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Lecture Notes 10: Change of Variables and Triple Integral

This document discusses change of variables and triple integrals. It defines the Jacobian of a change of variables and provides examples of calculating Jacobians for polar coordinates and affine maps. It also defines triple integrals over rectangular boxes and general regions, and discusses evaluating triple integrals using Fubini's theorem or changing variables. Examples calculate triple integrals over regions like a tetrahedron or ball.

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143 views2 pages

Lecture Notes 10: Change of Variables and Triple Integral

This document discusses change of variables and triple integrals. It defines the Jacobian of a change of variables and provides examples of calculating Jacobians for polar coordinates and affine maps. It also defines triple integrals over rectangular boxes and general regions, and discusses evaluating triple integrals using Fubini's theorem or changing variables. Examples calculate triple integrals over regions like a tetrahedron or ball.

Uploaded by

JeevikaGoyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes 10: Change of Variables and Triple Integral

Ruipeng Shen
June 6, 2014

Change of Variable

Theorem 1 (Change of Variables). Let D and D? be elementary regions in R2 and let T : D?


D be a C 1 , one-to-one map such that T(D? ) = D. For any integrable function f : D R,


ZZ
ZZ
(x, y) ?

dA ,
f (x, y)dA =
f (x(u, v), y(u, v))
(u, v)
D
D?
where


x/u
(x, y)
= det(DT) =
y/u
(u, v)


x/v x y x y
=

.
y/v u v
v u

is called the Jacobian of T.


Example 2 (Polar Coordinates). Let T(r, ) = (r cos , r sin ) be the mapping that defines the
polar coordinates. This is a one-to-one map from [r1 , r2 ] [1 , 2 ] to its image if 0 < r1 < r2
and 0 1 < 2 < 2. Its Jacobian is r.
Definition 3 (Affine Maps). A map T : R2 R2 defined by
  
   
u
a11 a12 u
b
T
=
+ 1
v
a21 a22 v
b2
is called an affine map. If b1 = b2 = 0, it is also called a linear map.
Example 4. Calculate the Jacobian of an affine map.
Theorem 5. Let Tu = Au + b be an affine map and det(A) 6= 0. Then
(a) T is one-to-one.
(b) T maps lines to lines, parallel lines to parallel lines.
(c) T maps a parallelogram to a parallelogram.
(d) Its inverse T1 u = A1 u A1 b is another affine map.
Example 6. Let F be an affine map and D? = [0, 1] [0, 1], f = C. Check theorem 1.
RR
Example 7. Find the integral D (x+y)4 (xy)4 dA, here D is the square {(x, y) : |x|+|y| 1}.
RR
2
2
Example 8. Let B(0, R) = {(x, y)|x2 + y 2 R2 }, calculate B(0,R) ex y dA.
Example 9. Find the area of the region bounded by the x-axis, y-axis and the spiral c(t) =
(et cos t, et sin t) with t [0, /2].

Triple Integral

Definition of triple integral over a rectangular box


integral is defined as the limit of Riemann sums.

Similar to the double integral, the

Theorem 10 (Fubinis theorem). Let f (x, y, z) be an integrable function defined on a rectangular


box W = [a1 , b1 ] [a2 , b2 ] [a3 , b3 ]. Then
! !
ZZZ
Z b3 Z b2 Z b1
f (x, y, z)dx dy dz.
f (x, y, z)dV =
W

a1

a2

a3

Furthermore, let D = [a1 , b1 ] [a2 , b2 ]


ZZZ
ZZ
f (x, y, z)dV =
W

b3

f (x, y, z)dz
D

dA.

a3

Example 11. Let W = [0, 1] [0, 2] [0, 3], calculate

RRR
W

z 2 (2x + y)dV

Triple integral over a general region If f (x, y, z) is defined in a general region W , we can
choose a large rectangular box W1 so that W W1 and a new function

f (x, y, z), (x, y, z) W ;
F (x, y, z) =
0,
(x, y, z) W1 \ W.
and define

ZZZ

ZZZ
F (x, y, z)dV.

f (x, y, z)dV =
W

W1

Type 1 region Let the region W be given by


W = {(x, y, z) R3 : (x, y) D R2 , g1 (x, y) z g2 (x, y)}.
Here D is an elementary region in R2 ; The functions g1 (x, y) and g2 (x, y) are continuously defined
on D such that g1 (x, y) g2 (x, y) for each (x, y) D. Then we have
!
Z g2 (x,y)
ZZZ
ZZ
f (x, y, z)dV =
f (x, y, z)dz dA.
W

Example 12. Calculate the triple integral


octant bounded by x + y + z = 3.

g1 (x,y)

RRR
W

2xdV . Here W is the tetrahedron in the first

Theorem 13 (Change of Variables). Let W and W ? be elementary regions in R3 and let


T = T(u, v, w) = (x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)) : W ? W
be a C 1 , one-to-one map such that T(W ? ) = W . For any integrable function f : W R,


ZZZ
ZZZ
(x, y, z) ?

dV ,
f (x, y, z)dV =
f (x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w))
(u, v, w)
W
W?
where


x/u

(x, y, z)
= det(DT) = y/u
(u, v, w)
z/u
is called the Jacobian of T.

x/v
y/v
z/v


x/w
y/w
z/w

Example 14. Let W be the ball {(x, y, z)|x2 + y 2 + z 2 1}, find the integral
ZZZ p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dV.
W

Use the spherical coordinates (x, y, z) = ( sin cos , sin sin , cos )
2

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