th from the left end . Hence the answer is (d)
EX.3 In a row of boys facing the north , A is 16th from the left end and C is 16 th from the right
end . B , who is 4th to the right of A , is 5th to the left of C, in a row. How many boys are there in
a row?
a. 39 b. 40 c.41 d. 42 e. 43
Soln. Clearly , according to given conditions , there are 15 boys to the left of A , as well as to the
right of C . Also , B lies between A and C such that there are three boys between A and B, and 4
boys between B and C.

N
ABC
15 3 4 15

so, number of boys in a row = ( 15+1+3+1+4+1+15)= 40. Hence our answer is (b).
PUZZLE TEST SHORT CUT METHODS IN REASONING ABILITY
i) Five friends , P, Q, R, S AND T travelled to five different cities of Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi,
Banglore and Hyderabad by different modes of transport of Bus, Train , Aeroplane , Car and
Boat from Mumbai.
ii) The person who travelled to Delhi did not travel by boat.
iii) R went to Bangalore by car and Q went to Kolkata by aeroplane
iv) S travelled by boat whereas T travelled by train .
v) Mumbai is not connected by bus to Delhi and Chennai.
1. Which of the following combinations of person and mode is not correct?
a. P- Bus b. Q-Aero plane c.R- Car d. S- Boat e. T- Aero plane.
2. Which of the following combinations is true for S?
a. Delhi-Bus b. Chennai-Bus c.Chennai- Boat
d. Data inadequate e. None of these
3. Which of the following combinations of place and mode is not correct?
a. Delhi-Bus b.Kolkata- Aero plane c.Bangalore- Car
d.Chennai-boat e. hyderabad- bus
4. The person traveling to delhi went by which of the following modes?
a. bus b. train c. aero plane d. car e. boat
5. Who among the following traveled to delhi
a. R b. S c. T d. data inadequate e. none of these.
Soln. the given information can be analysed as follows:
a) mode of transport : RTravels by car, Q by aeroplane , S by boat and T by train . Now , only P
remains . S o, P travels by Bus.
b) place of travel: R goes to bangalore , Q to kolkata. N ow , bus transport is not available for
delhi or chennai. so , p who travels by bus goes to hyderabad. S travels by boat and hence by
(ii) , did not go to delhi. So, S goes to chennai. Now, only T remains. So, T goes to delhi

Person
Place
Mode

P
Q
Hyderabad Kolkata
Bus
Aero plane

R
Bangalore
Car

S
Chennai
Boat

1. clearly , the incorrect combination is T-aeroplane . So , the answer is (e)

2. clearly, the correct combination for S is chennai- boat. So, the answer is (c).
3. clearly , the incorrect combination is delhi-bus. So the answer is (a).
4. clearly, T travel to delhi by train . So the answer is (b).
5. clearly , T travel to delhi. So , the answer is (c).
Ex.2-

T
Delhi
Train

i) B and E are good in dramatics and computer science

ii) A and B are good in computer science and physics.
iii) A, D and C are good in physics and mathematics .
iv) C and A are good in physics and mathematics .
v) D and E are good in history and dramatics.
1. Who is good in physics , history and dramatics ?
a. A b. B c. D d. E
2. Who is good in physics, history and mathematics but not in computer science ?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
3. Who is good in computer science , history and dramatics?
a. A b. B c. C d. E
4. Who is good in history , physics , and computer science and mathematics?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
5. Who is good in physics , dramatics and computer science ?
a. A b. B c. D d. E
Soln. The given information can be analysed as under :

A
B
C
D
E

dramatics
X

com. sc.

X
X

Phy

His

Math

X
X

1. D is good in physics , history and dramatics . so the answer is ( c).

2. Both A and C are good in physics , History and mathematics . But A is good in computer
science , while C is not . So , the answer is (c).
3. E is good in computer science , history and dramatics. Hence , the answer is (d).
4. A is good in history , physics , computer science and mathematics . Hence , the answer is (a).
5. B is good in physics, dramatics and computer science. Hence , the answer is (b).
Ex.-3
Study the following information carefully to answer the given question .
Madan and Rohit are in same team of hockey . Parth defeated Rohit in badminton but lost to
sachin in tennis . nitin teams with sagar in football . and with sachin in hockey . rohit defeated
sachin in chess. Those who play cricket donot play badminton , volleyball or tennis . madan and
parth are in opposite team of basketball. nitin represent his state in cricket while sagar does so at
the district level. Boys who play chess donot play football , basketball or volleyball. Madan and
parth are together in volleyball team . Boys who play football also play hockey.
1. Name the boy who donot play football ?
a. Sachin , Nitin b. Rohit , Sagar c. Rohit , Sachin d. Rohit , Nitin
2. Who play both hockey and tennis?
a. Sachin b. Rohit c. Nitin d. Parth

3. Which is the most popular game with this group?

a. cricket b. hockey c. football d. badminton
4. Who play the largest number of games ?
a. Sagar b. Rohit c. Parth d. Nitin
5. Which boy play both badminton and hockey?
a. Sachin b. Rohit c. Nitin d. Parth
Soln.

Hockey
Badminton
Tennis
Chess
Football
Basketball
Volleyball
Cricket

Madan

Rohit

X
X
X

Parth

Sachin

X
X
X

Nitin

X
X

Sagar

X
X

1. (c) Rohit and Sachin donot play football

2. (a) Sachin play both hockey and tennis .
3. (b) Since hockey is played by the maximum nos. of student in the group so, hockey is the most
popular game.
4. (c) Parth , play the largest nos. of game i.e. four.
5. (b) Rohit play both badminton and hockey
EX.
Study the following information carefully to answer the given question
1. A, B, C, D, E ,F and G are sitting around a circle and are facing the centre.
2. G is second to the left of C, who is to the immediate left of F.
3. A is third to the left of E.
4. B is between D and E.
i)which of the following is false ?
a. A is the fourth to the right of E. b. G is to the immediate right of D . c. F is the third to the right
of D . d. B is the immediate left of D . e. None of these
ii) Which of the following is true?
a. C is fourth to left of B . b. A is to the immediate right of G. c. D is second to the left of E. d. B
is second to the right of G.
e. None of these
iii) Which of the following pair has the first person sitting to the immediate left of the second
person?
a. BE b. CA c . GD d. DG e. None of these
iv) Which of the following is the positions of F?
a. Fourth to the right of D. b. To the immediate left of C. c. Between A and C. d. To the
immediate right of A e. None of these.
Solutions.

We first of all marki the seven balank polsitions around a circle . Now , G is second to the left of
C and C is to the immediate left of F . We mark their positons as shown . also , B is between D
and E. tHUS , D , B, E sit together and occupy the three consecutive blank positions . Now , only
one position remains blank betwen G and C, and this must be occupied by A. now , D, B, E may
sit in any of the postions ( D,B,E) or ( E,B,D). But A is third to the left of E only when they sit in
the order ( D, B, E). Thus we mark their postions as shown.
1. Clearly , F is fourth to the right of D . So , (c) is false . hence , the answer is (c)
2. C is third to the left of B. So, (a) is false
A is to the immediate right of G. So , (b) is true.
D is second to the right of E. So, (c) is false .
B is second to the left of G. So, ( d) is false .
Hence , the answer is (b)
3. Clearly , only in the pair DG , the first person D sits to the immediate left to the second person
G . Hence the answer is (d).
4. C sits between A and F ; F sits between E and C ;E sits between B and F: D sits between G and
B. So, none of the given groups satisfies the given condition.
5. Clearly, F's postion is . fourth to the right of D.
. to the immediate right of C.
. between C and E
.Second to the right of A.
Hence, the answer is (a).
DIRECTION TEST SHORT CUT METHODS IN REASONING ABILITY
Tips for Question based on Sense of Direction

1. Always try to use the direction planes as the reference for all the questions.

2. Now , as the statement of the question progresses, you should also proceed over this reference
plane only.
3. always mark the starting point and end point different from the other points.
4. mark be attentive while taking right and/or left turns.
5. mark distance with a scale ( if your rough diagram confuse you)
6. To solve this type of questions you should remember the following diagram.

7. One should aware of the basic geometric rule, such as Pythagoras Theorem.
AC2= Ab2+BC2Pythagoras Theorem

Ex. 1. Abinav walked 2 km west of his of house and then turn south covering 4 km. Finally he
moved 3 km towards the east and then again 1 km west. How far is he from his initial position?
a. 2 km b. 4 km c. 9 km d. 10 km
Soln. Abhinav start from his house at A, Moves 2 Km west upto B, then 4 km to the south upto C
3 km east upto D and finally 1 km west upto E. thus his distance from the initial position A = AE
= BC = 4 Km. hence ans is (b)

CODING DECODING IN REASONING ABILITY

Type I: Letter coding
Case- I To from the code for another word (coding)
Ex-1) In a certain code, TEACHER is written as VGCEJGT .How is
children written in that code?
a) EJKNEGTP b) EGKNFITP C) EJKNFGTO d) EJKNFTGP
Solution : Each letter in the word "TEACHER " is moved two steps
forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the code.
T E A C H E R : Ans : V G C E J G T
(Each letter is increasing by 2)
Similarly we have
C H I L D R E N Ans: E J K N F T G D
( Each letter is increasing by 2 )
Ex-2) In a certain code language , RUSTICATE is written as
QTTUIDBSD ,How would ( Each letter is increasing by 2 )
STATISTIC be written in thqt code?
a) RSBUJTUHB b) RSBUITUHB c) RSBUIRSJD d)TUBUITUMB
Solution: Clearly , the middle letter of the word remains the same
in the code. Each of the first two and the last two letters of the

word is moved one step backward ,while each of the remaining

letters is moved one step forward to obtain the corresponding
letters of the code.

R
Ans:

QTTUIDBSD

Similarly we have
S
Ans:

RSBUITUHB

So the required code is RSBUITUHB. Hence the answer is b

Ex- 3) If ROAST is coded s PQYUR in a certain language, then
how will SLOPPY be
coded in coded in that language?
a) MRNAQN b) NRMNQA c) QNMRNA d) RANNMQ
Sol: Clearly the letters in the word ROAST are moved
alternately two-step backward and two steps forward to obtain
the letters of the code. Thus we have:
R O A S T Ans: (PQYUR). S L O P P Y Ans: (QNMRNA)
So required answer is c
Ques:5) If HEALTH is written as GSKZDG , then how will
NORTH be weitten in that Code?
a) OPSUI b) GSQNM C) FRPML d) IUSPO
Sol: Clearly the letters of the given word are written in a reverse
order and then each letter is moved one step backward to obtain
the code.

Reversing the order of the letter in NORTH, we get HTRON, thus

we have
H T R O N Ans: ( G S Q N M ) Hence the answer is b
Ques:6) In a certain code , BREAKTHROUGH is written as
EAOUHRBRGHKT. How is
DISTRIBUTION written that code?
a) TISTBUONDIRI B) STTIBUONRIDI c)STTIBUDIONRI
d)RISTTIBUDION
e) None of these
Sol: Let us divide the letters of the given word into pair and label
there pairs from 1 to 6.
BR

EA

KT
1

HR
2

OV
3

GH
4

Clearly ,the code contains there pairs arranged in the order 2 ,5 ,4

. 1 ,6 ,3
Dividing the letters of the word DISTRIBUTION in pairs we have :
DI
1

ST
2

RI

BU
3

TI
4

ON
5

Arranging there in the order 2 ,5 ,4 ,1 ,6 ,3.

we get the requires code that is STTIBUDIONRI Hence the
answer is c
Ques-7: In a certain code language ,BEAT is written as a
certain code language
,
BEAT is written as
YVZG,then what will be code of MILD?
a) B,E,A,T, are respectively the 2nd ,5th, 1st ,20th letter from the
begining

of the English alphabet. Similarly M, I, L, D are respectively the

13th,9th,12th, 4th letters from the begining of the English
alphabet ,and the 13th,9th,12th, 4th letters from the begining of
the English alphabet are NROW, hence the answer is d
Ques-8:In a certain system of coding ,the word STATEMENT
is written as
TNEMETATS.In the same system of coding .what should be the
code for the word POLITICAL
a) LACITILOP b) LCATILTOP c)POILITCAL d)none of these
Sol: Clearly the letters of the given word are written in a reverse
order to obtain the code. Reversing the order of letters in
POLITICAL, we gwt LACITILOP, which is required code ,hence the
answer is a
CASE -II: To find the word by analysing the given
code(decoding ) .
Ex:On a certain code ,the word ROAD is written as WTFI.
Following
the same rule of coding ,what should be the word for the
code GJFY?
a)REAP b) TAKE c) BEAT D) LATE
sol: Each letter of the word is five steps behind the
corresponding letter of
the code we have
W

I Ans: R

Y Ans :B

A
A

D
T

So BEAT is coded as GJFY. Hence the answer is c

Ex:If NARGRUED is the code for GRANDEUR ,

which word is coded as
SERPEVRE?
Sol:Clearly ,the code has been obtained by writting
the first four and the last
four letters of SERPEVRE
SERP/EVRE

PRES/ERVE Hence

answer is e

Q. if in a certain language , ITNIETAM is the code for

INTIMATE, which word has the code TREVNIETARBI?
a. INVRETIBRATE
b. INVERTIBARTE c. INVERTIBRETA
d. INVERTIBRATE
e. INVERITBARTE
Soln. our ans (d) . The letters in the first half and the latter half of
the code are separately reversed to obtain the word.

Q. If QOSCFLBJO
is the code for PORCELAIN , which word is
coded as BKMOUSPP?
a).ALTOLROPY
None of these

b.ALLOTROPY

c.ALOTROLPY d. ATLOROPLY e.

Soln. In the code , we have alternately one letter one step ahead
of and the other the same as the corresponding letter in the
word.
Q.If in a certain language , MACHINE is coded as LBBIHOD, which
word would be coded as SLTMFNB?
a. RKSLEMA b.TKULGMC c.RMSNEOA d.TMUNGMC

Soln. In the code , we have alternately one letter one step

behind and the other one step ahead of the corresponding letter
in the word..

Q.Study the following information carefully and answer the

questions given below.
The consonants of English alphabet have been coded by using
digits 1 to 8 and the vowels have been coded by using different
symbols.

Lette
rs

Digit

If any vowel is not in the beginning or last , it is coded as 6. If any

vowel is at the beginning or in the last , it is coded as 9.
However , if the same vowel is placed at both beginning and in
the last , it is coded as $ at both the places . Now, choose the
correct coded forms of each of the following letter groups.
Q1. AFDQENI
a. 6728949 b.$72864$ c.9728649 d.9728949 e. None of
these
Q2.ENIANGE
a.6499456 b.$466453$ c.$4$$45$ d.9466456 e. None of
these
Q3. PKDEJHI

a.7126539 b.712653$ c.7129539 d.712$53$ e. none of these

Q4. OPTIONAL
a.67199493 b.97166463 c.$7199493 e. none of these
Q5. EGTARLQE
a.65195386
these

b.$51$538$ c.95165389 d.$519538$ e. none of

Soln. 1-(c), 2 (b), 3(a), 4(b), 5(e)

Ex. In each of the questions below, a group of numerals is given,

followed by four groups of symbols/letter combination labeled (a),
(b), (c), (d). Numerals are to be coded as per the codes and
conditions given below. You have to find out which of the
combination (a), (b), (c), (d) is correct and indicate your answer
accordingly. If none of the four combination represents the correct
code, mark ( e) as your answer.

Numerals

Letter/ Symbol code

Following condition apply:

1. If the first digit as well as the last digit is odd, both are to be
coded as X.
2. If the first digit as well as the last digit is even, both are to be
coded as $.
3. If the last digit is 0, it is to be coded as #.

1. 546839
a. XAFK*M
b. BAFK*M
None of the these

c. XAFK*X

d.BAFK*X e.

2. 713540
a.E%*BA# b. X%*BA#
the these

c. X%*BAR

d.E%*BAR e. None of

3. 765082
a.XFBRK@
b. EFB#K@
None of the these

c. EFBR#K d.EFBRK@

e.

4. 487692
a.AKEFM@
b. $KEFM@
None of the these

c. AKEFM$

d. $KEFM$ e.

5. 364819
a.XFAK@M
b. *FAK%X
e. None of the these

c. *FAK%M

d. *EAK%X

Sol. 1. Clearly, in the given number- group, both the first and last
digits are odd no. So, each of them is to be coded as X. The
remaining numerals are to be coded with their respective codes
from the given table. So, the required code XAFK*X. hence,
answer is (C).
2. The last digits in the given number group is 0, which shall
thus be coded as #. Choosing the individual Codes for the
remaining digits from the given table, we obtain the code for
713540 as E%*BA#. Hence, answer is (a)

4. Each digit of the given number group is to coded by individual

letter/symbol code
So, required code is EFBRK@. Hence, the answer is (d)
5. the first and the last digits, both being odd numbers, each of the
them is to be coded as X. hence answer is (c).

Type: Substitution
1.If sky is star, star is cloud, cloud is earth, earth is tree, and tree
is book, than where do the birds fly ?
a. Cloud
b. Sky
None of these

c. Star

d. data inadequate e.

Sol. answer is (c). Birds fly in the sky and as given, sky is star . So
birds fly in the star .
2. If orange is called butter, butter is called soap, soap is called
ink, ink is called honey and honey is called orange , which of the
following is used for washing clothes?
a. honey b. butter

c. orange d. soap e. ink

Soln. answer is (e). Clearly , soap is used for washing the clothes.
But , soap is called called ink. So, ink is used for washing the
clothes.
3. If light is called morning , morning is called dark , dark is called
night , night is called sunshine and sunshine is called dusk, when
do we sleep?
a. night b. sunshine

c. dusk d. dark

Soln. Answer is (b). We sleep in the night . But night is called

sunshine . So we sleep in the sunshine.
4. I f blue means green , green means white , white means
yellow , yellow means black, black means red and red means
brown , then what is the color of milk?
a. black b. brown c. blue

d. yellow e. green

Soln. Answer is (e). The colour of milk is white . But as given

green means white . So the color of milk is green .
5.If in a language , finger is called toe, toe is called foot , foot is
called thumb , thumb is called ankle , ankle is called palm and
palm is called knee, then in that languaghe , what will an illiterate
man put to mark his signatures?
a.toe

b. knee c. Thumb d. ankle

Soln. Anwer is (d). Clearly, an illiterate man puts his thumb to

mark his signatures . But as given , thumb is called ankle . So an
illiterate man will put his ankle to mark his signatures.
Type- DECIPHERING MESSAGE WORD CODES
EX.1 In a certain language, sun shines brightly is written as ba lo
sul, houses are grightly lit as kado ula ari ba and light comes from
sun as dopi kup lo nro. What code words are written for sun and
brightly?
a. ba, sul

b. sul, lo

c. lo, ba d.ba, lo

Soln . In the first and third statements , the common word is sun
and the common code-word is lo . So , lo is the code for sun . In
the first and second statements, the common word is brightly and
the common code word is ba . So , ba is the code for brightly.
Hence, the answer is (c).

Ex.2. If in a certain language, oka peru means fine cloth , meta

lisa means clear water and dona lisa peru means fine clear
weather , which word in that language means weather?
Soln . In the first and third statements , the common code word is
peru and the common word is fine . S o , peru means fine . In the
second and third statements, the common code word is lisa and
the common word is clear. so lisa means clear. Thus , in the third
statement, lisa means clear and peru means fine . So, dona
means weather. Hence the answer is (d).
EX.3 Read the information given below to answer the questions
that follow :
In a certain code language ,
i)

pit na sa means you are welcome ;

ii)

na ho pa la means they are very good ;

iii)

ka da la means who is good ;

iv)

od ho pit la means they welcome good people .

1. Which of the following means people in that code language ?
a. od

b. la

c.ho

d. pit

e. data inadequate

2. Which of the following means very in that code language ?

a. pa

b.na

c.da

d. data inadequate

e. none of these

3. Which of the following statements is / are redundant to answer

the above two questions?
a. none

b. (i) and (ii) c.(ii) or (iv) d. (i) or (iv) e. none of these

Soln .
1. In statements (i) and (iv) , the common code word is pit and the
code word is welcome , so , pit means welcome .

In statements (ii) and (iv) the common code words are ho and la
and the common words are they and good . So , ho and la mean
they and good . Thus , in (iv) , the remaining code word i.e. od
means people .
Hence the answer is (a).
2. From 1, we know that ho and la are codes for they and good
Now , in statements (i) and (ii), the common code word is na and
the common word is are . So , na means are. Thus , in (ii), the
remaining code word i.e. pa means very .
Hence the answer is (a).
3.Clearly , to answer the above two questions, we used
statements (i) , (ii), and (iv) and didnot require (iii). So , (iii) is
redundant . Hence , the answer is (e).
TYPES ALPHABET SERIES COMPLETION IN REASONING ABILITY
TYPE-1 :- Alphabet series
a) Increasing by a definite number
e.g i) IJKL? ( each letter increases by 1)
ii) AGMSY? ( each letter increases by 6 place to its right position)
b) Decreasing by a definite number
e.g. i) ZXVTRP ? ( each letter decreases by 2 places to its left )
c) Increasing successively
e.g. DEGJNS? ( +1,+2,+3,+4,+5)
d) Decreasing successively
e.g.
i) ZYWTP ( -1,-2,-3,-4 ..)
ii) ZTOKHFE ( -6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1)
e) Decreasing and Increasing by a constant value.
e.g. i) DFCEBDACZ (+2,-3,+2,-3,...)
TYPE-II :- ALPHANUMERIC SERIES

EX-1: Z1A, X2D,V6G,T21J,R88M, P445P,?

First letter: ZXVTRP (-2,-2,-2,.....)
Second letter: ADGJMP ( +3, +3,+3,...)
Series of numerals: 1,2,6,21,88,445 ( x1+1, x2+2, x3+3...)
So next term is N2676S.
EX.2:- 2Z5,7Y7,14X9,23W11,34V13,?
First numeral- 2,7,14,23,34 (+5,+7,+9,+11..)
Second letter- ZYXWV ( decreases by 1 each time)
Third numeral- 5,7,9,11,13 ( increases by 2 each time)
EX-3 :- W-144 , U-121, S-100, Q-81,?
First letter- decreases by 2 each time
Second numeral- square of 12,11,10,9,8..
Type-III :- Continuous patterns series
Ex-1 : ab_ _ baa_ _ ab_
options i) aaaaa ii) aabaa iii) caabab iv) baabb
solution: our answer is ii) . Here series aba is repeated
Ex-2 :ab_aa_bbb_aaa_bbba
options i) abba ii) baab iii) aabb iv) abab
Solution- our answer is ii) . The series is abb/aaabbb/aaaabbbb/a. Thus the letter are repeated
twice , then thrice , then four times and so on .
Ex.3 - _bc_ca_aba_c_ca
Options i)abcbb ii)bbbcc iii)bacba iv)abbcc
Solutions- our answer is i) . The series is abc/bca/cab/abc/bca. Thus the letter change in cyclic
order .
Ex.4- _c_bd_cbcda_a_db_a
Options i) adabcd ii) bdbcba iii) cdbbca iv)daabbc
Solutions- our answer is i). The series is acdb/dacb/cdab/acdb/da. Each group of four letters
contains the letters of the previous group in the order - third , first , second and fourth.
Ex.5:- a_bb_baa_bbb_aa_
Options i) aabba ii) bbaab iii)abaaa iv)baabb
Solutions:- our answer is iii). The series is aabbbb/aaabbb/aaaa. At each step , the number of a's
increases by one while the number of b's decrease by one.

Ex.6- _aba_cabc_dcba_bab _a
Options i) abdca ii) bcadc iii) abcdb iv) cbdaa
Solutions- Our answer is i) . The series is aababcabcd/dcbacbabaa. The letters equidistant from
the beginning and the end of the series is same .
Ex.7- mnonopqopqrs_ _ _ _ _
Options- i) mnopq ii)oqrst iii)pqrst iv) qrstu
Solutions- our answer is iii) . The series is mno/nopq/opqrs

ALBHABETS SERIES IN REASONING ABILITY

1 11 21
A K U

OPPOSITE LETTERS

B L V

( SUM IS 27 )

C MW

UF BY LOVE

D N X

SHIRT GAZ

E O Y

PK MN JQ

CX DW

P Z

G Q
H R
I

T
E

10

15

20

25

Although such question are very simple, yet by doing them in a

systematic manner you can save some extra seconds. We suggest
that you perform recalculation .In this method,

1) Subtract the numbers if both the direction are same

2) Add the numbers if the directions are opposite

For example: 1) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Which letter would be the seventh to the right of the
eleventh letter from?
The right end 1)K 2) W 3) J 4) U 5) none of these
Since both directions are same (right, right) we request
we subtract 7
From 11.Hence the answer would be the 4th from the
right that is, W
Some more examples are given below.
3) Which letter is seventh to the right of the thirteen
letters from the left?
a)

S b) T c) U d) V e) none of these

sol: Since we want the seventh letter to the right of the thirteen
letter
from the left -directions are
opposite -hence we add 7+13=20 .Hence the answer is 20th from
the left . Now 20th from the left means 26-20+1=7th from right
(note this step). Hence answer is T.
You must have understood the method of pre-calculation by
now .The trick is to calculate the actual position of the required
letter before going to search for it .Now there may be some
variations to the above type of problem. Some variations are
presented below. See how we precalculate the position of the
required letter.
Ex: 3If the above alphabet is written in reverse order, which will
be the eighth letter to the right of O?

a) F b) G c) V d) W e) none of these
Sol: The letter which is eighth to the right of O when the alphabet
is , reversed must be presently eighth to the left of O. Hence it is
G.
Ex:4 If the first half of the alphabet is written in reverse order
which letter would be the nineteenth letter from the right ?
a)F b) G c) E d) H e) none of these
sol: Since the second half is not reversed the first 13 letters would
be the same when counting is done from right .But next letters
after 13th will be actually from the left end( the 14th letter would
be A) Hence the

Some more rules on English alphabet series

a)Question based on dropping or deleting of letters in the

english alphabet at regular intervals
Ex- every third letter from left to right of the English alphabet is
dropped. Find the 7th letter from the left of the new series
obtained.
sol: In the English alphabet ,every third letter is dropped from the
left (given) ,Hence the new series will be like ,

AB C DE F GH I JK L MN O PQ R ST U VW X YZ

That is ; A B D E G H J K M N P Q S T V W Y Z

Clearly, 7th letter from the left in the new series is J

Quicker method:

Above discussed method is lengthy and time consuming.

Therefore you need a quicker method to solve such kind of
problems.
Question says that every 3rd letter is dropped in the original
series that is we are left with two letters after every dropping of
letters. Here 2 is the key figure .We have to seek a digit which is
just les than 7 but divisible by 2. In this case the required digit is
6. Now we do the following operations to get the required answer.

7th letter from the left in the new series = 7+6/2=10th letter
from the left in the original series=J

Similarly, you can find any letter at a particular position in the

new series.

Question based on reversed English alphabet series.

The English alphabet series can be reversed in many ways. Some

of them are discussed below
1) The whole English Alphabet is reversed
2) First half of the series is reversed
3) Second half of the series is reversed

4) Many sections of the English alphabet series are

reversed
To solve the questions of the Reversed English alphabet
series, you should
Remember the basic rule, that is:

Mth element counting from left to right of a series of N characters

is equal to the (N +1-M)th element counting from right to left of
that series.
let us take a example :
Let us take the english alphabet series as given below:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26
Suppose we have to find the position of L in the above
series counting from right to left.
We know that the English alphabet has 26 characters.
Hence N =26
Position of L in English alphabet starting from A (left to right) is
12. Hence M=12
Hence Position of L in the above series is from right to left
is (26+1-12)=15
Let us take a typical example: Suppose first five letters, then next
six letters, then next 7 letters and then after last 8 letters of the
following English alphabet series are reversed.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Then you are asked to find I) 4th II) 20th elements from the left of
the new series .How will you proceed to get the answer? Let us
see.
According the question, first 5, then next 6,7,8 letters of the
English alphabet are reversed.
Hence we obtain a new series as given below
EDCBA / KJIHGF / RQPONML / ZYXWVUTS
1
2
3

We have to find i) 4th letter from the new series, 4th

letter falls into group 1
Hence fourth letter in group 1= (5+1-4)=2nd letter
from the left in the
Original series.(refer to the basic rule )
II) 20th letter from the left of the new series falls into
the group 4.There are
8 characters in-group 4.We have to find second letter
of the group 4
(Since 5 letters of group 1, 6 letters of group 2 and 7
letters of group 3
Does not effect the position of letter that falls into
the group 4 that is
20=5+6+7+2) 2nd letter in the group 4 =18+(8+12)=25th letter from the
Left in the original series=Ys
Remember: - If we want to go back 3 places back from c then
answer will be z. similarly if we want to go back 5 places back
from the alphabet e then answer will be z.

C-3 = Z
E-5 = Z
C- 5 = X (26+3-5=24 which is the position of x)

CLASSIFICATION REASONING ABILITY FOR ALL EXAMS

type 1 : choosing the odd word
ex: 1 a. zebra b. lion c. tiger d.horse e.giraffe
Soln. here all except, horse are wild animals
ex: 2. a. parrot b.bat c.crow d . sparrow e.pigeon
Soln. here all except bat belongs to class of birds while bat is a mammal.
ex.3 a. copper b. zinc c.brass d.aluminium e.iron
Soln . here all except brass are metals while brass is an alloy.
ex.4 a. apple b. marigold c. rose d. lily e. lotus
Soln. here all except apple are flower while apple is a fruit .
ex.5 a. january b . may c. july d. august e.November
Soln here all except november are months having 31 day .
ex6. a. amethyst b. ruby c.marble d. sapphire e. diamond
Soln . here all except marble are precious stone .
ex.7 a. ginger b.onion c. beetroot d. coriander e. potato
Soln . her all except coriander are modified stem
ex.8 a. bake b. peel c. fry d. boil e.roast
Soln . here all except peel are different form of cooking .
ex.9 a. pistol b.sword c.gun d. rifle e. cannon
Soln . here all except sword are fire arms and can be used from a distance

ex.10 a. cathedral b. mosque c.church d. monastery e.temple

Soln . here all except monastery are place of worship while monastery is the place where monks
stay.

TYPE: CHOOSING THE ODD PAIR

Ex.1 a. blacksmith: anvil b. Carpenter: saw c. barber: scissor d. Goldsmith: ornament e. sculptor:
chisel
Soln. the answer is (d). In all other pairs, second is the tool used by the first.
Ex.2 a. painter: gallery b. actor: stage c. mason: wall d farmer: field e. worker: factory
Soln. the answer is (c). In all other pairs second is the working place of the first.
Ex.3 a. cow : calf b. dog : bitch c. lion : cub d. tortoise : turtle e. insect : larva
Soln . Clearly , the answer is b. In all other pairs second is the young one of other.
Ex.4 a. volume: litre b. time: second c. length: metre d. resistance: ohm e. pressure : barometer
Soln . Answer is (e). In all other pairs, second is the unit to measure the first.
Ex. 5. a. White: dirty b. easy: difficult c. brave: coward d . end : beginning
Soln . Answer is (a). In all other pairs, the two words are antonyms
TYPE- CHOOSING THE ODD NUMERALS
Ex.1. a. 13 b.17 c.23 d.63 e.71
Soln. Each of the number except 63 is the prime nos. hence answer is (d).
Ex. 2 a. 12 b.25 c.37 d. 49 e.57
Soln. 37 is the only prime nos in the group. Hence answer is (c).
Ex.3 a. 25 b.36 c. 78 d. 144 e.196
Soln. Each of the number except 78 is a perfect square . Hence answer is (c).
Ex.4 a. 131 b. 151 c. 161 d. 171 e.191

Soln. The sum of the digits of each of the number except 161 is an odd number. Hence answer is
(c).
Ex. 5 a. 751 b. 734 c. 981 d.853 e.532
Soln. In each number except 751, the difference of the first and the third digit is equal to the
middle digit.
Hence answer is (a)
TYPE - CHOOSING THE ODD LETTER GROUP
Ex.1 a. BD b. IK c. PN d.SU e. WY
Soln . The anwer is (c). All other group consist of two alternate letters in order while in this
group, they are in reverse order.
Ex.2 a. BCD b. KMN c. QRS d. GHI e. WXY
Soln . The anwer is (b). All other group consist of three consecutive letters while this one
doesnot.
ex.3 a. POCG b. KLIZ c. BUDX d. FQMV e. ARTG
Soln . the answer is (d) . All other group consist of one vowel each but this group doesnot .
ex.4 a. CZHK b. MLAG c. XUBU d. SENO e.YDFB
Soln . The answer is (c). This is the only group in which one letter has been repeated.

Different Types Completing The Analogy pair

Different Types Completing The Analogy pair
Type -1: Direct/Simple Analogy
1.Apparel is related to cloth in the same way as footwear is related to...?
a. Material b. leather c. cobbler d. shoes e. sandal
Sol first is made by other
2. Which of the following is related to Melody in the same way as Delicious is related to Taste?

a. Voice b. Speak c. Tongue d. Highness

Sol Delicious represents good taste. Similarly, Melody describe pleasant Voice
3. Wave is the related to air in the same way as Ripples is related to......?
a. Wind b. Water c.Strom d. Smoke
Sol Wave travel in air,ripples traval in water
4.Paddy is related to Field in the same way as Steel is related to ......?
a.mine b. factory c.Iron D.Ore
Sol
5. Tree is related to sapling in the same way as horse is related to......?
a.pony b. mule c. cub d. foal e. puppy
Sol second is the place where the first is grown/produce
*********************************************************
Type 2: Completing The Analogus pair
1. Giant: Dwarf:: Genious : ?
a. Wicked b. gentle c. Idiot d. tiny
Sol. Dwarf is the antonym Of Giant. Similarly, the antonym of Genius Is Idiot
2.Cattle: Herd :: Sheep : ?
a. Flock b. swarn c. shoal d. mob
Sol. herd is a group of cattle similarly; flock is a collection of sheep
3. Meningitis: Brain :: Cirrhois : ?
a. Lungs b. brain c. liver d. heart
Sol. First is a disease which effect the second
4. Horse: Jockey :: Car: ?
a. Mechanic b. Chauffeur c. Steering d. Brake
Sol first is driven by the second
5 Fruit: Banana :: mammal : ?
a. cow b. snake c.fish d. sparrow
Sol. first denote the class to which the second belongs

6. Rat: cat :: Worm : ?

a. Fishing b. earth c. bird d.silk
Sol.second feed the first
7 Walking: Running:: Smiling : ?
a. Feeling b.Laughing c. face d. Weeping
Sol second is the more intense form of the first
8. Eye : Wink :: Heart : ?
a. Move b. Throb c. Pump d. Quiver
Sol second denote the activity of the first
9 house : garbage :: ore : ?
a. Rubbish b. gangue c. sand d. dregs
Sol. the waste of the house is called garbage. simillarly, the impurities in the ore are called
ganuge
10. fire : extinguish :: thirst : ?
a.quench b. satiate c mitigate d.drink
sol second is the name given to the act of doing away with the first
11. wizard : witch :: monk : ?
a. madam b. widow c. nun d. virgin
sol. second is feminine gender of the first
12. connoisseur : art :: gourmet : ?
a. food b. money c drink d.flesh
sol first has good tatse for the second
*********************************************************
Type 3- Choosing The Analogus Pair
1. Darekness: Lamp
a. Fatigue : Exercise b.Thirst : Water c.Medicine : Illness d. Study:Classroom
Soln. Just as a lamp eliminates daerkness, so also water eliminates thirest.
2. Fish: Shoal

a. Audience: Theatre b. Shark: School c.Elephant:Flock d.Whale:Herd

Soln. A group of fish is called shoal. Similarly, a group of elephants is called flock.
So, the answer is (c).
3. Energy: Joule
a.Axe:Grind b.Ammeter:Current c. Power : Ampere d.Resistance : Ohm
Soln. Joule is the unit of measuring energy.Similarly ohm is the unit of measuring resistance . So
the answer is (d).
*********************************************************
TYPE 4 - Choosing a similar word
1. Iron :copper:zinc
a.ceramic b.carbon c.silver d.coke
Soln. answer is (c). All are metals.
2. Jute :cotton:wool
a.terylene b.silk c.rayon d.nylon
Soln. answer is (b). All are natural fibres.
3. Calf:Kid :Pup
a.infant b.young c.larva d.animal
Soln. anwer is (c). All are young one of animals.
4. Potato:Carrot:Raddish
a.Tomato b.Spinach c.Sesame d.Groundnut
Soln. answer is (d). All grows underground.
5.Marble: Slate: Gneiss
a.Quartzite b.Limestone c.Coal d.Sandstone

Soln. anwer is (a). All are metamorphic rocks.

*********************************************************
TYPE - NUMBER BASED
1. 14 : 9 :: 26 : ?
a. 12 b.13 c.15 d.31
Soln . answer is (c). The relationship is (2x-4): x
2. 8 : 28 :: 27 : ?
a.55 b.63 c.64 d.65
Soln. answer is (d). The relationship is x*3: ( x+1)*3 +1
3. 42 : 56 :: 72 : ?
a. 81 b.90 c.92 d.100
Soln. answer is (b). 42=6x7, 56=7x8, 72=8x9 so missing fig is 90 = 9x10 .
4. 49 : 81 :: 100 : ?
a.64 b.144 c.169 d.none of these
Soln. answer is (b).The relationship is x*2 : ( x+2)*2

ANALOGY - REASONING ABILITY MATERIAL FOR ANALOGY (PART -I)

Analogy means correspondence.
In questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar relationship
has to identify from the alternatives provided. Analogy test are , therefore , meant to test a
candidate over all knowledge , power of reasoning and ability to think concisely and accurately .
Below are given some common relationship, which will help you detect most analogies better.
EX: Meningitis: Brain :: Cirrhois : ?
a. Lungs b. brain c. liver d. heart
Sol. First is a disease which effect the second
EX: Horse: Jockey :: Car: ?
a. Mechanic b. Chauffeur c. Steering d. Brake
1. COUNTRIES AND CAPITAL

Ex. Afghanistan: Kabul

Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan.
Some more examples are given below: Australia: Canberra
Canada: Ottawa
Japan: Tokyo
Austria: Vienna
Spain: Madrid
Italy: Rome
Bangladesh: Dhaka
Greece: Athens
Egypt: Cairo
Bhutan: Thimpu
China: Beijing
France: Paris
Iraq: Baghdad
Iran: Teheran
India: Delhi
Denmark:Copenhagen
Nepal: Katmandu
Cuba: Havana
Portugal: Lisbon
Kenya: Nairobi
Norway: Oslo
Sri Lanka: Colombo
Pakistan: Islamabad
Thailand: Bangkok
Indonesia: Jakarta
Russia: Moscow
UK: London
USA: Washington
2. States and Capital
Ex. Maharashtra: Mumbai
Mumbai is the capital of Maharasthra
Karnataka:Banglore
Assam: Dispur
Bihar: Patna
Orissa:Bhubaneshwar
Rajasthan: Jaipur
Sikkim: Gangtok
Gujarat: Ahmedabad
U.P: Luknow

Kerala: Trivandrum
Himachal Pradesh:Shimla
Meghalya: Shilong
Nagaland: Mizorzm
Tamilnadu: Chennai
AP: Hyderabad
West Bengal: Kolkata
3. Country and Currency
Ex. Rupee: India
Argentina: Peso
Bangladesh: Taka
Burma: Kyat
China: Yuan
Greece: Drachma
Iran: Rial
Iraq: Dinar
Japan: Yen
Korea: Won
Kuwait: Dinar
UK: Pound
USA: Dollar
Thailand: Baht
UAE: Dirham
Turkey: Lira
Spain: Pesta
Russia: Rouble
Germany: Mark
Netherlands: Guilder
Sweden: Krona
Quantity and Unit
Ex. Length: Meter
Mass: Kilogram
Time: Second
Force: Newton
Energy: Joule
Resistance: Ohm
Volume: Litre
Angle: Radians
Power: Watt
Potential: Volt
Work: Joule
Current: Ampere
Pressure: Pascal
Area: Hectare

Temperature: Degrees
Conductivity: Mho
Luminosity: Candela
Magnetic Field: Oersted
6 Individual and Group
Ex. Sailor: Crew
Cattle: Herd
Sheep: Flock
Flower: Bouquet
Bees: Swarm
Riders: Cavalcade
Man: Crowed
Grapes: Bunch
Singer: Chorus
Artist: Troupe
Soldier: Army
Fish: Shoal
Nomads: Hoarde
Players: Team
Musician: Band
Pupils: Class
Pilgrims: Caravan
Geese: Gaggle
Chicken: Brood
Termites: Colony
Goods: Stock
Drawers: Chest
7 Animal and Young one
Ex. Cow and Calf
Bear:
Hen:
Cat: Kitten
Horse:
Lion/Tiger:
Man: Child
Duck:
Sheep:
Insect: Larva
Butterfly:Caterpillar
Stag:
Frog: Tadpole

Cub
Chick
Colt/Filly/Foal
Cub
Duckling
Lamb
Fawn

Dog:
Deer:
Swan: Cygnet
Cockroach: Nymph
Male and Female
Ex. Horse: Mare
Dog:
Bull:
Cock: Hen
Drone:
Stag:
Lion: Lioness
Colt:
Bullock:
Gander: Goose
Fox:
Drake:
Bachelor: Spinster
Nephew:
Son:
Lord: Lady
Brother:
Wizared:
Monk: Nun
Master:
Tutor:
Earl: Countess

Puppy
Fawn

Bitch
Cow
Bee
Doe
Filly
Heifer
Vixen
Duck
Niece
Datghter
Sister
Witch
Mistress
Governess

Animal and Movement

Bird:
Cock:
Eagle: Swoop
Owl:
Bear:
Donkey: Trot
Elephant:
Horse:
Lamb: Frisk
Loin:
Mouse:
Rabbit: Leap
Animal/Thing and Sound

Fly
Strut
Flit
Lumber
Amble
Gallop
Prowl
Scamper

Donkey:
Frog:
Goat: Bleat
Horse:
Snake:
Jackal: Howl
Mice:
Cat:
Cattle: Low
Camel:Grunt
Owl:
Sparrow: Chirp
Crow:
Duck:
Hen: Cackle
Cock:
Elephant:
Monkey: Gibber
Thunder:
Leaves:
Rain: Patter
Bells:
Drum:
Coin: Jingle

Bray
Crock
Neigh
Hiss
Squank
Mew
Hoot
Caw
Quack
Crow
Trumpet
Roar
Rustle
Chime
Beat

Individual/ Things and Class

Man:
Buterfly:
Whale: Mammal
Ostrich:
Snake:
Rat: Rodent
Frog:
Pen:
Curtain: Drapery
Chair:
Cup:
Shirt: Garment

Mammal
Insect
Bird
Reptile
Amphibian
Stationery
Funiture
Crockery

ANALOGY - REASONING ABILITY MATERIAL FOR ANALOGY (PART - II)

CONTINUED FROM ANALOGY MATERIAL
EX: Meningitis: Brain :: Cirrhois : ?

a. Lungs b. brain c. liver d. heart

Sol. First is a disease which effect the second
EX: Horse: Jockey :: Car: ?
a. Mechanic b. Chauffeur c. Steering d. Brake
Individual and Dwelling Place
Ex. Dog: Kennel
Bee:
Bird:
Cow: Byre/Pen
Eagle:
Hare:
Horse: Stable
Lion:
Mouse:
Owl: Barn
Pig:
pider:
onvict: Prison
Eskimo:
Gypsy:
King: Palace
Knight:
Lunatic:
Monk: Monastery
Nun:
Peasant:
Soldier: Barracks

hive
Nest
Eyrie
Burrow
Den
Hole
Sty
Web

S
C
Igloo
Carvan
Mansion
Asylum
Convent
Cottage

Animal/ thing And Keeping Place

Ex. Car: Garage
Aeroplane:
Bees:
Birds: Aviary
Animal:
Cloths:
Fish: Aquarium
Grains:
Guns:
Curios: Museum

Hanger
Apiary
Zoo
Wardobe
Granery
Armoury

Medicine:
Patient:
Wine: Cellar

Dispensary
Hospital

Workers and Tool

Ex. Blacksmith: Anvil
Carpenter:
Chef:
Woodcutter: Axe
Auther:
Soldier:
Warrior: Sword
Docter:
Farmer:
Surgeon: Scalpel
Gardener:
Mason:
Sculptor: Chinsel
Labourer:
Tailor: Needle

Saw
Knife
Pen
Gun
Stethoscope
Plough
Harrow
Plumbline
Spade

Tool and Action

Ex. Needle and Sew
Knife:
Gun:
Spoon: Feed
Binocular:
Sword:
Shovel: Scoop
Chisel:
Oar:
Axe: Grind
Auger:
Spade:Dig
Shield: Guard
Mattock:
Pen:
Spanner: Grip
Tongs:
Microscope:
Loudspeaker: Amplify
Workers and Working Place
Ex. Chef: Kitchen

Cut
Shoot
View
Slaughter
Carve
Row
Bore
Dig
Write
Hold
Magnify

Farmer:
Teacher:
Clerk: Office
Sailor:
Engineer:
Warrior: Battlefield
Doctor:
Servant:
Grocer: Shop
Painter:
Waiter:
Worker: Factory
Umpire:
Gambler:
Beautician: Parlor
Artist:
Actor:
Mechanic: Garage
Lawyer:
Scientist:
Astronomer:Obsevatory

Field
School
Ship
Site
Hospital
House
Gallery
Restaurant
Pitch
Casino
Theatre
Stage
Court
Laboratory

Workers and Product

Ex. Manson: Wall
Choreographer:
Dramatist:
Cobbler: Shoe
Editor:
Producer:
Chef: Food
Architect:
Tailor:
Poet: Poem
Farmer:
Auther:
Goldsmith: Ornament
Carpenter:
Butcher:
Teacher: Education
Product and raw Material
Ex. Prism: Glass

Ballet
Play
Newspaper
Film
Design
Clothes
Crop
Book
Furniture
Meat

Butter:
Cloth:
Paper: pulp
Wine:
Fabric:
Wall: Brick
Road:
Furniture:
Book: Paper
Shoes:
Pullover:
Sack: Jute
Omelette:
Metal:
Jewellery: Gold
Rubber:
Linen:
Jaggery: Sugarcane
Oil: Seed

Milk
Fibre
Grapes
Yarn
Asphalt
Wood
Leather
Wool
Egg
Ore
Latex
Flax

Part and Whole Relationship

Ex. Pen: Nib
Pencil:
Class:
Clock: needle
Circle:
House:
Car: Steering
Aeroplane:
Book:
Fan: Blade
Cart: Wheel

Lead
Student
Arc
Room
Cockpit
Chapter

Pair Relationship
Ex. Shoes: Socks
Shirt:
Chair:
Lock: key
Saree:
Pencil:
Door: Window
Cup:
Horse:
Question: Answer

Trouser
Table
Blouse
Eraser
Saucer
Carriage

Study

Topic

Ex. Ornithology: Birds

Anthropology:
Entomology:
Botany: Plant
Seismology:
Cadilogy:
Mycology: Fungi
Pathology:
Physiology:
Haematology: Kidney
Palaeontology:
Ichthyology:
Herpeology:Ambhibian
Phycology:
Pedology:
Nephrology: Kidney
Taxonomy:Classification
Selenography:
Eccrinology: Secretion

Man
Insect
Man
Heart
Disease
Body
Fossils
Fishes
Algae
Soil
Moon

Word and Intensity

Ex. Anger: Rage
Wish:
Touch:
Kindle: Burn
Sink:
Qurrel:
Error: Blunder
Famous:
Unhappy:
Refuse: Deny
Crime:
Moisten:
Speak: Shout

Desire
Push
Drown
War
Renowned
Sad
Sin
Drench

Word and Synonym

Ex. Abode: Dweling
Blend:
Solicit:
Ban: Prohibition

Mix
Request

Flaw:
Fierce:
Fallacy: Illusion
Substitute:
Mend:
Alight: Descend
Pesume:
Brim:
House: Home
Sedate:
Dissipate:
Dearth: Scarsity
Abduct:
Vacant:
Prsage: Predict
Word and Antonym
Ex. Attack: Defend
Advance:
Sink:
Crual: Kind
Robust:
Best:
Gentle: Harsh
Deep:
Fresh:
Ignore: Notice
Cordial:
Initial:
Lethargy: Alertness
Affirm:
Mourn:
Kindle: Extinguish
Lend:
Condense:
Create: Destroy
Gradual:
Chaos: Peace

Defect
Voiolent
Replace
Repair
Assume
Edge
Calm
Squander
Kidnap
Empty

Retreat
Float
Weak
Worst
Shallow
Stale
Hostile
Final
Deny
Rejoice
Borrow
Expand
Abrubt