C++ Standard C Library

Function

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Contents
Articles
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library 1
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions 5
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/abort 9
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/asctime 9
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/assert 10
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/atexit 10
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/atof 11
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/atoi 11
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/atol 12
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/clearerr 12
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/clock 13
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ctime 13
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/difftime 14
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/exit 14
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fclose 15
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/feof 15
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ferror 16
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fflush 16
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fgetc 17
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fgetpos 17
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fgets 18
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fopen 18
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fprintf 19
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fputc 20
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fputs 20
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fread 21
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/freopen 21
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fscanf 22
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fseek 22
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fsetpos 23
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ftell 23
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fwrite 24
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/getc 24
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/getchar 25
 C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/getenv 25
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/gets 26
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/localtime 26
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/mktime 27
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/perror 27
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/printf 28
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/putc 30
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/putchar 31
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/puts 31
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/rand 32
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/rewind 32
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/scanf 33
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/setbuf 34
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/setvbuf 35
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/sprintf 35
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/srand 36
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/sscanf 36
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strerror 37
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strftime 37
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strtod 38
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/system 39
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/time 39
C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ungetc 40

References
Article Sources and Contributors 41

Article Licenses
License 43
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library 1

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library
Standard C Library
The C standard library is a standardized collection of header files and library routines used to implement common
operations, such as input/output and string handling. It became part of the C++ Standard Library as the Standard C
Library in its ANSI C 89 form with some small modifications to make it work better with the C++ language.
For a more in depth look into the C programming language check the C Programming Wikibook but be aware of the
incompatibilities we have already covered on the Comparing C++ with C Section of this book.

All Standard C Library Functions

Functions Descriptions

abort stops the program

abs absolute value

acos arc cosine

asctime a textual version of the time

asin arc sine

assert stops the program if an expression isn't true

atan arc tangent

atan2 arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants

atexit sets a function to be called when the program exits

atof converts a string to a double

atoi converts a string to an integer

atol converts a string to a long

bsearch perform a binary search

calloc allocates and clears a two-dimensional chunk of memory

ceil the smallest integer not less than a certain value

clearerr clears errors

clock returns the amount of time that the program has been running

cos cosine

cosh hyperbolic cosine

ctime returns a specifically formatted version of the time

difftime the difference between two times

div returns the quotient and remainder of a division

exit stop the program

exp returns "e" raised to a given power

fabs absolute value for floating-point numbers

fclose close a file

feof true if at the end-of-file

ferror checks for a file error

C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library 2

fflush writes the contents of the output buffer

fgetc get a character from a stream

fgetpos get the file position indicator

fgets get a string of characters from a stream

floor returns the largest integer not greater than a given value

fmod returns the remainder of a division

fopen open a file

fprintf print formatted output to a file

fputc write a character to a file

fputs write a string to a file

fread read from a file

free returns previously allocated memory to the operating system

freopen open an existing stream with a different name

frexp decomposes a number into scientific notation

fscanf read formatted input from a file

fseek move to a specific location in a file

fsetpos move to a specific location in a file

ftell returns the current file position indicator

fwrite write to a file

getc read a character from a file

getchar read a character from STDIN

getenv get environment information about a variable

gets read a string from STDIN

gmtime returns a pointer to the current Greenwich Mean Time

isalnum true if a character is alphanumeric

isalpha true if a character is alphabetic

iscntrl true if a character is a control character

isdigit true if a character is a digit

isgraph true if a character is a graphical character

islower true if a character is lowercase

isprint true if a character is a printing character

ispunct true if a character is punctuation

isspace true if a character is a space character

isupper true if a character is an uppercase character

isxdigit true if a character is a hexadecimal character

labs absolute value for long integers

ldexp computes a number in scientific notation

ldiv returns the quotient and remainder of a division, in long integer form

localtime returns a pointer to the current time

C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library 3

log natural logarithm

log10 natural logarithm, in base 10

longjmp start execution at a certain point in the program

malloc allocates memory

memchr searches an array for the first occurrence of a character

memcmp compares two buffers

memcpy copies one buffer to another

memmove moves one buffer to another

memset fills a buffer with a character

mktime returns the calendar version of a given time

modf decomposes a number into integer and fractional parts

perror displays a string version of the current error to STDERR

pow returns a given number raised to another number

printf write formatted output to STDOUT

putc write a character to a stream

putchar write a character to STDOUT

puts write a string to STDOUT

qsort perform a quicksort

raise send a signal to the program

rand returns a pseudo-random number

realloc changes the size of previously allocated memory

remove erase a file

rename rename a file

rewind move the file position indicator to the beginning of a file

scanf read formatted input from STDIN

setbuf set the buffer for a specific stream

setjmp set execution to start at a certain point

setlocale sets the current locale

setvbuf set the buffer and size for a specific stream

signal register a function as a signal handler

sin sine

sinh hyperbolic sine

sprintf write formatted output to a buffer

sqrt square root

srand initialize the random number generator

sscanf read formatted input from a buffer

strcat concatenates two strings

strchr finds the first occurrence of a character in a string

strcmp compares two strings

C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library 4

strcoll compares two strings in accordance to the current locale

strcpy copies one string to another

strcspn searches one string for any characters in another

strerror returns a text version of a given error code

strftime returns individual elements of the date and time

strlen returns the length of a given string

strncat concatenates a certain amount of characters of two strings

strncmp compares a certain amount of characters of two strings

strncpy copies a certain amount of characters from one string to another

strpbrk finds the first location of any character in one string, in another string

strrchr finds the last occurrence of a character in a string

strspn returns the length of a substring of characters of a string

strstr finds the first occurrence of a substring of characters

strtod converts a string to a double

strtok finds the next token in a string

strtol converts a string to a long

strtoul converts a string to an unsigned long

strxfrm converts a substring so that it can be used by string comparison functions

system perform a system call

tan tangent

tanh hyperbolic tangent

time returns the current calendar time of the system

tmpfile return a pointer to a temporary file

tmpnam return a unique filename

tolower converts a character to lowercase

toupper converts a character to uppercase

ungetc puts a character back into a stream

va_arg use variable length parameter lists

vprintf, vfprintf, and vsprintf write formatted output with variable argument lists

vscanf, vfscanf, and vsscanf read formatted input with variable argument lists

These routines included on the Standard C Library can be sub divided into:
• Standard C I/O
• Standard C String & Character
• Standard C Math
• Standard C Time & Date
• Standard C Memory
• Other Standard C functions
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions 5

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions
All Standard C Library Functions

Functions Descriptions

abort stops the program

abs absolute value

acos arc cosine

asctime a textual version of the time

asin arc sine

assert stops the program if an expression isn't true

atan arc tangent

atan2 arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants

atexit sets a function to be called when the program exits

atof converts a string to a double

atoi converts a string to an integer

atol converts a string to a long

bsearch perform a binary search

calloc allocates and clears a two-dimensional chunk of memory

ceil the smallest integer not less than a certain value

clearerr clears errors

clock returns the amount of time that the program has been running

cos cosine

cosh hyperbolic cosine

ctime returns a specifically formatted version of the time

difftime the difference between two times

div returns the quotient and remainder of a division

exit stop the program

exp returns "e" raised to a given power

fabs absolute value for floating-point numbers

fclose close a file

feof true if at the end-of-file

ferror checks for a file error

fflush writes the contents of the output buffer

fgetc get a character from a stream

fgetpos get the file position indicator

fgets get a string of characters from a stream

floor returns the largest integer not greater than a given value
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions 6

fmod returns the remainder of a division

fopen open a file

fprintf print formatted output to a file

fputc write a character to a file

fputs write a string to a file

fread read from a file

free returns previously allocated memory to the operating system

freopen open an existing stream with a different name

frexp decomposes a number into scientific notation

fscanf read formatted input from a file

fseek move to a specific location in a file

fsetpos move to a specific location in a file

ftell returns the current file position indicator

fwrite write to a file

getc read a character from a file

getchar read a character from STDIN

getenv get environment information about a variable

gets read a string from STDIN

gmtime returns a pointer to the current Greenwich Mean Time

isalnum true if a character is alphanumeric

isalpha true if a character is alphabetic

iscntrl true if a character is a control character

isdigit true if a character is a digit

isgraph true if a character is a graphical character

islower true if a character is lowercase

isprint true if a character is a printing character

ispunct true if a character is punctuation

isspace true if a character is a space character

isupper true if a character is an uppercase character

isxdigit true if a character is a hexadecimal character

labs absolute value for long integers

ldexp computes a number in scientific notation

ldiv returns the quotient and remainder of a division, in long integer form

localtime returns a pointer to the current time

log natural logarithm

log10 natural logarithm, in base 10

longjmp start execution at a certain point in the program

malloc allocates memory

memchr searches an array for the first occurrence of a character

C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions 7

memcmp compares two buffers

memcpy copies one buffer to another

memmove moves one buffer to another

memset fills a buffer with a character

mktime returns the calendar version of a given time

modf decomposes a number into integer and fractional parts

perror displays a string version of the current error to STDERR

pow returns a given number raised to another number

printf write formatted output to STDOUT

putc write a character to a stream

putchar write a character to STDOUT

puts write a string to STDOUT

qsort perform a quicksort

raise send a signal to the program

rand returns a pseudo-random number

realloc changes the size of previously allocated memory

remove erase a file

rename rename a file

rewind move the file position indicator to the beginning of a file

scanf read formatted input from STDIN

setbuf set the buffer for a specific stream

setjmp set execution to start at a certain point

setlocale sets the current locale

setvbuf set the buffer and size for a specific stream

signal register a function as a signal handler

sin sine

sinh hyperbolic sine

sprintf write formatted output to a buffer

sqrt square root

srand initialize the random number generator

sscanf read formatted input from a buffer

strcat concatenates two strings

strchr finds the first occurrence of a character in a string

strcmp compares two strings

strcoll compares two strings in accordance to the current locale

strcpy copies one string to another

strcspn searches one string for any characters in another

strerror returns a text version of a given error code

strftime returns individual elements of the date and time

C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions 8

strlen returns the length of a given string

strncat concatenates a certain amount of characters of two strings

strncmp compares a certain amount of characters of two strings

strncpy copies a certain amount of characters from one string to another

strpbrk finds the first location of any character in one string, in another string

strrchr finds the last occurrence of a character in a string

strspn returns the length of a substring of characters of a string

strstr finds the first occurrence of a substring of characters

strtod converts a string to a double

strtok finds the next token in a string

strtol converts a string to a long

strtoul converts a string to an unsigned long

strxfrm converts a substring so that it can be used by string comparison functions

system perform a system call

tan tangent

tanh hyperbolic tangent

time returns the current calendar time of the system

tmpfile return a pointer to a temporary file

tmpnam return a unique filename

tolower converts a character to lowercase

toupper converts a character to uppercase

ungetc puts a character back into a stream

va_arg use variable length parameter lists

vprintf, vfprintf, and vsprintf write formatted output with variable argument lists

vscanf, vfscanf, and vsscanf read formatted input with variable argument lists

These routines included on the Standard C Library can be sub divided into:
• Standard C I/O
• Standard C String & Character
• Standard C Math
• Standard C Time & Date
• Standard C Memory
• Other Standard C functions
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/abort 9

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/abort
abort

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

void abort( void );

The function abort() terminates the current program. Depending on the implementation, the return from the function
can indicate a canceled (e.g. you used the signal() function to catch SIGABRT) or failed abort.
SIGABRT is sent by the process to itself when it calls the abort libc function, defined in cstdlib. The SIGABRT
signal can be caught, but it cannot be blocked; if the signal handler returns then all open streams are closed and
flushed and the program terminates (dumping core if appropriate). This means that the abort call never returns.
Because of this characteristic, it is often used to signal fatal conditions in support libraries, situations where the
current operation cannot be completed but the main program can perform cleanup before exiting. It is also used if an
assertion fails.
Related topics
assert - atexit - exit

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/asctime
asctime

Syntax #include <ctime>

char *asctime( const struct tm *ptr );

The function asctime() converts the time in the struct 'ptr' to a character string of the following format:

day month date hours:minutes:seconds year

An example:

Mon Jun 26 12:03:53 2000

Related topics
clock - ctime - difftime - gmtime - localtime - mktime - time
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/assert 10

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/assert
assert

Syntax #include <cassert>

assert( exp );

The assert() macro is used to test for errors. If exp evaluates to zero, assert() writes information to stderr and exits the
program. If the macro NDEBUG is defined, the assert() macros will be ignored.
Related topics
abort

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/atexit
atexit

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

int atexit( void (*func)(void) );

The function atexit() causes the function pointed to by func to be called when the program terminates. You can make
multiple calls to atexit() (at least 32, depending on your compiler) and those functions will be called in reverse order
of their establishment. The return value of atexit() is zero upon success, and non-zero on failure.
Related topics
abort - exit
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/atof 11

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/atof
atof

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

double atof( const char *str );

The function atof() converts str into a double, then returns that value. str must start with a valid number, but can be
terminated with any non-numerical character, other than "E" or "e". For example,

x = atof( "42.0is_the_answer" );

results in x being set to 42.0.

Related topics
atoi - atol - strtod
(Standard C I/O) sprintf

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/atoi
atoi

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

int atoi( const char *str );

The atoi() function converts str into an integer, and returns that integer. str should start with a whitespace or some
sort of number, and atoi() will stop reading from str as soon as a non-numerical character has been read. For
example:

int i;
i = atoi( "512" );
i = atoi( "512.035" );
i = atoi( " 512.035" );
i = atoi( " 512+34" );
i = atoi( " 512 bottles of beer on the wall" );

All five of the above assignments to the variable i would result in it being set to 512.
If the conversion cannot be performed, then atoi() will return zero:

int i = atoi( " does not work: 512" ); // results in i == 0

Related topics
atof - atol
(Standard C I/O) sprintf
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/atol 12

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/atol
atol

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

long atol( const char *str );

The function atol() converts str into a long, then returns that value. atol() will read from str until it finds any
character that should not be in a long. The resulting truncated value is then converted and returned. For example,

x = atol( "1024.0001" );

results in x being set to 1024L.

Related topics
atof - atoi - strtod
(Standard C I/O) sprintf

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/clearerr
clearerr

Syntax #include <cstdio>

void clearerr( FILE *stream );

The clearerr function resets the error flags and EOF indicator for the given stream. If an error occurs, you can use
perror() or strerror() to figure out which error actually occurred, or read the error from the global variable errno.
Related topics
feof - ferror - perror - strerror
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/clock 13

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/clock
clock

Syntax #include <ctime>

clock_t clock( void );

The clock() function returns the processor time since the program started, or -1 if that information is unavailable. To
convert the return value to seconds, divide it by CLOCKS_PER_SEC.
Related topics
asctime - ctime - time

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/ctime
ctime

Syntax #include <ctime>

char *ctime( const time_t *time );

The ctime() function converts the calendar time time to local time of the format:

day month date hours:minutes:seconds year

using ctime() is equivalent to

asctime( localtime( tp ) );

Related topics
asctime - clock - gmtime - localtime - mktime - time
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/difftime 14

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/difftime
difftime

Syntax #include <ctime>

double difftime( time_t time2, time_t time1 );

The function difftime() returns time2 - time1, in seconds.

Related topics
asctime - gmtime - localtime - time

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/exit
exit

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

void exit( int exit_code );

The exit() function stops the program. exit_code is passed on to be the return value of the program, where usually
zero indicates success and non-zero indicates an error.
Related topics
abort - atexit - system
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fclose 15

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fclose
fclose

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fclose( FILE *stream );

The function fclose() closes the given file stream, deallocating any buffers associated with that stream. fclose()
returns 0 upon success, and EOF otherwise.
Related topics
fflush - fopen - freopen - setbuf

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/feof
feof

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int feof( FILE *stream );

The function feof() returns TRUE if the end-of-file was reached, or FALSE otherwise.
Related topics
clearerr - ferror - getc - perror - putc
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ferror 16

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/ferror
ferror

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int ferror( FILE *stream );

The ferror() function looks for errors with stream, returning zero if no errors have occurred, and non-zero if there is
an error. In case of an error, use perror() to determine which error has occurred.
Related topics
clearerr - feof - perror

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fflush
fflush

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fflush( FILE *stream );

If the given file stream is an output stream, then fflush() causes the output buffer to be written to the file. If the given
stream is of the input type, the behavior of fflush() depends on the library being used (for example, some libraries
ignore the operation, others report an error, and others clear pending input).
fflush() is useful when either debugging (for example, if a program segfaults before the buffer is sent to the screen),
or it can be used to ensure a partial display of output before a long processing period.
By default, most implementations have stdout transmit the buffer at the end of each line, while stderr is flushed
whenever there is output. This behavior changes if there is a redirection or pipe, where calling fflush(stdout) can
help maintain the flow of output.

printf( "Before first call\n" );

fflush( stdout );
shady_function();
printf( "Before second call\n" );
fflush( stdout );
dangerous_dereference();

Related topics
fclose - fopen - fread - fwrite - getc - putc
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fgetc 17

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fgetc
fgetc

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fgetc( FILE *stream );

The fgetc() function returns the next character from stream, or EOF if the end of file is reached or if there is an error.
Related topics
fopen - fputc - fread - fwrite - getc - getchar - gets - putc

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fgetpos
fgetpos

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fgetpos( FILE *stream, fpos_t *position );

The fgetpos() function stores the file position indicator of the given file stream in the given position variable. The
position variable is of type fpos_t (which is defined in cstdio) and is an object that can hold every possible position
in a FILE. fgetpos() returns zero upon success, and a non-zero value upon failure.
Related topics
fseek - fsetpos - ftell
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fgets 18

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fgets
fgets

Syntax #include <cstdio>

char *fgets( char *str, int num, FILE *stream );

The function fgets() reads up to num - 1 characters from the given file stream and dumps them into str. The string
that fgets() produces is always NULL-terminated. fgets() will stop when it reaches the end of a line, in which case str
will contain that newline character. Otherwise, fgets() will stop when it reaches num - 1 characters or encounters the
EOF character. fgets() returns str on success, and NULL on an error.
Related topics
fputs - fscanf - gets - scanf

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fopen
fopen

Syntax #include <cstdio>

FILE *fopen( const char *fname, const char *mode );

The fopen() function opens a file indicated by fname and returns a stream associated with that file. If there is an
error, fopen() returns NULL. mode is used to determine how the file will be treated (i.e. for input, output, etc)
The mode contains up to three characters. The first character is either "r", "w", or "a", which indicates how the file is
opened. A file opened for reading starts allows input from the beginning of the file. For writing, the file is erased.
For appending, the file is kept and writing to the file will start at the end. The second character is "b", is an optional
flag that opens the file as binary - omitting any conversions from different formats of text. The third character "+" is
an optional flag that allows read and write operations on the file (but the file itself is opened in the same way.

Mode Meaning Mode Meaning

"r" Open a text file for reading "r+" Open a text file for read/write

"w" Create a text file for writing "w+" Create a text file for read/write

"a" Append to a text file "a+" Open a text file for read/write

"rb" Open a binary file for reading "rb+" Open a binary file for read/write

"wb" Create a binary file for writing "wb+" Create a binary file for
read/write

"ab" Append to a binary file "ab+" Open a binary file for read/write

An example:

int ch;
FILE *input = fopen( "stuff", "r" );
ch = getc( input );
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fopen 19

Related topics
fclose - fflush - fgetc - fputc - fread - freopen - fseek - fwrite - getc - getchar - setbuf

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fprintf
fprintf

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, ... );

The fprintf() function sends information (the arguments) according to the specified format to the file indicated by
stream. fprintf() works just like printf() as far as the format goes. The return value of fprintf() is the number of
characters outputted, or a negative number if an error occurs. An example:

char name[20] = "Mary";

FILE *out;
out = fopen( "output.txt", "w" );
if( out != NULL )
fprintf( out, "Hello %s\n", name );

Related topics
fputc - fputs - fscanf - printf - sprintf
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fputc 20

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fputc
fputc

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fputc( int ch, FILE *stream );

The function fputc() writes the given character ch to the given output stream. The return value is the character, unless
there is an error, in which case the return value is EOF.
Related topics
fgetc - fopen - fprintf - fread - fwrite - getc - getchar - putc

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fputs
fputs

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fputs( const char *str, FILE *stream );

The fputs() function writes an array of characters pointed to by str to the given output stream. The return value is
non-negative on success, and EOF on failure.
Related topics
fgets - fprintf - fscanf - gets - getc - puts
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fread 21

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fread
fread

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fread( void *buffer, size_t size, size_t num, FILE *stream );

The function fread() reads num number of objects (where each object is size bytes) and places them into the array
pointed to by buffer. The data comes from the given input stream. The return value of the function is the number of
things read. You can use feof() or ferror() to figure out if an error occurs.
Related topics
fflush - fgetc - fopen - fputc - fscanf - fwrite - getc

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/freopen
freopen

Syntax #include <cstdio>

FILE *freopen( const char *fname, const char *mode, FILE *stream );

The freopen() function is used to reassign an existing stream to a different file and mode. After a call to this function,
the given file stream will refer to fname with access given by mode. The return value of freopen() is the new stream,
or NULL if there is an error.
Related topics
fclose - fopen
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fscanf 22

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fscanf
fscanf

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fscanf( FILE *stream, const char *format, ... );

The function fscanf() reads data from the given file stream in a manner exactly like scanf(). The return value of
fscanf() is the number of variables that are actually assigned values, including zero if there were no matches. EOF is
returned if there was an error reading before the first match.
Related topics
fgets - fprintf - fputs - fread - fwrite - scanf - sscanf

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fseek
fseek

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fseek( FILE *stream, long offset, int origin );

The function fseek() sets the file position data for the given stream. The origin value should have one of the
following values (defined in cstdio):

Name Explanation

SEEK_SET Seek from the start of the file

SEEK_CUR Seek from the current location

SEEK_END Seek from the end of the file

fseek() returns zero upon success, non-zero on failure. You can use fseek() to move beyond a file, but not before the
beginning. Using fseek() clears the EOF flag associated with that stream.
Related topics
fgetpos - fopen - fsetpos - ftell - rewind
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fsetpos 23

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fsetpos
fsetpos

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fsetpos( FILE *stream, const fpos_t *position );

The fsetpos() function moves the file position indicator for the given stream to a location specified by the position
object. fpos_t is defined in cstdio. The return value for fsetpos() is zero upon success, non-zero on failure.
Related topics
fgetpos - fseek - ftell

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/ftell
ftell

Syntax #include <cstdio>

long ftell( FILE *stream );

The ftell() function returns the current file position for stream, or -1 if an error occurs.
Related topics
fgetpos - fseek - fsetpos
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/fwrite 24

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/fwrite
fwrite

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int fwrite( const void *buffer, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream
);

The fwrite() function writes, from the array buffer, count objects of size size to stream. The return value is the
number of objects written.
Related topics
fflush - fgetc - fopen - fputc - fread - fscanf - getc

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/getc
getc

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int getc( FILE *stream );

The getc() function returns the next character from stream, or EOF if the end of file is reached. getc() is identical to
fgetc(). For example:

int ch;
FILE *input = fopen( "stuff", "r" );

ch = getc( input );
while( ch != EOF ) {
printf( "%c", ch );
ch = getc( input );
}

Related topics
feof - fflush - fgetc - fopen - fputc - fgetc - fread - fwrite - putc - ungetc
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/getchar 25

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/getchar
getchar

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int getchar( void );

The getchar() function returns the next character from stdin, or EOF if the end of file is reached.
Related topics
fgetc - fopen - fputc - putc

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/getenv
getenv

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

char *getenv( const char *name );

The function getenv() returns environmental information associated with name, and is very implementation
dependent. NULL is returned if no information about name is available.
Related topics
system
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/gets 26

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/gets
gets

Syntax #include <cstdio>

char *gets( char *str );

The gets() function reads characters from stdin and loads them into str, until a newline or EOF is reached. The
newline character is translated into a null termination. The return value of gets() is the read-in string, or NULL if
there is an error.
Related topics
fgetc - fgets - fputs - puts

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/localtime
localtime

Syntax #include <ctime>

struct tm *localtime( const time_t *time );

The function localtime() converts calendar time time into local time. Watch out for the static return.
Related topics
asctime - ctime - difftime - gmtime - strftime - time
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/mktime 27

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/mktime
mktime

Syntax #include <ctime>

time_t mktime( struct tm *time );

The mktime() function converts the local time in time to calendar time, and returns it. If there is an error, -1 is
returned.
Related topics
asctime - ctime - gmtime - time

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/perror
perror

Syntax #include <cstdio>

void perror( const char *str );

The perror() function prints str and an implementation-defined error message corresponding to the global variable
errno. For example:

char* input_filename = "not_found.txt";

FILE* input = fopen( input_filename, "r" );
if( input == NULL ) {
char error_msg[255];
sprintf( error_msg, "Error opening file '%s'", input_filename );
perror( error_msg );
exit( -1 );
}

If the file called not_found.txt is not found, this code will produce the following output:

Error opening file 'not_found.txt': No such file or directory

Related topics
clearerr - feof - ferror
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/printf 28

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/printf
printf

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int printf( const char *format, ... );

The printf() function prints output to stdout, according to format and other arguments passed to printf(). The string
format consists of two types of items - characters that will be printed to the screen, and format commands that define
how the other arguments to printf() are displayed. Basically, you specify a format string that has text in it, as well as
"special" characters that map to the other arguments of printf(). For example, this code

char name[20] = "Bob";

int age = 21;
printf( "Hello %s, you are %d years old\n", name, age );

displays the following output:

Hello Bob, you are 21 years old

The %s means, "insert the first argument, a string, right here." The %d indicates that the second argument (an
integer) should be placed there. There are different %-codes for different variable types, as well as options to limit
the length of the variables and whatnot.

Control Explanation
Character

%c a single character

%d a decimal integer

%i an integer

%e scientific notation, with a lowercase "e"

%E scientific notation, with a uppercase "E"

%f a floating-point number

%g use %e or %f, whichever is shorter

%G use %E or %f, whichever is shorter

%o an octal number

%x unsigned hexadecimal, with lowercase letters

%X unsigned hexadecimal, with uppercase letters

%u an unsigned integer

%s a string

%x a hexadecimal number

%p a pointer

%n the argument shall be a pointer to an integer into which is placed the number of characters written so far

%% a percent sign

A field-length specifier may appear before the final control character to indicate the width of the field:
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/printf 29

• h, when inserted inside %d, causes the argument to be a short int.

• l, when inserted inside %d, causes the argument to be a long.
• l, when inserted inside %f, causes the argument to be a double.
• L, when inserted inside %d or %f, causes the argument to be a long long or long double respecivly.
An integer placed between a % sign and the format command acts as a minimum field width specifier, and pads the
output with spaces or zeros to make it long enough. If you want to pad with zeros, place a zero before the minimum
field width specifier:

%012d

You can also include a precision modifier, in the form of a .N where N is some number, before the format command:

%012.4d

The precision modifier has different meanings depending on the format command being used:
• With %e, %E, and %f, the precision modifier lets you specify the number of decimal places desired. For example,
%12.6f will display a floating number at least 12 digits wide, with six decimal places.
• With %g and %G, the precision modifier determines the maximum number of significant digits displayed.
• With %s, the precision modifier simply acts as a maximum field length, to complement the minimum field length
that precedes the period.
All of printf()'s output is right-justified, unless you place a minus sign right after the % sign. For example,

%-12.4f

will display a floating point number with a minimum of 12 characters, 4 decimal places, and left justified. You may
modify the %d, %i, %o, %u, and %x type specifiers with the letter l and the letter h to specify long and short data
types (e.g. %hd means a short integer). The %e, %f, and %g type specifiers can have the letter l before them to
indicate that a double follows. The %g, %f, and %e type specifiers can be preceded with the character '#' to ensure
that the decimal point will be present, even if there are no decimal digits. The use of the '#' character with the %x
type specifier indicates that the hexidecimal number should be printed with the '0x' prefix. The use of the '#'
character with the %o type specifier indicates that the octal value should be displayed with a 0 prefix.
Inserting a plus sign '+' into the type specifier will force positive values to be preceded by a '+' sign. Putting a space
character ' ' there will force positive values to be preceded by a single space character.
You can also include constant escape sequences in the output string.
The return value of printf() is the number of characters printed, or a negative number if an error occurred.
Related topics
fprintf - puts - scanf - sprintf
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/putc 30

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/putc
putc

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int putc( int ch, FILE *stream );

The putc() function writes the character ch to stream. The return value is the character written, or EOF if there is an
error. For example:

int ch;
FILE *input, *output;
input = fopen( "tmp.c", "r" );
output = fopen( "tmpCopy.c", "w" );
ch = getc( input );
while( ch != EOF ) {
putc( ch, output );
ch = getc( input );
}
fclose( input );
fclose( output );

Generates a copy of the file tmp.c called tmpCopy.c.

Related topics
feof - fflush - fgetc - fputc - getc - getchar - putchar - puts
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/putchar 31

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/putchar
putchar

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int putchar( int ch );

The putchar() function writes ch to stdout. The code

putchar( ch );

is the same as

putc( ch, stdout );

The return value of putchar() is the written character, or EOF if there is an error.
Related topics
putc

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/puts
puts

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int puts( char *str );

The function puts() writes str to stdout. puts() returns non-negative on success, or EOF on failure.
Related topics
fputs - gets - printf - putc
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/rand 32

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/rand
rand

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

int rand( void );

The function rand() returns a pseudo-random integer between zero and RAND_MAX. An example:

srand( time(NULL) );
for( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
printf( "Random number #%d: %d\n", i, rand() );

The rand() function needs to be seeded before it's first call with the srand() function - otherwise it will consistently
return the same numbers when the program is restarted.
Related topics
srand

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/rewind
rewind

Syntax #include <cstdio>

void rewind( FILE *stream );

The function rewind() moves the file position indicator to the beginning of the specified stream, also clearing the
error and EOF flags associated with that stream.
Related topics
fseek
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/scanf 33

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/scanf
scanf

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int scanf( const char *format, ... );

The scanf() function reads input from stdin, according to the given format, and stores the data in the other
arguments. It works a lot like printf(). The format string consists of control characters, whitespace characters, and
non-whitespace characters. The control characters are preceded by a % sign, and are as follows:

Control Explanation
Character

%c a single character

%d a decimal integer

%i an integer

%e, %f, %g a floating-point number

%lf a double

%o an octal number

%s a string

%x a hexadecimal number

%p a pointer

%n an integer equal to the number of characters read so

far

%u an unsigned integer

%[] a set of characters

%% a percent sign

scanf() reads the input, matching the characters from format. When a control character is read, it puts the value in the
next variable. Whitespace (tabs, spaces, etc) are skipped. Non-whitespace characters are matched to the input, then
discarded. If a number comes between the % sign and the control character, then only that many characters will be
converted into the variable. If scanf() encounters a set of characters, denoted by the %[] control character, then any
characters found within the brackets are read into the variable. The return value of scanf() is the number of variables
that were successfully assigned values, or EOF if there is an error.
This code snippet uses scanf() to read an int, float, and a double from the user. Note that the variable arguments to
scanf() are passed in by address, as denoted by the ampersand (&) preceding each variable:

int i;
float f;
double d;

printf( "Enter an integer: " );

scanf( "%d", &i );
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/scanf 34

printf( "Enter a float: " );

scanf( "%f", &f );

printf( "Enter a double: " );

scanf( "%lf", &d );

printf( "You entered %d, %f, and %f\n", i, f, d );

Related topics
fgets - fscanf - printf - sscanf

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/setbuf
setbuf

Syntax #include <cstdio>

void setbuf( FILE *stream, char *buffer );

The setbuf() function sets stream to use buffer, or, if buffer is NULL, turns off buffering. This function expects that
the buffer be BUFSIZ characters long - since this function does not support specifying the size of the buffer, buffers
larger than BUFSIZ will be partly unused.
Related topics
fclose - fopen - setvbuf
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/setvbuf 35

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/setvbuf
setvbuf

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int setvbuf( FILE *stream, char *buffer, int mode, size_t size );

The function setvbuf() sets the buffer for stream to be buffer, with a size of size. mode can be one of:
• _IOFBF, which indicates full buffering
• _IOLBF, which means line buffering
• _IONBF, which means no buffering
Related topics
fflush - setbuf

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/sprintf
sprintf

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int sprintf( char *buffer, const char *format, ... );

The sprintf() function is just like printf(), except that the output is sent to buffer. The return value is the number of
characters written. For example:

char string[50];
int file_number = 0;

sprintf( string, "file.%d", file_number );

file_number++;
output_file = fopen( string, "w" );

Note that sprintf() does the opposite of a function like atoi() -- where atoi() converts a string into a number, sprintf()
can be used to convert a number into a string.
For example, the following code uses sprintf() to convert an integer into a string of characters:

char result[100];
int num = 24;
sprintf( result, "%d", num );

This code is similar, except that it converts a floating-point number into an array of characters:

char result[100];
float fnum = 3.14159;
sprintf( result, "%f", fnum );

Related topics
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/sprintf 36

fprintf - printf
(Standard C String and Character) atof - atoi - atol

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/srand
srand

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

void srand( unsigned seed );

The function srand() is used to seed the random sequence generated by rand(). For any given seed, rand() will
generate a specific "random" sequence over and over again.

srand( time(NULL) );
for( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
printf( "Random number #%d: %d\n", i, rand() );

Related topics
rand
(Standard C Time & Date functions) time

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/sscanf
sscanf

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int sscanf( const char *buffer, const char *format, ... );

The function sscanf() is just like scanf(), except that the input is read from buffer.
Related topics
fscanf - scanf
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strerror 37

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/strerror
strerror

Syntax #include <cstring>

char *strerror( int num );

The function strerror() returns an implementation defined string corresponding to num. If an error occurred, the error
is located within the global variable errno.
Related topics
perror

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/strftime
strftime

Syntax #include <ctime>

size_t strftime( char *str, size_t maxsize, const char *fmt, struct tm
*time );

The function strftime() formats date and time information from time to a format specified by fmt, then stores the
result in str (up to maxsize characters). Certain codes may be used in fmt to specify different types of time:

Code Meaning

%a abbreviated weekday name (e.g. Fri)

%A full weekday name (e.g. Friday)

%b abbreviated month name (e.g. Oct)

%B full month name (e.g. October)

%c the standard date and time string

%d day of the month, as a number (1-31)

%H hour, 24 hour format (0-23)

%I hour, 12 hour format (1-12)

%j day of the year, as a number (1-366)

%m month as a number (1-12).

%M minute as a number (0-59)

%p locale's equivalent of AM or PM

%S second as a number (0-59)

%U week of the year, (0-53), where week 1 has the first Sunday

%w weekday as a decimal (0-6), where Sunday is 0

%W week of the year, (0-53), where week 1 has the first Monday
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strftime 38

%x standard date string

%X standard time string

%y year in decimal, without the century (0-99)

%Y year in decimal, with the century

%Z time zone name

%% a percent sign

Related topics
gmtime - localtime - time

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/strtod
strtod

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

double strtod( const char *start, char **end );

The function strtod() returns whatever it encounters first in start as a double. end is set to point at whatever is left in
start after that double. If overflow occurs, strtod() returns either HUGE_VAL or -HUGE_VAL.

x = atof( "42.0is_the_answer" );

results in x being set to 42.0.

Related topics
atof
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/system 39

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/system
system

Syntax #include <cstdlib>

int system( const char *command );

The system() function runs the given command by passing it to the default command interpreter.
The return value is usually zero if the command executed without errors. If command is NULL, system() will test to
see if there is a command interpreter available. Non-zero will be returned if there is a command interpreter available,
zero if not.
Related topics
exit - getenv

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/time
time

Syntax #include <ctime>

time_t time( time_t *time );

The function time() returns the current time, or -1 if there is an error. If the argument time is given, then the current
time is stored in time.
Related topics
asctime - clock - ctime - difftime - gmtime - localtime - mktime - strftime
(Other Standard C functions) srand
C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ungetc 40

C++Programming/Code/Standard C Library/
Functions/ungetc
ungetc

Syntax #include <cstdio>

int ungetc( int ch, FILE *stream );

The function ungetc() puts the character ch back in stream.

Related topics
getc
(C++ I/O) putback
Article Sources and Contributors 41

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C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1499568  Contributors: Panic2k4

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C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ fprintf  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532677  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ fputc  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532678  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ fputs  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532679  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ fread  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532680  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ freopen  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532681  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ fscanf  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1415761  Contributors: Panic2k4, Sigma 7, 1 anonymous edits

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ fseek  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532683  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ fsetpos  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532684  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ ftell  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532685  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ fwrite  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532687  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ getc  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532688  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ getchar  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532689  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ getenv  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532690  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4, 1 anonymous edits

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ gets  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532691  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ localtime  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532713  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ mktime  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532722  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ perror  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532724  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4, 2 anonymous edits

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ printf  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1410194  Contributors: Panic2k4, Sigma 7

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ putc  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532726  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ putchar  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532727  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ puts  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532728  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ rand  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1410878  Contributors: Panic2k4, Sigma 7

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ rewind  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532731  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ scanf  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532733  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ setbuf  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1417225  Contributors: Panic2k4, Sigma 7

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ setvbuf  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1415774  Contributors: Panic2k4, Sigma 7
Article Sources and Contributors 42

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ sprintf  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532737  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ srand  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532742  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ sscanf  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532743  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ strerror  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1415400  Contributors: Panic2k4, Sigma 7

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ strftime  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532750  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ strtod  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532757  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ system  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532763  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4, 2 anonymous edits

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ time  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532766  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4

C+ + Programming/ Code/ Standard C Library/ Functions/ ungetc  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1532772  Contributors: Adrignola, Panic2k4
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 43

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