Literature Review For Monopole Foundation Design

LITERATURE REVIEW ON FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR
MONOPOLES
INTRODUCTION
This literature is provided to explain briefly about methods taken into

consideration when doing design of foundation for monopoles. To ease understanding
about the process involved, reader may refer to attached spreadsheet where it has been
used to design a foundation for monopole type P4 of 3423PM. All inputs for material
specifications has been determined during preliminary process of designing a
foundation. By providing value of safety factor against bearing, overturning and
sliding, a designer can easily determine the net allowable soil bearing pressure, Qall
where this value is very important during a determination process of foundation
dimension which is safe to be used.
There are many ways to determine the maximum bearing pressure that could
develop at bottom surface of footing either the foundation has been loaded vertically
or eccentrically that caused by support reactions of monopole. When there a
foundation comprises an overturning moment as well as axial loads (may also referred
as eccentrically loaded foundation), the resultant soil pressure will not coincide with
the centroid of foundation anymore and if this situation is happen, it may cause heel
of footing uplifted or in other word loss contact with underneath soil.
The following section will discuss the methodologies of analysis to determine

the maximum resultant soil pressure, Qmax when there is combination of axial loads
and overturning moment which can cause negative pressure on the heel of footing.
Factor of safety against bearing pressure, overturning and sliding are calculated in
order to obtain balance design which can resulting an economical design .
Page 1 of 4
METHOD 1: DETERMINATION OF QMAX ACCORDING TO ESLING

FACTOR. (ROARK'S FORMULA).
By referring to publication of engineering book Roark's Formulas For Stress

and Strain 1 in page 546, we use coefficient of 'K' to calculate Qmax, where it can be
determined from the following formula:
P
Q max = K
A
where,
P
Total axial forces.
Bottom area of footing.
For solid rectangular section, Esling's has explained that the K value can be obtained
directly from the tabulated constants as shown below:
Table A: Tabulated value of K obtained from Esling's paper.
Depending on a function of the eccentric ratio e1/d and e2/b, where the terms are
shown in the Fig. A below, we can determine the value of coefficient K by doing
double linear interpolation from the table above.
Page 2 of 4
FIGURE A.
Lets take analysis of foundation for type P4 3423PM as an example to determine the
Qmax value using method as mentioned above. Refer to attached spreadsheet, it is
found that the K value is only considered when there is an uplift condition at heel of
footing and this indicated by the negative pressure of Qmin.
METHOD 2: DETERMINATION OF QMAX ACCORDING TO CHART

PROVIDED FOR RECTANGULAR BASE . (BY RAY,S.S)
The second method is used to make sure that our design is not only relying on
one principal only and due to this we have found another method to get the coefficient
K so that there is modification factor to the result of P/A when there is eccentricity in
the foundation. Ray, S.S in his publication namely Reinforced Concrete Analysis and
Design
has introduced the usage of the following formula to calculate Qmax
(refer publication page 237):

Maximumpressure, Q max =
where,
P
Total axial forces.
Width of footing.
Length of footing.
Obtained from chart in Fig. B below
Page 3 of 4
PK
AB
FIGURE B.
This method is almost same with the one that has explained in the previous method. It
is straight forward calculation and hence the designer easily can find out the value of
Qmax which can be calculated based on the effective area of footing under pure
compression.
REFERENCES
1
Young,W.C
&
Budynas,
R.G.(2002)."Roark's
Formula
for
Stress
Strain".(7.ed).McGraw-Hill.
2
Ray, S.S.(1995)."Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design".Blackwell Science.
Page 4 of 4
and

Literature Review For Monopole Foundation Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Literature Review For Monopole Foundation Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Literature Review For Monopole Foundation Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LITERATURE REVIEW ON FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR

This literature is provided to explain briefly about methods taken into

The following section will discuss the methodologies of analysis to determine

METHOD 1: DETERMINATION OF QMAX ACCORDING TO ESLING

By referring to publication of engineering book Roark's Formulas For Stress

Total axial forces.

Bottom area of footing.

Table A: Tabulated value of K obtained from Esling's paper.

METHOD 2: DETERMINATION OF QMAX ACCORDING TO CHART

has introduced the usage of the following formula to calculate Qmax

(refer publication page 237):

Total axial forces.

Obtained from chart in Fig. B below

Ray, S.S.(1995)."Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design".Blackwell Science.

You might also like