2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently

exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11. Represent each of the following quantities with combi

nations of units in the correct SI form, using an appropriate
prefix: (a) GN # mm, (b) kg >mm, (c) N>ks2, (d)kN>ms.

Solution

a) GN # mm = (109)N(10-6)m = 103 N # m = kN # m
3

-6

Ans.

b) kg>mm = (10 )g>(10 )m = 10 g>m = Gg>m

Ans.

c) N>ks2 = N>(103 s)2 = 10-6 N>s2 = mN>s2

Ans.

-6

Ans.

d) kN>ms = (10 )N>(10 )s = 10 N>s = GN>s

Ans:
a) kN # m
b) Gg>m
c) N>s2
d) GN>s
1

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12. Evaluate each of the following to three signifi

cant figures, and express each answer in SI units using
an appropriate prefix: (a)(425 mN)2, (b)(67 300 ms)2,
(c) 3 723 ( 106 ) 4 1>2 mm.

Solution
a) (425 mN)2 =

3 425 ( 10-3 ) N 4 2

b) (67 300 ms) = 3 67.3 ( 10

2

c)

3 723 ( 106 ) 4 1>2 mm

= 0.181 N2

Ans.

)( 10 ) s 4 = 4.53 ( 10 ) s
-3

3 723 ( 106 ) 4 1>2 ( 10-3 ) m

Ans.
Ans.

= 26.9 m

Ans:
a) 0.181 N2
b) 4.53 ( 103 ) s2
c) 26.9 m
2

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13. Evaluate each of the following to three signifi

cant figures, and express each answer in SI units using
an appropriate prefix: (a) 749 mm>63 ms, (b) (34 mm)
(0.0763 Ms)>263 mg, (c) (4.78 mm)(263 Mg).

Solution
a) 749 mm>63 ms = 749 ( 10-6 ) m>63 ( 10-3 ) s = 11.88 ( 10-3 ) m>s
= 11.9 mm>s

b) (34 mm)(0.0763 Ms)>263 mg =

3 34 ( 10-3 ) m4 3 0.0763 ( 106 ) s4 > 3 263 ( 10-6 )( 103 ) g4

= 9.86 ( 106 ) m # s>kg = 9.86 Mm # s>kg

c) (4.78 mm)(263 Mg) =

Ans.

3 4.78 ( 10 ) m 4 3 263 ( 10 ) g 4
-3

Ans.

= 1.257 ( 106 ) g # m = 1.26 Mg # m

Ans.

Ans:
a) 11.9 mm>s
b) 9.86 Mm # s>kg
c) 1.26 Mg # m
3

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*14. Convert the following temperatures: (a) 20C to

degrees Fahrenheit, (b) 500 K to degrees Celsius, (c) 125F
todegrees Rankine, (d) 215F to degrees Celsius.

Solution
a) TC =

5
(T - 32)
9 F

20C =

5
(T - 32)
9 F
Ans.

TF = 68.0F
b) TK = TC + 273
500 K = TC + 273

Ans.

TC = 227C
c) TR = TF + 460

Ans.

TR = 125F + 460 = 585R

d) TC =
TC =

5
(T - 32)
9 F
5
(215F - 32) = 102C
9

Ans.

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15. Mercury has a specific weight of 133 kN>m3 when the

temperature is 20C. Determine its density and specific
gravity at this temperature.

Solution
g = rg
133 ( 103 ) N>m3 = rHg ( 9.81 m>s2 )
rHg = 13 558 kg>m3 = 13.6 Mg>m3
SHg =

rHg
rw

Ans.

13 558 kg>m
1000 kg>m3

Ans.

= 13.6

Ans:
rHg = 13.6 Mg>m3
SHg = 13.6
5

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16. The fuel for a jet engine has a density of 1.32 slug>ft 3.
If the total volume of fuel tanks A is 50 ft3, determine the
weight of the fuel when the tanks are completely full.
A

Solution
The specific weight of the fuel is
g = rg = ( 1.32 slug>ft 3 )( 32.2 ft>s2 ) = 42.504 lb>ft 3
Then, the weight of the fuel is
W = g V = ( 42.504 lb>ft 3 )( 50 ft 3 ) = 2.13 ( 103 ) lb = 2.13 kip

Ans.

Ans:
g = 42.5 lb>ft 3
W = 2.13 kip
6

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17. If air within the tank is at an absolute pressure of

680 kPa and a temperature of 70C, determine the weight
ofthe air inside the tank. The tank has an interior volume
of1.35 m3.

Solution

From the table in Appendix A, the gas constant for air is R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
p = rRT

680 ( 10

) N>m2 = r(286.9 J>kg # K)(70 + 273) K

r = 6.910 kg>m3

The weight of the air in the tank is

W = rg V = ( 6.910 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 )( 1.35 m3 )

= 91.5 N

Ans.

Ans:
91.5 N
7

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*18. The bottle tank has a volume of 1.12 m3 and contains

oxygen at an absolute pressure of 12 MPa and a temperature
of 30C. Determine the mass of oxygen in the tank.

Solution

From the table in Appendix A, the gas constant for oxygen is R = 259.8 J>kg # K.
p = rRT

12 ( 10

) N>m2 = r(259.8 J>kg # K)(30 + 273) K

r = 152.44 kg>m3

The mass of oxygen in the tank is

m = rV = ( 152.44 kg>m3 )( 0.12 m3 )

= 18.3 kg

Ans.

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19. The bottle tank has a volume of 0.12 m3 and contains

oxygen at an absolute pressure of 8 MPa and temperature
of 20C. Plot the variation of the temperature in the tank
(horizontal axis) versus the pressure for 20C T 80C.
Report values in increments of T = 10C.

Solution
TC (C)
p(MPa)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

8.00

8.27

8.55

8.82

9.09

9.37

9.64

p(MPa)
10

From the table in Appendix A, the gas constant for oxygen is R = 259.8 J>(kg # K).
For T = (20C + 273) K = 293 K,
p = rRT

9
8
7
6

8 ( 106 ) N>m2 = r3259.8 J>(kg # K) 4(293 K)

r = 105.10 kg>m3

Since the mass and volume of the oxygen in the tank remain constant, its density will
also be constant.
p = rRT

3
2
1

p = ( 105.10 kg>m3 ) 3259.8 J>(kg # K) 4(TC + 273)

p = (0.02730 TC + 7.4539) ( 106 ) Pa

p = (0.02730TC + 7.4539) MPa where TC is in C.

10 20 30 40 50
(a)

60 70 80

TC (C)

The plot of p vs TC is shown in Fig. a.

Ans:
p = (0.0273 Tc + 7.45) MPa, where Tc is in C
9

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110. Determine the specific weight of carbon dioxide

when the temperature is 100C and the absolute pressure
is 400 kPa.

Solution

From the table in Appendix A, the gas constant for carbon dioxide is R = 188.9 J>kg # K.
p = rRT

400 ( 10

) N>m2 = r(188.9 J>kg # K)(100 + 273) K

r = 5.677 kg>m3

The specific weight of carbon dioxide is

g = rg = ( 5.677 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 )

= 55.7 N>m3

Ans.

Ans:
55.7 N>m3
10

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

111. Determine the specific weight of air when the

temperature is 100F and the absolute pressure is 80 psi.

Solution

From the table in Appendix A, the gas constant for the air is R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R.
p = rRT
80 lb>in2 a

12 in. 2
b = r(1716 ft # lb>slug # R)(100 + 460) R
1 ft
r = 0.01200 slug>ft 3

The specific weight of the air is

g = rg = ( 0.01200 slug>ft 3 )( 32.2 ft>s2 )

= 0.386 lb>ft 3

Ans.

Ans:
0.386 lb>ft 3
11

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*112. Dry air at 25C has a density of 1.23 kg>m3. But if it

has 100% humidity at the same pressure, its density is
0.65% less. At what temperature would dry air produce this
same density?

Solution
For both cases, the pressures are the same. Applying the ideal gas law
with r1 = 1.23 kg>m3, r2 = ( 1.23 kg>m3 ) (1 - 0.0065) = 1.222005 kg>m3 and
T1 = (25C + 273) = 298 K,
p = r1 RT1 = ( 1.23 kg>m3 ) R (298 K) = 366.54 R
Then
p = r2RT2; 366.54 R = ( 1.222005 kg>m3 ) R(TC + 273)

TC = 26.9C

12

Ans.

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113. The tanker carries 1.5(106) barrels of crude oil in its

hold. Determine the weight of the oil if its specific gravity is
0.940. Each barrel contains 42 gallons, and there are
7.48 gal>ft 3.

Solution
The specific weight of the oil is
go = Sogw = 0.940 ( 62.4 lb>ft 3 ) = 58.656 lb>ft 3
Weight of one barrel of oil:
Wb = goV = ( 58.656 lb>ft 3 ) (42 gal>bl) a
= 329.4 lb>bl

1 ft 3
b
7.48 gal

Total weight:

W = 1.5 ( 106 ) bl(329.4 lb>bl)

= 494 ( 106 ) lb

Ans.

Ans:
494 (106 ) lb
13

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

114. Water in the swimming pool has a measured depth

of 3.03m when the temperature is 5C. Determine its
approximate depth when the temperature becomes 35C.
Neglect losses due to evaporation.

9m

4m

Solution
From Appendix A, at T1 = 5C, 1rw 2 1 = 1000.0 kg>m3. The volume of the water is
V = Ah. Thus, V1 = (9 m)(4 m)(3.03 m). Then
m
m
(rw)1 =
;1000.0 kg>m3 =
2
V1
36 m (3.03 m)
m = 109.08 ( 103 ) kg

At T2 = 35C, (rw)2 = 994.0 kg>m3. Then

(rw)2 =

109.08 ( 103 )
m
;994.0 kg>m3 =
V2
( 36 m2 ) h
h = 3.048 m = 3.05 m

Ans.

Ans:
3.05 m
14

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

115. The tank contains air at a temperature of 15C and

an absolute pressure of 210kPa. If the volume of the tank is
5m3 and the temperature rises to 30C, determine the mass
of air that must be removed from the tank to maintain the
same pressure.

Solution

For T1 = (15 + 273) K = 288 K and R = 286.9 J>kg # K for air, the ideal gas
lawgives
p1 = r1RT1;210 ( 103 ) N>m2 = r1(286.9 J>kg # K)(288 K)
r1 = 2.5415 kg>m3

Thus, the mass of air at T1 is

m1 = r1V = ( 2.5415 kg>m3 )( 5 m3 ) = 12.70768 kg

For T2 = (273 + 30) K = 303 K and R = 286.9 J>kg # K

p2 = r1RT2;210(103) N>m2 = r2(286.9 J>kg # K)(303 K)

r2 = 2.4157 kg>m3

Thus, the mass of air at T2 is m2 = r2V = ( 2.4157 kg>m3 )( 5 m3 ) = 12.07886 kg

Finally, the mass of air that must be removed is

m = m1 - m2 = 12.70768 kg - 12.07886 kg = 0.629 kg

Ans.

Ans:
0.629 kg
15

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*116. The tank contains 2kg of air at an absolute pressure

of 400kPa and a temperature of 20C. If 0.6kg of air is added
to the tank and the temperature rises to 32C, determine the
pressure in the tank.

Solution

For T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K, p1 = 400 kPa and R = 286.9 J>kg # K for air, the ideal
gas law gives
p1 = r1RT1;400(103) N>m2 = r1(286.9 J>kg # K)(293 K)
r1 = 4.7584 kg>m3

Since the volume is constant. Then
V =

m2
m1
m2
r1
=
;r =
r1
r2 2
m1

Here m1 = 2 kg and m2 = (2 + 0.6) kg = 2.6 kg

r2 = a

2.6 kg
2 kg

b ( 4.7584 kg>m3 ) = 6.1859 kg>m3

Again applying the ideal gas law with T2 = (32 + 273) K = 305 K

p2 = r2RT2 = ( 6.1859 kg>m3 ) (286.9 J>kg # k)(305 K) = 541.30 ( 103 ) Pa

= 541 kPa

16

Ans.

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117. The tank initially contains carbon dioxide at an

absolute pressure of 200 kPa and temperature of 50C. As
more carbon dioxide is added, the pressure is increasing at
25 kPa>min. Plot the variation of the pressure in the tank
(vertical axis) versus the temperature for the first 10minutes.
Report the values in increments of two minutes.

Solution
p(kPa)
TC(C)

200
50.00

225
90.38

250
130.75

275
171.12

300
211.50

325
251.88

From the table in Appendix A, the gas constant for carbon dioxide is
R = 188.9 J>(kg # K). For T = (50C + 273) K = 323 K,
p = rRT

200 ( 103 ) N>m2 = r3188.9 J>(kg # K) 4(323 K)

r = 3.2779 kg>m3

Since the mass and the volume of carbon dioxide in the tank remain constant, its
density will also be constant.

p = rRT

p = ( 3.2779 kg>m3) 3188.9 J>(kg # K)4(TC + 273) K

p = (0.6192 TC + 169.04) ( 103 ) Pa

p = (0.6192 TC + 169.04) kPa where TC is in C

The plot of p vs TC is shown in Fig. a

p(kPa)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

TC (C)

(a)

Ans:
p = (0.619 Tc + 169) kPa, where Tc is in C
17

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118. Kerosene has a specific weight of gk = 50.5 lb>ft 3

and benzene has a specific weight of gb = 56.2 lb>ft 3.
Determine the amount of kerosene that should be mixed
with 8lb of benzene so that the combined mixture has a
specific weight of g = 52.0 lb>ft 3.

Solution
The volumes of benzene and kerosene are given by

gb =

Wb
;
Vb

56.2 lb>ft 3 =

8 lb

Vb

Vb = 0.1423 ft 3

gk =

Wk
;
Vk

50.5 lb>ft 3 =

Wk

Vk

Vk = 0.019802 Wk

The specific weight of mixture is

g =

Wm
Wk + 8 lb
;52.0 lb>ft 3 =
Vm
0.1423 ft 3 + 0.019802 Wk
Ans.

Wk = 20.13 lb = 20.1 lb

Ans:
20.1 lb
18

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

119. The 8-m-diameter spherical balloon is filled with

helium that is at a temperature of 28C and a pressure of
106kPa. Determine the weight of the helium contained in the
4
balloon. The volume of a sphere is V = pr 3.
3

Solution

For Helium, the gas constant is R = 2077 J>kg # K. Applying the ideal gas law at
T = (28 + 273) K = 301 K,
p = rRT;106(103) N>m2 = r(2077 J>kg # K)(301 K)
r = 0.1696 kg>m3

Here
V =

4 3
4
256
pr = p(4 m)3 =
p m3
3
3
3

Then, the mass of the helium is

Thus,

M = r V = ( 0.1696 kg>m3 ) a

256
p m3 b = 45.45 kg
3

W = mg = ( 45.45 kg )( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 445.90 N = 446 N

Ans.

Ans:
446 N
19

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*120. Kerosene is mixed with 10ft3 of ethyl alcohol so

that the volume of the mixture in the tank becomes 14ft3.
Determine the specific weight and the specific gravity of the
mixture.

Solution
From Appendix A,
rk = 1.58 slug>ft 3
rea = 1.53 slug>ft 3
The volume of kerosene is
Vk = 14 ft 3 - 10 ft 3 = 4 ft 3
Then the total weight of the mixture is therefore
W = rk g Vk + rea g Vea
= (1.58 slug>ft 3)(32.2 ft>s2)(4 ft 3) + (1.53 slug>ft 3)(32.2 ft>s2)(10 ft 3)
= 696.16 lb
The specific weight and specific gravity of the mixture are

gm =

W
696.16 lb
=
= 49.73 lb>ft 3 = 49.7 lb>ft 3
V
14 ft 3

Ans.

Sm =

49.73 lb>ft 3
gm
=
= 0.797
gw
62.4 lb>ft 3

Ans.

20

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

121. The tank is fabricated from steel that is 20mm

thick. If it contains carbon dioxide at an absolute pressure
of 1.35MPa and a temperature of 20C, determine the total
weight of the tank. The density of steel is 7.85Mg>m3, and
the inner diameter of the tank is 3m. Hint: The volume of
4
a sphere is V = a bpr 3.
3

Solution
From the table in Appendix A, the gas constant for carbon dioxide is
R = 188.9 J>kg # K.
p = rRT

1.35 ( 10

) N>m2 = rco(188.9 J>kg # K)(20 + 273) K

rco = 24.39 kg>m3

Then, the total weight of the tank is

W = rst g Vst + rco g Vco
W =

3
3
4
3.04
3.00
b(p) c a
mb - a
mb d
3
2
2
3
4
3.00
+ ( 24.39 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) a b(p)a
mb
3
2

3 7.85 ( 103 ) kg>m3 4 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) a

W = 47.5 kN

Ans.

Ans:
47.5 kN
21

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

122. What is the increase in the density of helium when

the pressure changes from 230kPa to 450kPa while the
temperature remains constant at 20C? This is called an
isothermal process.

Solution
Applying the ideal gas law with T1 = (20 + 273) K = 293 K, p1 = 230 kPa and
R = 2077 J>(kg # k),
p1 = r1RT1;230 ( 103 ) N>m2 = r1(2077 J>(kg # K))(293 K)
r1 = 0.3779 kg>m3

For p2 = 450 kPa and T2 = (20 + 273) K = 293 K,

p2 = r2RT2;450 ( 103 ) N>m2 = r2(2077 J>(kg # k))(293 K)

r2 = 0.7394 kg>m3

Thus, the change in density is

r = r2 - r1 = 0.7394 kg>m3 - 0.3779 kg>m3 = 0.3615 kg>m3

= 0.362 kg>m3

Ans.

Ans:
0.362 kg>m3
22

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

123. The container is filled with water at a temperature

of 25C and a depth of 2.5m. If the container has a mass of
30kg, determine the combined weight of the container and
the water.

1m

2.5 m

Solution
From Appendix A, rw = 997.1 kg>m3 at T = 25C. Here the volume of water is
V = pr 2h = p(0.5 m)2(2.5 m) = 0.625p m3
Thus, the mass of water is
Mw = rwV = 997.1 kg>m3 ( 0.625p m3 ) = 1957.80 kg
The total mass is
MT = Mw + Mc = (1957.80 + 30) kg = 1987.80 kg
Then the total weight is

WT = MT g = (1987.80 kg) ( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 19500 N = 19.5 kN

Ans.

Ans:
19.5 kN
23

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*124. The rain cloud has an approximate volume of

6.50 mile3 and an average height, top to bottom, of 350ft. If
a cylindrical container 6ft in diameter collects 2in. of
water after the rain falls out of the cloud, estimate the total
weight of rain that fell from the cloud. 1 mile = 5280 ft.

350 ft

Solution

6 ft

The volume of rain water collected is Vw = p(3 ft)

2
12 ft

= 1.5p ft . Then, the

weight of the rain water is Ww = gwVw = ( 62.4 lb>ft 3 )( 1.5p ft 3 ) = 93.6p lb. Here,
the volume of the overhead cloud that produced this amount of rain is
Vc = p(3 ft)2(350 ft) = 3150p ft 3
Thus,
gc =

W
93.6p lb
=
= 0.02971 lb>ft 3
Vc
3150p ft 3

Then

Wc = gcVc = a0.02971

lb
52803 ft 3
b
c
(6.50)
a
bd
1
ft 3

= 28.4 ( 109 ) lb

24

Ans.

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125. If 4 m3 of helium at 100 kPa of absolute pressure and

20C is subjected to an absolute pressure of 600kPa while
the temperature remains constant, determine the new
density and volume of the helium.

Solution

From the table in Appendix A, the gas constant for helium is R = 2077 J>kg # K,
p1 = r1RT1

100 ( 10

) N>m3 = r(2077 J>kg # K)(20 + 273) K

r1 = 0.1643 kg>m3
T1 = T2
r1RT1
p1
=
p2
r2RT2
p1
r1
=
r2
p2

0.1643 kg>m3
100 kPa
=
r2
600 kPa
r2 = 0.9859 kg>m3 = 0.986 kg>m3

Ans.

The mass of the helium is

m = r1V1 = ( 0.1643 kg>m3 )( 4 m3 ) = 0.6573 kg
Since the mass of the helium is constant, regardless of the temperature and pressure,
m = r2V2
0.6573 kg = ( 0.9859 kg>m3 ) V2

V2 = 0.667 m3

Ans.

Ans:
r2 = 0.986 kg>m3, V2 = 0.667 m3
25

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126. Water at 20C is subjected to a pressure increase

of 44MPa. Determine the percent increase in its density,
Take EV = 2.20 GPa.

Solution
m>V2 - m>V1
r
V1
=
=
- 1
r1
m>V1
V2
To find V1 >V2, use EV = - d p > ( dV>V ) .

dp
dV
= V
EV

V2

2
dV
1
= dp
LV1 V
EV Lp1

V1
1
p
ln a b =
V2
EV
V1
= e p>EV
V2

So, since the bulk modulus of water at 20C is EV = 2.20 GPa,

r
= e p>EV - 1
r1
= e (44 MPa)>2.20 GPa) - 1

= 0.0202 = 2.02,

Ans.

Ans:
2.02,
26

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127. A solid has a specific weight of 280lb > ft3. When a

pressure of 800psi is applied, the specific weight increases to
295lb > ft3. Determine the approximate bulk modulus.

Solution
g = 280 lb>ft 3
EV = -

dp
dV
V

Since
V =
Thus
EV =

Therefore

dg
W
, dV = - W 2
g
g

- dp
dp
=
dg
dg
c - W 2 n( W>g ) d
g
g

800 lb>in2

EV =
a

295 lb>ft 3 - 280 lb>ft 3

280 lb>ft 3

= 14.9 ( 103 ) lb>in2

Ans.

Note: The answer is approximate due to using g = gi. More precisely,

EV =

dp

dg
L g

800
= 15.3 ( 103 ) lb>in2
ln (295>280)

Ans:
14.9 ( 103 ) lb>in2
27

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*128. If the bulk modulus for water at 70F is 319kip > in2,
determine the change in pressure required to reduce its
volume by 0.3%.

Solution
Use EV = - dp> ( dV>V ) .
dp = -EV

dV
V

pf

p =

Lpi

Vf

dp = - EV

dV
LVi V

= - ( 319 kip>in2 ) ln a

= 0.958 kip>in2 (ksi)

V - 0.03V
b
V

Ans.

28

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

129. Seawater has a density of 1030kg>m3 at its surface,

where the absolute pressure is 101 kPa. Determine its density
at a depth of 7km, where the absolute pressure is 70.4MPa.
The bulk modulus is 2.33 GPa.

Solution
Since the pressure at the surface is 101 kPa, then p = 70.4 - 0.101 = 70.3 MPa.
Here, the mass of seawater is constant.
M = r0V0 = rV
r = r0 a

To find V0 >V, use EV = - dp> ( dV>V ) .

V0
b
V

dV
1
= dp
EV L
L V

ln a

V
1
b = p
V0
EV
V0
= e p>EV
V

So,
r = r0e p>EV

= ( 1030 kg>m3 ) e (70.3 MPa>2.33 GPa)

= 1061.55 kg>m3

= 1.06 ( 10

) kg>m

Ans.

Ans:
1.06 ( 103 ) kg>m3
29

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

130. The specific weight of sea water at its surface is

63.6 lb>ft 3, where the absolute pressure is 14.7 lb>in2. If at a
point deep under the water the specific weight is 66.2 lb>ft 3,
determine the absolute pressure in lb>in2 at this point. Take
EV = 48.7 ( 106 ) lb>ft 2.

Solution
Use EV = - dp> ( dV>V ) and the fact that since the mass and therefore the weight of
the seawater is assumed to be constant, mg = g1V1 = g2V2, so that V2 >V1 = g1 >g2.
L

dp = -EV

dV
LV

V2
b
V1
g1
= -EV ln a b
g2

p = - EV ln a

p = p0 + p

= 14.7 lb>in2 -

= 13.6 ( 103 ) psi

3 48.7 ( 106 ) lb>ft2 4 a

63.6 lb>ft 3
1 ft 2
b ln a
b
12 in.
66.2 lb>ft 3

Ans.

Ans:
13.6 ( 103 ) psi
30

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131. A 2-k-g mass of oxygen is held at a constant tempera

ture of 50 and an absolute pressure of 220kPa. Determine
its bulk modulus.

Solution
EV = -

dp
dpV
= dV>V
dV

p = rRT
dp = drRT
EV = r =

m
V

dr =

EV =

drRT V
drpV
= dV
rdV

mdV
V2
mdV pV
2

V (m>V)dV

Ans.

= P = 220 kPa

Note: This illustrates a general point. For an ideal gas, the isothermal (constanttemperature) bulk modulus equals the absolute pressure.

Ans:
220 kPa
31

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*132. At a particular temperature the viscosity of an oil is

m = 0.354 N # s>m2. Determine its kinematic viscosity. The
specific gravity is So = 0.868. Express the answer in SI and
FPS units.

Solution
The density of the oil can be determined from

ro = Sorw = 0.868 ( 1000 kg>m3 ) = 868 kg>m3

0.354 N # s>m2
mo
yo = r =
= 0.4078 ( 10-3 ) m2 >s = 0.408 ( 10-3 ) m2 >s Ans.
o
868 kg>m3

In FPS units,

yo = c 0.4078 ( 10-3 )

2
m2
1 ft
dc
d
s
0.3048 m

= 4.39 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s

Ans.

32

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

133. The kinematic viscosity of kerosene is

y = 2.39 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s. Determine its viscosity in FPS units.
At the temperature considered, kerosene has a specific
gravity of Sk = 0.810.

Solution
The density of kerosene is
rk = Sk rw = 0.810 ( 1000 kg>m3 ) = 810 kg>m3
Then,
mk = yrk = 3 2.39 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s 4 ( 810 kg>m3 )
=

3 1.9359 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 4 a

= 40.4 ( 10-6 ) lb # s>ft 2

0.3048 m 2
lb
ba
b
4.4482 N
1 ft

Ans.

Ans:
40.4 ( 10 - 6 ) lb # s>ft 2
33

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134. An experimental test using human blood at T = 30C

indicates that it exerts a shear stress of t = 0.15 N>m2
on surface A, where the measured velocity gradient at
the surface is 16.8 s-1. Determine its apparent viscosity at
thesurface.

Solution
Here

du
= 16.8 s-1 and t = 0.15 N>m2. Thus
dy
t = ma

du
;0.15 N>m2 = ma ( 16.8 s-1 )
dy

ma = 8.93 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2

Ans.

Realize that blood is a non-Newtonian fluid. For this reason, we are calculating the
apparent viscosity.

Ans:
8.93 ( 10 - 3 ) N # s>m2
34

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

135. Two measurements of shear stress on a surface

andthe rate of change in shear strain at the surface for a
fluid have been determined by experiment to be
t1 = 0.14 N>m2, (du>dy)1 = 13.63 s-1 and t2 = 0.48 N>m2,
(du>dy)2 = 153 s-1. Classify the fluid as Newtonian or
non-Newtonian.

Solution
Applying Newtons Law of viscosity,
t1 = m1a

du
b ;0.14 N>m2 = m1 ( 13.63 s-1 ) m1 = 0.01027 N # s>m2
dy 1

t2 = m2 a

du
b ;0.48 N>m2 = m2 ( 153 s-1 ) m2 = 0.003137 N # s>m2
dy 2

Since m1 m2 then m is not constant. It is an apparent viscosity. The fluid is

non-Newtonian.
Ans.

Ans:
non-Newtonian
35

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*136. When the force of 3 mN is applied to the plate the

line AB in the liquid remains straight and has an angular rate
of rotation of 0.2 rad > s. If the surface area of the plate in
contact with the liquid is 0.6 m2, determine the approximate
viscosity of the liquid.

B
u

Solution
The shear stress acting on the fluid contact surface is
t =

3 ( 10-3 ) N
N
P
=
= 5 ( 10-3 ) 2
A
0.6 m2
m

Since line AB is a straight line, the velocity distribution will be linear. Here, the
velocity gradient is a constant.
The velocity of the plate is
#
U = au = (0.004 m)(0.2 rad>s) = 0.8 ( 10-3 ) m>s
Then,
t = m

du
dy

5 ( 10-3 ) N>m2 = m a

0.8 ( 10-3 ) m>s

0.004 m

m = 0.025 N # s>m2

Ans.

Alternatively,
t = m

du
dt

5 ( 10-3 ) N>m2 = m(0.2 rad>s)

m = 0.025 N # s>m2

36

3 mN

B
4 mm

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137. When the force P is applied to the plate, the velocity

profile for a Newtonian fluid that is confined under the
plate is approximated by u = (12y1>4) mm>s, where y is
in mm. Determine the shear stress within the fluid at
y = 8mm. Take m = 0.5 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2.

24 mm/s
16 mm
y

Solution
Since the velocity distribution is not linear, the velocity gradient varies with y.
u = 12y1>4
du
= 3y-3>4
dy
At y = 8 mm,
t = m

du
= 0.5 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 3 3(8 mm)-3>4 s-1 4
dy

t = 0.315 mPa

Ans.

du
S , so that t S . Hence the equation can not be used at
Note: When y = 0,
dy
this point.

Ans:
0.315 mPa
37

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

138. When the force P is applied to the plate, the velocity

profile for a Newtonian fluid that is confined under the plate
is approximated by u = ( 12y1>4 ) mm>s, where y is in mm.
Determine the minimum shear stress within the fluid. Take
m = 0.5 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2.

24 mm/s
16 mm
y

Solution
Since the velocity distribution is not linear, the velocity gradient varies with y.
u = 12y1>4
du
= 3y-3>4
dy
The velocity gradient is smallest when y = 16 mm. Thus,
t min = m

du
=
dy

3 0.5 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 4 3 3(16 mm)-3>4 s-14

t min = 0.1875 mPa

Ans.

du
S , so, that t S . Hence the equation can not be used at
Note: When y = 0,
dy
this point.

Ans:
0.1875 mPa
38

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139. The velocity profile for a thin film of a Newtonian

fluid that is confined between a plate and a fixed surface is
defined by u = (10y - 0.25y2) mm>s, where y is in mm.
Determine the shear stress that the fluid exerts on the plate
and on the fixed surface. Take m = 0.532 N # s>m2.

36 mm/s

4 mm
y

Solution
Since the velocity distribution is not linear, the velocity gradient varies with y.
u = ( 10y - 0.25y2 ) mm>s
du
= (10 - 0.5y) s-1
dy
At the plate

tp = m

du
= ( 0.532 N # s>m2 ) 3 10 - 0.5(4 mm) s-1 4 = 4.26 Pa
dy

Ans.

At the fixed surface

tfs = m

du
= ( 0.532 N # s>m2 ) 3 (10 - 0) s-1 4 = 5.32 Pa
dy

Ans.

Ans:
tp = 4.26 Pa, tfs = 5.32 Pa
39

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*140. The velocity profile for a thin film of a Newtonian

fluid that is confined between the plate and a fixed surface
is defined by u = (10y - 0.25y2) mm>s, where y is in mm.
Determine the force P that must be applied to the plate to
cause this motion. The plate has a surface area of 5000mm2
in contact with the fluid. Take m = 0.532 N # s>m2.

36 mm/s

4 mm
y

Solution
Since the velocity distribution is not linear, the velocity gradient varies with y.
u = ( 10y - 0.25y2 ) mm>s
du
= (10 - 0.5y) s-1
dy
At the plate
tp = m

du
= ( 0.532 N # s>m2 ) 310 - 0.5(4 mm)4 s-1 = 4.256 Pa
dy

P = tpA =

3 (4.256) N>m2 4 3 5000 ( 10-6 ) m2 4

= 21.3 mN

40

Ans.

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141. The velocity profile of a Newtonian fluid flowing over

p
a fixed surface is approximated by u = U sin a yb.
2h
Determine the shear stress in the fluid at y = h and at
y = h>2. The viscosity of the fluid is m.

U
u

h
y

Solution
Since the velocity distribution is not linear, the velocity gradient varies with y.
u = U sin a

du
p
p
= U a b cos a yb
dy
2h
2h

At y = h,

t = m

p
yb
2h

t = 0;

du
p
p
= mU a b cos
(h)
dy
2h
2h

Ans.

At y = h>2,
t = m

t =

du
p
p h
= mU a b cos
a b
dy
2h
2h 2

0.354pmU
h

Ans.

Ans:
At y = h, t = 0;
At y = h>2,t =
41

0.354pmU
h

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142. If a force of P = 2N causes the 30-mm-diameter

shaft to slide along the lubricated bearing with a constant
speed of 0.5m > s, determine the viscosity of the lubricant
and the constant speed of the shaft when P = 8N. Assume
the lubricant is a Newtonian fluid and the velocity profile
between the shaft and the bearing is linear. The gap between
the bearing and the shaft is 1mm.

50 mm

0.5 m/s
P

Solution
Since the velocity distribution is linear, the velocity gradient will be constant.
t = m

du
dy

0.5 m>s
2N
= ma
b
32p(0.015 m)4(0.05 m)
0.001 m

m = 0.8498 N # s>m2

Ans.

Thus,
8N
v
b
= ( 0.8488 N # s>m2 ) a
32p(0.015 m)4(0.05 m)
0.001 m
v = 2.00 m>s

Ans.

Also, by proportion,

a
a

2N
b
A

8N
b
A

v =

ma

0.5 m>s
t
v
ma b
t

4
m>s = 2.00 m>s
2

Ans.

Ans:
m = 0.849 N # s>m2
v = 2.00 m>s
42

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143. The 0.15-m-wide plate passes between two layers,

A and B, of oil that has a viscosity of m = 0.04 N # s>m2.
Determine the force P required to move the plate at a
constant speed of 6mm > s. Neglect any friction at the end
supports, and assume the velocity profile through each
layer is linear.

6 mm

P
B

4 mm
0.20 m

Solution

FA
P

The oil is a Newtonian fluid.

Considering the force equilibrium along the x axis, Fig. a,

FB
(a)

+
S Fx = 0;P - FA - FB = 0

P = FA + FB
Since the velocity distribution is linear, the velocity gradient will be constant.
6 mm>s
du
= ( 0.04 N # s>m2 ) a
b = 0.04 Pa
dy
6 mm
6 mm>s
du
tB = m
= ( 0.04 N # s>m2 ) a
b = 0.06 Pa
dy
4 mm

tA = m

P = ( 0.04 N>m2 ) (0.2 m)(0.15 m) + ( 0.06 N>m2 ) (0.2 m)(0.15 m)

= 3.00 mN

Ans.

Ans:
3.00 mN
43

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*144. The 0.15-m-wide plate passes between two layers of

oil, A and B, having viscosities of mA = 0.03 N # s>m2 and
mB = 0.01 N # s>m2. Determine the force P required to move
the plate at a constant speed of 6mm > s. Neglect any friction
at the end supports, and assume the velocity profile through
each layer is linear.

6 mm

P
B

4 mm
0.20 m

Solution

FA
P

The oil is a Newtonian fluid.

Considering the force equilibrium along the x axis, Fig. a,

FB
(a)

Fx = 0;P - FA - FB = 0
P = FA + FB

Since the velocity distribution is linear, the velocity gradient will be constant.
tA = m
tB = m

6 mm>s
du
= ( 0.03 N # s>m2 ) a
b = 0.03 Pa
dy
6 mm

6 mm>s
du
= ( 0.01 N # s>m2 ) a
b = 0.015 Pa
dy
4 mm

P = ( 0.03 N>m2 ) (0.2 m)(0.15 m) + ( 0.015 N>m2 ) (0.2 m)(0.15 m)

= 1.35 mN

44

Ans.

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145. The tank containing gasoline has a long crack on

its side that has an average opening of 10 mm. The velocity
through the crack is approximated by the equation
u = 10 ( 109 ) 310(10-6y - y2) 4 m>s, where y is in meters,
measured upward from the bottom of the crack. Find the
shear stress at the bottom, at y = 0 and the location y
within the crack where the shear stress in the gasoline is
zero. Take mg = 0.317(10-3) N # s>m2.

10 m

Solution

y(m)

Gasoline is a Newtonian fluid.

10(106)

10(109)[10(106)y y2] m s

The rate of change of shear strain as a function of y is

du
= 10 ( 109 ) 3 10 ( 10-6 ) - 2y 4 s-1
dy

At the surface of crack, y = 0 and y = 10 ( 10-6 ) m. Then

du
`
= 10 ( 109 ) 3 10 ( 10-6 ) - 2(0) 4 = 100 ( 103 ) s-1
dy y = 0

or

u(m s)
(a)

du
`
= 10 ( 109 ) 5 10 ( 10-6 ) - 2 3 10 ( 10-6 ) 46 = -100 ( 103 ) s-1
dy y = 10 (10-6) m

Applying Newtons law of viscosity,

ty = 0 = mg

du
`
=
dy y = 0

t = 0 when

3 0.317 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 4 3 100 ( 103 ) s-1 4

= 31.7 N>m2

Ans.

du
= 0. Thus
dy

du
= 10 ( 109 ) 3 10 ( 10-6 ) - 2y 4 = 0
dy

10 ( 10-6 ) - 2y = 0

y = 5 ( 10-6 ) m = 5 mm

Ans.

Ans:
ty = 0 = 31.7 N>m2
t = 0 when y = 5 m
45

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

146. The tank containing gasoline has a long crack on its

side that has an average opening of 10 mm. If the velocity
profile through the crack is approximated by the equation
u = 10(109) 310(10-6y - y2) 4 m>s, where y is in meters,
plot both thevelocity profile and the shear stress distribution
for the gasoline as it flows through the crack. Take
mg = 0.317(10-3) N # s>m2.

10 m

Solution
y ( 10-6 m )
u(m>s)

0
0

1.25
0.1094

2.50
0.1875

3.75
0.2344

6.25
0.2344

7.50
0.1875

8.75
0.1094

10.0
0

5.00
0.250

y(106 m)

y(106 m)

10.0

10.0

7.50

7.50

5.00

5.00

2.50

2.50

0.10

0.20

u(m s)

0.30

40

30

20

10 0

(a)

10

20

30

40

( m2)

(b)

Gasoline is a Newtonian fluid. The rate of change of shear strain as a function of y is

du
= 10 ( 109 ) 3 10 ( 10-6 ) - 2y 4 s-1
dy

Applying Newtons law of viscoscity,

t = m

du
=
dy

3 0.317 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 4 5 10 ( 109 ) 3 10 ( 10-6 )

t = 3.17 ( 106 ) 3 10 ( 10-6 ) - 2y 4 N>m2

- 2y 4 s-1 6

The plots of the velocity profile and the shear stress distribution are shown in Fig. a
and b respectively.
y ( 10-6 m )

1.25

2.50

3.75

5.00

t ( N>m2 )

31.70
6.25
- 7.925

23.78
7.50
- 15.85

15.85
8.75
- 23.78

7.925
10.0
- 31.70

y(106 m)
10.0
7.50
5.00
2.50

0.20
(a)

0.30

u(m s)

40

30

20

10 0

10

20

30

40

( m2)

(b)

46

Ans:
y = 1.25 ( 10 - 6 ) m, u = 0.109 m>s, t = 23.8 N>m2

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147. Water at A has a temperature of 15C and flows

along the top surface of the plate C. The velocity profile is
approximated as mA = 10 sin (2.5py) m>s, where y is in
meters. Below the plate the water at B has a temperature of
60C and a velocity profile of u B = 4 ( 103 )( 0.1y - y2 ) ,
where y is in meters. Determine the resultant force per unit
length of plate C the flow exerts due to viscous friction. The
plate is 3m wide.

100 mm

100 mm

Solution
Water is a Newtonian fluid.

Water at A, T = 15C. From Appendix A m = 1.15 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2. Here

du A
5p
5p
5p
yb s-1
= 10 a b cos a yb = a25p cos
dy
2
2
2

At surface of plate C, y = 0. Then

du A
5p
`
= 25p cos c
(0) d = 25p s-1
dy y = 0
2

Applying Newtons law of viscosity

tA  y = 0 = m

du A
`
=
dy y = 0

3 1.15 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 4 ( 25p s-1 )

= 0.02875p N>m2

Water at B, T = 60C. From Appendix A m = 0.470 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2. Here

du B
=
dy

3 4 ( 103 ) (0.1

At the surface of plate C, y = 0.1 m. Then

- 2y) 4 s-1

du B
`
= 4 ( 103 ) 30.1 - 2(0.1) 4 = -400 s-1
dy y = 0.1 m

Applying Newtons law of viscosity,

tB  y = 0.1 m = m

du B
`
=
dy y = 0.1 m

3 0.470 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 4 (400 s-1)

= 0.188 N>m2

Here, the area per unit length of plate is A = 3 m. Thus

F = ( tA + tB ) A = ( 0.02875p N>m2 + 0.188 N>m2 ) (3 m)

= 0.835 N>m

Ans.

Ans:
0.835 N>m
47

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*148. Determine the constants B and C in Andrades

equation forwater if it has been experimentally determined
that m = 1.00 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 at a temperature of 20C and
that m = 0.554 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 at 50C.

Solution
The Andrades equation is
m = Be C>T

At T = (20 + 273) K = 293 K, m = 1.00 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2. Thus

1.00 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 = Be C>293 K

ln 3 1.00 ( 10-3 ) 4 = ln ( Be C>293 )

- 6.9078 = ln B + ln e C>293
- 6.9078 = ln B + C>293
(1)

ln B = - 6.9078 - C>293

At T = (50 + 273) K = 323 K,, m = 0.554 ( 10

-3

) N # s>m . Thus,
2

0.554 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 = Be C>323

ln 3 0.554 ( 10-3 ) 4 = ln ( Be C>323 )

- 7.4983 = ln B + ln e C>323
- 7.4983 = ln B +

C
323

ln B = - 7.4983 -

C

323

(2)

Equating Eqs. (1) and (2)

-6.9078 -

C
C
= - 7.4983 293
323

0.5906 = 0.31699 ( 10-3 ) C

Ans.

C = 1863.10 = 1863 K

Substitute this result into Eq. (1)

B = 1.7316 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2

= 1.73 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2

Ans.

48

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

149. The viscosity of water can be determined using

the empirical Andrades equation with the constants
B = 1.732 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 and C = 1863 K. With these
constants, compare the results of using this equation with
those tabulated in Appendix A for temperatures of T = 10C
and T = 80C.

Solution
The Andrades equation for water is
m = 1.732 ( 10-6 ) e 1863>T
At T = (10 + 273) K = 283 K,

m = 1.732 ( 10-6 ) e 1863 K>283 K = 1.25 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2

Ans.

From the Appendix at T = 10C,

m = 1.31 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2

At T = (80 + 273) K = 353 K,

m = 1.732 ( 10-6 ) e 1863 K>353 K = 0.339 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2

Ans.

From the Appendix at T = 80C,

m = 0.356 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2

Ans:
At T = 283 K, m = 1.25 (10 - 3) N # s>m2
At T = 353 K, m = 0.339 (10 - 3) N # s>m2
49

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150. Determine the constants B and C in the Sutherland

equation forair if it has been experimentally determined that
at standardatmospheric pressure and a temperature of 20C,
m = 18.3 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2, and at 50C, m = 19.6 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2.

Solution
The Sutherland equation is
m =

BT 3>2
T + C

At T = (20 + 273) K = 293 K, m = 18.3 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2. Thus,

18.3 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 =

B ( 2933>2 )
293 K + C

B = 3.6489 ( 10-9 ) (293 + C)

At T = (50 + 273) K = 323 K, m = 19.6 ( 10

19.6 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 =

-6

) N # s>m . Thus

B ( 3233>2 )
323 K + C

B = 3.3764 ( 10-9 ) (323 + C)

(1)

(2)

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields

B = 1.36 ( 10-6 ) N # s> ( m2 K2 ) C = 78.8 K
1

50

Ans.

Ans:
1
B = 1.36 ( 10 - 6 ) N # s> ( m2 # K 2 2 , C = 78.8 K

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151. The constants B = 1.357 ( 10-6 ) N # s> ( m2 # K1>2 ) and

C = 78.84K have been used in the empirical Sutherland
equation to determine the viscosity of air at standard
atmospheric pressure. With these constants, compare the
results of using this equation with those tabulated in
AppendixA for temperatures of T = 10C and T = 80C.

Solution
The Sutherland Equation for air at standard atmospheric pressure is
m =

1.357 ( 10-6 ) T 3>2

T + 78.84

At T = (10 + 273) K = 283 K,

m =

1.357 ( 10-6 )( 2833>2 )

283 + 78.84

= 17.9 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2

Ans.

From Appendix A at T = 10C,

m = 17.6 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2

At T = (80 + 273) K = 353 K,

m =

1.357 ( 10-6 )( 3533>2 )

353 + 78.84

= 20.8 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2

Ans.

From Appendix A at T = 80C,

m = 20.9 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2

Ans:
Using the Sutherland equation,
at T = 283 K, m = 17.9 (10-6) N # s>m2
at T = 353 K, m = 20.8 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2
51

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*152. The readwrite head for a hand-held music player

has a surface area of 0.04mm2. The head is held 0.04m
above the disk, which is rotating at a constant rate of
1800rpm. Determine the torque T that must be applied to
the disk to overcome the frictional shear resistance of the air
between the head and the disk. The surrounding air is at
standard atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 20C.
Assume the velocity profile is linear.

8 mm
T

Solution
Here Air is a Newtonian fluid.
v = a1800

rev 2p rad 1 min

ba
ba
b = 60p rad>s.
min
1 rev
60 s

Thus, the velocity of the air on the disk is U = vr = (60p)(0.008) = 0.48p m>s.
Since the velocity profile is assumed to be linear as shown in Fig. a,
0.48p m>s
du
U
=
=
= 12 ( 106 ) p s-1
dy
t
0.04 ( 10-6 ) m
For air at T = 20C and standard atmospheric pressure, m = 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2
(Appendix A). Applying Newtons law of viscosity,
t = m

du
=
dy

3 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 4 3 12 ( 106 ) p s-1 4

= 217.2p N>m2

Then, the drag force produced is

FD = tA = ( 217.2p N>m2 ) a

0.04 2
m b = 8.688 ( 10-6 ) p N
10002

The moment equilibrium about point O requires

a+ MO = 0;T

3 8.688 ( 10-6 ) p N 4 (0.008 m)

= 0

T = 0.218 ( 10-6 ) N # m
= 0.218p mN # m

Ans.

0.008 m

t = 0.04(106) m

0
U

0.48 m/s
T

FD

(a)

52

8.688(106)

N
(b)

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153. Disks A and B rotate at a constant rate of

vA = 50 rad>s and vB = 20 rad>s respectively. Determine
thetorque T required to sustain the motion of disk B. The gap,
t = 0.1 mm, contains SAE 10 oil for which m = 0.02 N # s>m2.
Assume the velocity profile is linear.

100 mm

vA
A
t
B

Solution

vB  20 rad/s

Oil is a Newtonian fluid.

The velocities of the oil on the surfaces of disks A and B are UA = vAr = (50r) m>s
and UB = vBr = (20r) m>s . Since the velocity profile is assumed to be linear as
shown in Fig. a,

UA - UB
du
50r - 20r
=
=
= 300 ( 103 ) r s-1
dy
t
0.1 ( 10-3 ) m

UA

50r

Applying Newtons Law of viscosity,

t = m

t = 0.1(103) m

du
= ( 0.02 N # s>m2 ) 3 300 ( 103 ) r 4 = (6000r) N>m2
dy

The shaded differential element shown in Fig. b has an area of dA = 2pr dr. Thus,
dF = tdA = (6000r)(2pr dr) = 12 ( 103 ) pr 2 dr. Moment equilibrium about point O
in Fig. b requires
a+ MO = 0;

T -

T L0

r dF = 0

UB

20r

(a)

0.1 m

0.1 m

r 3 12 ( 103 ) pr 2 dr 4 = 0
T =

L0

r
0.1 m

12 ( 103 ) pr 3 dr

= 12 ( 103 ) p a

0
T

r 4 0.1 m
b`
4 0

= 0.942 N # m

dr
dF

dA

Ans.
(b)

Ans:
0.942 N # m
53

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154. If disk A is stationary, vA = 0 and disk B rotates at

vB = 20 rad>s, determine the torque T required to sustain
the motion. Plot your results of torque (vertical axis) versus
the gap thickness for 0 t 0.1 m. The gap contains
SAE10oil for which m = 0.02 N # s>m2. Assume the velocity
profile is linear.

100 mm

vA
A
t
B

Solution

vB  20 rad/s

t ( 10-3 ) m
T(N # m)

0.02
3.14

0.04
1.57

0.06
1.05

0.08
0.785

0.10
0.628
y

T(N.m)

0.1 m

3.5
3.0
2.5
t

2.0
1.5

0.5
0

1.0
UB

(a)
0.02

0.04

0.06
(C)

0.08

t(103m)

0.10

y of disks A and B are

Oil is a Newtonian fluid. The velocities of the oil on the surfaces
UA = vAr = 0 and UB = vBr = (20r) m>s. Since the velocity profile is assumed to
be linear as shown in Fig. a,

0.1 m

UA - UB
du
0 - 20r
20r -1
=
=
= abs
dy
t
t
t

Applying Newtons law of viscosity,

20r

du
20r
0.4r
` = ( 0.02 N # s>m2 ) a
b = a
b N>m2
t = m`
dy
t
t
(a)

54

u
UB

20r

dr
dF

(b)

dA

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154.(continued)

The shaded differential element shown in Fig. b has an area of dA = 2pr dr. Thus,
0.4r
0.8p 2
dF = tdA = a
b(2pr dr) = a
br dr. Moment equilibrium about point O
t
t
in Fig. b requires
a+ MO = 0; T -

r dF = 0

L0

0.1 m

L0

0.1 m

T -

T =

T = a

T = c

r ca
a

0.8p 2
br dr d = 0
t

0.8p 3
br dr
t

0.8p r 4 0.1 m
ba b `
t
4 0

20 ( 10-6 ) p
t

The plot of T vs t is shown Fig. c.

d N#m

Ans.

where t is in m

Ans:
T = c
55

20 ( 10-6 ) p
t

d N # m, where t is in m

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155. The tape is 10mm wide and is drawn through an

applicator, which applies a liquid coating (Newtonian fluid)
that has a viscosity of m = 0.83 N # s>m2 to each side of the
tape. If the gap between each side of the tape and the
applicators surface is 0.8mm, determine the torque T at
the instant r = 150 mm that is needed to rotate the wheel at
0.5rad>s. Assume the velocity profile within the liquid is
linear.

30 mm
0.5 rad/s

r  150 mm

Solution

P = 2F = 2(0.02334 N)

Considering the moment equilibrium of the wheel, Fig. a,

MA = 0;T - P(0.15 m) = 0

0.15 m

Since the velocity distribution is linear, the velocity gradient will be constant.
P = t(2A) = m(2A)

du
dy

P = ( 0.830 N # s>m ) (2)(0.03 m)(0.01 m) a

2

0.5 rad>s(0.15 m)
0.0008 m

P = 0.04669 N

0x

Thus

T = (0.04669 N)(0.15 m)

= 7.00 mN # m

Ans.

0y
(a)

Ans:
7.00 mN # m
56

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*156. The very thin tube A of mean radius r and length L

is placed within the fixed circular cavity as shown. If the
cavity has a small gap of thickness t on each side of the tube,
and is filled with a Newtonian liquid having a viscosity m,
determine the torque T required to overcome the fluid
resistance and rotate the tube with a constant angular velocity
of v. Assume the velocity profile within the liquid is linear.

T
t

Solution
Since the velocity distribution is assumed to be linear, the velocity gradient will be
constant.
t = m
= m

du
dy
(vr)
t

F=

M = 0;T - 2tAr = 0
T = 2(m)

T =

(vr)
t

2 r 2L
t

Considering the moment equilibrium of the tube, Fig. a,

(2prL)r

4pmvr 3L

t

Ans.

57

(a)

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157. The shaft rests on a 2-mm-thin film of oil having a

viscosity of m = 0.0657 N # s>m2. If the shaft is rotating at a
constant angular velocity of v = 2 rad>s, determine the shear
stress in the oil at r = 50mm and r = 100mm. Assume the
velocity profile within the oil is linear.

v  2 rad/s

100 mm

Solution
Oil is a Newtonian fluid. Since the velocity distribution is linear, the velocity gradient
will be constant.
At r = 50 mm,
t = m

du
dy

t = ( 0.0657 N # s>m2 ) a

(2 rad>s)(50 mm)
2 mm

t = 3.28 Pa

Ans.

At r = 100 mm,

t = ( 0.0657 N # s>m2 ) a
t = 6.57 Pa

(2 rad>s)(100 mm)
2 mm

Ans.

Ans:
At r = 50 mm, t = 3.28 Pa
At r = 100 mm, t = 6.57 Pa
58

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158. The shaft rests on a 2-mm-thin film of oil having

aviscosity of m = 0.0657 N # s>m2. If the shaft is rotating at
a constant angular velocity of v = 2 rad>s, determine the
torque T that must be applied to the shaft to maintain the
motion. Assume the velocity profile within the oil is linear.

v  2 rad/s

100 mm

Solution
Oil is a Newtonian fluid. Since the velocity distribution is linear, the velocity gradient
will be constant. The velocity of the oil in contact with the shaft at an arbitrary point
is U = vr. Thus,
t = m

mvr
du
=
dy
t

dr

Thus, the shear force the oil exerts on the differential element of area dA = 2pr dr
shown shaded in Fig. a is
mvr
2pmv 2
dF = tdA = a
b(2pr dr) =
r dr
t
t

Considering the moment equilibrium of the shaft, Fig. a,

a+ MO = 0;

Substituting,
p a0.0657

T
O

(a)

dF - T = 0
T =

T =

Lr

dF

Lr

dF =

2pmv R 3
r dr
t L0

pmvR4
2pmv r 4 R
a b` =
=
t
4 0
2t
N#s
b(2 rad>s)(0.1 m)4
m2
= 10.32 ( 10-3 ) N # m = 10.3 mN # m
2(0.002 m)

Ans.

Ans:
10.3 mN # m
59

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

159. The conical bearing is placed in a lubricating

Newtonian fluid having a viscosity m. Determine the torque
T required to rotate the bearing with a constant angular
velocity of v. Assume the velocity profile along the thickness
t of the fluid is linear.

T
R

Solution

Since the velocity distribution is linear, the velocity gradient will be constant. The
velocity of the oil in contact with the shaft at an arbitrary point is U = vr. Thus,
t = m

mvr
du
=
dy
t

From the geometry shown in Fig. a,

z =

r
dr
dz =

tan u
tan u

(1)

ds

Also, from the geometry shown in Fig. b,

dz

(2)

dz = ds cos u

dF

Equating Eqs. (1) and (2),

dr
dr
= ds cos uds =
tan u
sin u

(a)

The area of the surface of the differential element shown shaded in Fig. a is
2p
dA = 2prds =
rdr. Thus, the shear force the oil exerts on this area is
sin u
dF = tdA = a

mvr
2pmv 2
2p
ba
rdr b =
r dr
t
sin u
t sin u

dz

ds
(b)

Considering the moment equilibrium of the shaft, Fig. a,

Mz = 0;T -

rdF = 0

2pmv R 3
r dr
t sin u L0

L
2pmv r 4 R
a b`
=
t sin u 4 0

T =

rdF =

pmvR4
2t sin u

Ans.

Ans:
T =
60

pmvR4
2t sin u

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*160. The city of Denver, Colorado, is at an elevation of

1610m above sea level. Determine how hot one can prepare
water to make a cup of coffee.

Solution
At the elevation of 1610 meters, the atmospheric pressure can be obtained by
interpolating the data given in Appendix A.
patm = 89.88 kPa - a

89.88 kPa - 79.50 kPa

b(610 m) = 83.55 kPa
1000 m

Since water boils if the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure, then the
boiling temperature at Denver can be obtained by interpolating the data given in
Appendix A.

Tboil = 90C + a

83.55 - 70.1
b(5C) = 94.6C
84.6 - 70.1

Note: Compare this with Tboil = 100C at 1 atm.

61

Ans.

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161. How hot can you make a cup of tea if you climb to
the top of Mt. Everest (29,000ft) and attempt to boil water?

Solution
At the elevation of 29 000 ft, the atmospheric pressure can be obtained by
interpolating the data given in Appendix A
patm = 704.4 lb>ft 2 - a
= a659.52

704.4 lb>ft 2 - 629.6 lb>ft 2

30 000 lb>ft 2 - 27 500 lb>ft 2

lb
1 ft 2
ba
b = 4.58 psi
ft 2 12 in

b(29 000 ft - 27 500 ft)

Since water boils if the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, the boiling
temperature of the water at Mt. Everest can be obtained by interpolating the data
of Appendix A

Tboil = 150F + a

4.58 psi - 3.72 psi

4.75 psi - 3.72 psi

Note: Compare this with 212F at 1 atm.

b(160 - 150)F = 158F

Ans.

Ans:
patm = 4.58 psi, Tboil = 158 F
62

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162. The blades of a turbine are rotating in water that has

a temperature of 30C. What is the lowest water pressure
thatcan be developed at the blades so that cavitation will
not occur?

Solution
From Appendix A, the vapor pressure of water at T = 30C is
py = 4.25 kPa
Cavitation (boiling of water) will occur if the water pressure is equal or less than
py. Thus

Ans.

pmin = py = 4.25 kPa

Ans:
4.25 kPa
63

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

163. As water at 40C flows through the transition, its

pressure will begin to decrease. Determine the lowest
pressure it can have without causing cavitation.

Solution
From Appendix A, the vapor pressure of water at T = 40C is
py = 7.38 kPa
Cavitation (or boiling of water) will occur when the water pressure is equal to or
less than py. Thus,

Ans.

p min = 7.38 kPa

Ans:
7.38 kPa
64

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*164. Water at 70F is flowing through a garden hose. If

the hose is bent, a hissing noise can be heard. Here cavitation
has occurred in the hose because the velocity of the flow has
increased at the bend, and the pressure has dropped. What
would be the highest absolute pressure in the hose at this
location in the hose?

Solution
From Appendix A, the vapor pressure of water at T = 70F is
py = 0.363 lb>in2
Cavitation (boiling of water) will occur if the water pressure is equal or less than py.

pmax = py = 0.363 lb>in2

Ans.

65

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165. Water at 25C is flowing through a garden hose. If

the hose is bent, a hissing noise can be heard. Here cavitation
has occurred in the hose because the velocity of the flow has
increased at the bend, and the pressure has dropped. What
would be the highest absolute pressure in the hose at this
location in the hose?

Solution
From Appendix A, the vapor pressure of water at T = 25C is
py = 3.17 kPa

Cavitation (boiling of water) will occur if the water pressure is equal or less than py.

Ans.

pmax = py = 3.17 kPa

Ans:
3.17 kPa
66

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

166. A stream of water has a diameter of 0.4in. when it

begins to fall out of the tube. Determine the difference in
pressure between a point located just inside and a point just
outside of the stream due to the effect of surface tension.
Take s = 0.005 lb>ft.

Solution
Consider a length L of the water column. The free-body diagram of half of this
column is shown in Fig. a.

0.4 in.

F = 0
2(s)(L) + po(d)(L) - pi(d)(L) = 0
2s = ( pi - po ) d
pi - po =

p =

2s
d

2(0.005 lb>ft)
(0.4 in.>12) ft

= 0.300 lb>ft 2 = 2.08 ( 10-3 ) psi

Ans.

z
Po

Pi


(a)

Ans:
2.08 ( 10 - 3 ) psi
67

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167. Steel particles are ejected from a grinder and fallgently

into a tank of water. Determine the largest average diameter
of a particle that will float on the water ifthe temperature is
80F. Take gst = 490 lb>ft 3 and s = 0.00492 lb>ft 3. Assume
each particle has the shape of asphere where V = 4>3pr 2.

Solution

The weight of a steel particle is

245p 3
4
d 3
d
W = gstV = ( 490 lb>ft 3 ) c p a b d =
3
2
3

d
r =2
(a)

Force equilibrium along the vertical, Fig. a, requires

d
245p 3
+ c Fy = 0;(0.00492 lb>ft) c 2p a b d d = 0
2
3

0.00492pd =

245p 3
d
3

d = 7.762 ( 10-3 ) ft
= 0.0931 in.

Ans.

Ans:
0.0931 in.
68

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*168. When a can of soda water is opened, small gas

bubbles are produced within it. Determine the difference in
pressure between the inside and outside of a bubble having
a diameter of 0.02in. The surrounding temperature is 60F.
Take s = 0.00503 lb>ft.

Solution

= 0.00503 lb ft

The FBD of a half a bubble shown in Fig. a will be considered. Here A is the
projected area. Force equilibrium along the horizontal requires
0.02
+
S Fx = 0;pout A + (0.00503 lb>ft) c p a 12 ft b d - pinA = 0

( pin - pout ) c

2
p 0.02
a
ft b d = 8.3833 ( 10-6 ) p lb
4 12

pin - pout

1 ft 2
= ( 12.072 lb>ft ) a
b
144 in2

69

Fout = poutA

Fin = pinA

(a)

= 0.0838 psi

0.01 in

Ans.

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169. Determine the distance h that a column of mercury

in the tube will be depressed when the tube is inserted into
the mercury at a room temperature of 68F. Set D = 0.12 in.

Solution

50

Using the result

h =

2s cos u
rgr

From the table in Appendix A, for mercury r = 26.3 slug>ft 3 and s = 31.9 ( 10-3 )
2c 31.9 ( 10-3 )
h =

a26.3

slug
ft

lb
d cos (180 - 50)
ft

ba32.2

ft
1 ft
bd
b c (0.06 in.)a
2
12
in.
s

3 - 9.6852 ( 10-3 ) ft 4 a

= - 0.116 in.

lb
.
ft

12 in.
b
1 ft

Ans.

The negative sign indicates that a depression occurs.

Ans:
0.116 in.
70

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170. Determine the distance h that the column of mercury

in the tube will be depressed when the tube is inserted into the
mercury at a room temperature of 68F. Plot this relationship
of h (vertical axis) versus D for 0.05in. D 0.150 in. Give
values for increments of D = 0.025 in. Discuss this result.

Solution

50

0.05
- 0.279

d(in.)
h(in.)

0.075
- 0.186

0.100
- 0.139

0.125
-0.112

0.150
0.0930

h(in.)
0.025 0.05 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150
0

d(in.)

0.1

0.2

0.3

From the table in Appendix A, for mercury at 68F, r = 26.3 slug>ft 3, and
s = 31.9 ( 10-3 ) lb>ft. Using the result
h =

2s cos u
rgr

h =
h = a

2 3 31.9 ( 10-3 ) lb>ft 4 cos (180 - 50)

( 26.3 slug>ft )( 32.2 ft>s ) 3(d>2)(1 ft>12 in)4

3

- 0.01395
b in.where d is in in.
d

12 in
b
1 ft

The negative sign indicates that a depression occurs.

Ans:
d = 0.075 in., h = 0.186 in.
71

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171. Water in the glass tube is at a temperature of 40C.

Polt the height h of the water as a function of the tubes inner
diameter D for 0.5 mm D 3mm. Use increments of
0.5mm. Takes = 0.0696 N>m.

Solution
When water contacts the glass wall, u = 0. The weight of the rising column of
wateris
p
1
W = gwV = rwg a D2hb = prwgD2h
4
4

The vertical force equilibrium, Fig. a, requires

+ c Fy = 0;s(pD) -

1
pr gD2h = 0
4 w

h =

4s
rwgD

From Appendix A, rw = 992.3 kg>m3 at T = 40C . Then

h =

4(0.0696 N>m)

( 992.3 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) D

28.6 ( 10-6 )
D

(a)
h(mm)

For 0.5 mm D 3 mm

60

D(mm)
h(mm)

0.5
57.2

1.0
28.6

1.5
19.07

2.0
14.3

2.5
11.44

3.0
9.53

50
40

The plot of h vs D is shown in Fig. b.

30
20
10
0

0.5 1.0

1.5 2.0 2.5

(b)

3.0

D(mm)

Ans:
D = 1.0 mm, h = 28.6 mm
72

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*172. Many camera phones now use liquid lenses as a

means of providing a quick auto-focus. These lenses work by
electrically controlling the internal pressure within a liquid
droplet, thereby affecting the angle of the meniscus of the
droplet, and so creating a variable focal length. To analyze
this effect, consider, for example, a segment of a spherical
droplet that has a base diameter of 3mm. The pressure in the
droplet is controlled through a tiny hole under 105Pa. If the
tangent at the surface is 30, determine the surface tension at
the surface that holds it in place.

30

3 mm

Solution
Writing the force equation of equilibrium along the vertical by referring to the FBD
of the droplet in Fig. a

N
+ c Fz = 0;a105 2 b 3 p(0.0015 m)2 4 - (s sin 30) 32p(0.0015 m) 4 = 0
m
s = 0.158 N>m

30

r = 0.0015m

30

Ans.
105 N m2
(a)

73

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173. The tube has an inner diameter d and is immersed in

water at an angle u from the vertical. Determine the average
length L to which water will rise along the tube due to
capillary action. The surface tension of the water is s and its
density is r.

d
L
u

Solution
The free-body diagram of the water column is shown in Fig. a. The weight of this
prgd 2L
d 2
column is W = rg V = rgc p a b L d =
.
2
4

x


For water, its surface will be almost parallel to the surface of the tube
(contact angle 0). Thus, s acts along the tube. Considering equilibrium along
the x axis,

Fx = 0;s(pd)

prgd L
sin u = 0
4
L =

4s

rgd sin u

Ans.


d
W=

Pgd2L
4

(a)

Ans:
L = 4s>(rgd sin u)
74

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174. The tube has an inner diameter of d = 2 mm and is

immersed in water. Determine the average length h to which
the water will rise along the tube due to capillary action. Plot
this relationship of h (vertical axis) versus the angle of tilt
u for 10 u 30. Give values for increments of u = 5.
The surface tension of the water is s = 0.005 lb>ft and its
density is r = 1000 kg>m3.

d
L
u

Solution
10
88.5

u(deg.)
L(mm)

15
59.4

20
44.9

25
36.4

30
30.7

= 0.0754 N m

L(mm)
L
100
80

60
0.002m

40
20
0

W = [9.81(103) h] N
(a)

10

15

20

25

30

The FBD of the water column is shown in Fig. a. The weight of this column is
W = rg V = ( 1000 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) c

p
(0.002 m)L d =
4

3 9.81 ( 10-3 ) pL 4 N.

For water, its surface will be almost parallel to the surface of the tube (u 0) at the
point of contact. Thus, s acts along the tube. Considering equilibrium along x axis,
Fx = 0;(0.0754 N>m) 3 p(0.002 m) 4 -

L = a

3 9.81 ( 10-3 ) pL 4 sin u

0.0154
b mwhere u is in deg.
sin u

= 0
Ans.

The plot of L versus u is shown in Fig. a.

Ans:
L = (0.0154>sin u) m
75

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175. The marine water strider, Halobates, has a mass of

0.36g. If it has six slender legs, determine the minimum
contact length of all of its legs to support itself in water having
a temperature of T = 20C. Take s = 0.0727 N>m and
assume the legs are thin cylinders.

Solution
The force supported by the legs is
P =

3 0.36 ( 10-3 ) kg 4 3 9.81 m>s2 4

= 3.5316 ( 10-3 ) N

Here, s is most effective in supporting the weight if it acts vertically upward. This
requirement is indicated on the FBD of each leg in Fig. a. The force equilibrium
along vertical requires

P = 3.5316(10 3) N
l

+ c Fy = 0;3.5316 ( 10-3 ) N - 2(0.0727 N>m)l = 0

l = 24.3 ( 10-3 ) m = 24.3 mm

Ans.

Note: Because of surface microstructure, a water striders legs are highly hydrophobic.
That is why the water surface curves downward with u 0, instead of upward as it
does when water meets glass.

(a)

Ans:
24.3 mm
76

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*176. The ring has a weight of 0.2N and is suspended

on the surface of the water, for which s = 0.0736 N>m.
Determine the vertical force P needed to pull the ring
free from the surface.

Solution

50 mm

The free-body diagram of the ring is shown in Fig. a. For water, its surface will be
almost parallel to the surface of the wire (u 0) at the point of contact, Fig. a.
+ c Fy = 0;

P - W - 2T = 0
P - 0.2 N - 2(0.0736 N>m) 32p(0.05 m) 4 = 0

P = 0.246 N

Ans.

T = 7.36(102) N

T = 7.36(102) N

W = 0.2 N
(a)

77

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177. The ring has a weight of 0.2N and is suspended on

the surface of the water. If it takes a force of P = 0.245N to
lift the ring free from the surface, determine the surface
tension of the water.

Solution

50 mm

The free-body diagram of the ring is shown in Fig. a. For water, its surface will be
almost parallel to the surface of the wire (u 0) at the point of contact, Fig. a.
+ c Fy = 0;0.245 N - 0.2 N - 23s(2p(0.05 m)) 4 = 0

s = 0.0716 N>m

= 0.0716 N>m

P = 0.245 N

Ans.

T = 0.1

T = 0.1
W = 0.2 N
(a)

Ans:
0.0716 N>m
78