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    Bridge Design 3 - Loads

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    gabemzaman
    The document discusses bridge design criteria and load calculations. It describes the different types of loads that act on a bridge, including dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads. It explains how to calculate load effects using load factors and load combinations. The key steps are to place live loads longitudinally and transversely to determine maximum load effects, apply dynamic load allowance and distribution factors, and combine loads according to design criteria load combinations. The goal is to ensure the nominal resistance exceeds the worst-case nominal load effects for strength limit states.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Bridge Design 3 - Loads

    Uploaded by

    gabemzaman
    184 views9 pages
    The document discusses bridge design criteria and load calculations. It describes the different types of loads that act on a bridge, including dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads. It explains how to calculate load effects using load factors and load combinations. The key steps are to place live loads longitudinally and transversely to determine maximum load effects, apply dynamic load allowance and distribution factors, and combine loads according to design criteria load combinations. The goal is to ensure the nominal resistance exceeds the worst-case nominal load effects for strength limit states.

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    Bridge Design 3- Loads

    Original Title

    Bridge Design 3- Loads

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    The document discusses bridge design criteria and load calculations. It describes the different types of loads that act on a bridge, including dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads. It explains how to calculate load effects using load factors and load combinations. The key steps are to place live loads longitudinally and transversely to determine maximum load effects, apply dynamic load allowance and distribution factors, and combine loads according to design criteria load combinations. The goal is to ensure the nominal resistance exceeds the worst-case nominal load effects for strength limit states.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    184 views9 pages

    Bridge Design 3 - Loads

    Uploaded by

    gabemzaman
    The document discusses bridge design criteria and load calculations. It describes the different types of loads that act on a bridge, including dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads. It explains how to calculate load effects using load factors and load combinations. The key steps are to place live loads longitudinally and transversely to determine maximum load effects, apply dynamic load allowance and distribution factors, and combine loads according to design criteria load combinations. The goal is to ensure the nominal resistance exceeds the worst-case nominal load effects for strength limit states.

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    Design Criteria

    We want the load effects to be less than the resistance


    This Section

    Load Resistance
    iQi Rn
    Bridge Design

    Load Multiplier

    III. Loads on Bridge Summary of Concepts

    Nominal Resistance

    Load Factor
    Nominal Load Effect

    Resistance Factor

    Loads on Bridge

    DD = downdrag (wind)
    DC = dead Load of
    structural and
    nonstructural components
    DW = dead load of wearing
    surface
    EH = earth pressure
    (horizontal)
    EL = secondary forces such as
    from posttensioning
    ES = earth surcharge load
    (vertical)
    EV = earth pressure (vertical)

    BR = breaking force of vehicle


    CE = centrifugal force of vehicle (at curves)
    CR = creep of concrete
    CT = vehicle collision force (on bridge or at
    piers)
    CV = vessel collision force (bridge piers over
    river)
    EQ = earthquake
    FR = friction
    IC = ice
    IM = dynamic load of vehicles
    LL = live load of vehicle (static)
    LS = live load surcharge
    PL = pedestrian load
    SE = settlement
    SH = shrinkage of concrete
    TG = load due to temperature differences
    TU = load due to uniform temperature
    WA = water load/ stream pressure
    WL = wind on vehicles on bridge
    WS = wind load on structure

    Dead Loads
    DC, DW

    Dead Loads: DC, DW

    Tributary Area for Dead Loads

    Calculated from Density


    wDC or wDW
    Material

    Density

    (kg/m3)

    Concrete (Normal Weight.)

    2400

    Asphalt

    2250

    Distribute to girder through Tributary Area

    Different load factor for DC and DW

    M=wL2/8

    V=wL/2

    DC, DW

    Section for maximum moment is not the same as the section


    for maximum shear
    For simply-supported beams

    Maximum M occurs at midspan


    Maximum V occurs over the support

    As we shall see in the designs of girders, the Critical Section for shear is
    about d from the support.(where d is the effective depth of section,
    approximately 0.8h)
    At this point, shear is slightly lower than at the support. If we use shear at
    the support for the design of stirrups, we are conservative.

    Live Loads
    LL+IM, PL

    Live Loads: LL+IM, PL

    LL

    HS-20

    Design truck (HS-20)


    Design tandem
    Uniform loads

    IM (sometimes called just I)

    Dynamic Allowance Factor, which applies to:

    LL in AASHTO are specified as Static Lane Loading

    3 basic types of LL in AASHTO LRFD, called HL-93 loading (stands for


    Highway Loading, year 1993)

    LL

    Design Truck
    Design Tandem

    PL

    kN/m2

    Pedestrian only: 3.6


    Pedestrian and/or Bicycle: 4.1 kN/m2

    Analysis Strategy for LL

    Live Load Combinations

    Design for 3 combinations of LL (per 1 Design Lane)

    Load Combinations

    Transverse Placement (for slab design)

    Longitudinal Placement (for girder design)


    Various
    Live
    Loads

    We need to consider dynamic effect of this LL


    We also want to know how much, at most, each girder has to carry this
    load, under worst possible loading patterns

    Place them
    to get
    maximum
    effects on
    span

    Design Truck
    Design Tandem
    Uniform Lane Load

    Moment/ Shear
    from Live Load
    to be used in the
    design of girders
    Dynamic
    Multiple Presence of LL
    Allowance Factor Distribution Factors
    (IM)

    Consider
    dynamic
    effects

    Distribute
    Load to
    each girder

    Combination 1: Truck + uniform lane load


    Combination 2: Tandem + uniform lane load
    Combination 3: (for negative moments at interior supports of continuous
    beams) place two HS20 design truck, one on each adjacent span but not less
    than 15 m apart (measure from front axle of one truck to the rear axle of
    another truck), with uniform lane load. Use 90% of their effects as the design
    moment/ shear

    Use maximum effect of these cases for design

    Live Load Placement - Longitudinal

    Methods of finding maximum moment and shear in span

    Influence Line (IL) Simple and Continuous spans (most general)


    Design Equation Simple span only
    Design Chart Simple span only

    Live Load Placement Influence Line

    Influence line is a graphical method for finding the variation of the


    structural response at a point as a concentrated live load moves across
    the structure
    We can sketch this IL by

    Live Load Placement Design Equation

    If we combine the truck/tandem load with uniform load, we can get the
    following equations for maximum moment in spans

    Placing Unit Load, calculate the response using statics, plot the response
    considered as the unit load moved along the span
    Use Mller-Breslau Principle

    IL for determinate structure consists of straight lines


    IL for indeterminate structure will have curved lines
    Influence line tells you how to place the LL such that the maximum
    moment at a point occurs; but not where the absolute maximum moment
    in the span occurs; i.e. the maximum moment on the point you picked is
    not always the absolute maximum moment that can occur in the span
    (which will occur at a different point and under a different arrangement of
    loads)
    Increase/ Decrease method for series of concentrated loads

    Live Load Placement Design Chart


    Bending Moment in Simple Span
    for AASHTO HL-93 Loading
    for a fully loaded lane
    Moment in kips-ft
    IM is included
    1 ft = 0.3048 m
    1 kips = 4.448 kN
    1 kips-ft = 1.356 kN-m

    Live Load Placement Design Chart


    Shear in Simple Span
    for AASHTO HL-93 Loading
    for a fully loaded lane

    Live Load Placement Design Chart

    Design chart is meant to be used for preliminary designs.

    We assume that maximum moment occurs at midspan this produces


    slightly lower maximum moment than the Design Equation method.
    However, the error is usually small.

    Maximum shear occurs at support. However, the chart does not have
    x = 0 ft. The closest is 1 ft from support.

    Shear in kips
    IM is included
    1 ft = 0.3048 m
    1 kips = 4.448 kN

    Analysis Strategy for LL

    In general, the bridge girder much higher than 1 ft. Therefore, shear at 1 ft is
    still higher than the shear at critical section for shear (at d) so we are still
    conservative here.

    Dynamic Load Allowance: IM

    Load Combinations
    Transverse Placement (for slab design)
    Longitudinal Placement (for girder design)
    Various
    Live
    Loads

    Place them
    to get
    maximum
    effects on
    span

    Design Truck
    Design Tandem
    Uniform Lane Load

    Moment/ Shear
    from Live Load
    to be used in the
    design of girders
    Dynamic
    Multiple Presence of LL
    Allowance Factor Distribution Factors
    (IM)

    Consider
    dynamic
    effects

    Distribute
    Load to
    each girder

    Effect due to
    Static Load

    Dynamic Load
    Allowance Factor
    IM

    Effect due to
    Dynamic Load

    Table 3.6.2.1-1 (modified)


    Component
    Deck Joint
    All limit states
    All other components above ground
    Fatigue/ Fracture Limit States
    All Other Limit States
    Foundation components below ground

    IM

    75%

    Add dynamic effect


    to the following
    loads:

    15%
    33%
    0%

    But NOT to these


    loads:

    * Reduce the above values by 50% for wood bridges

    Design Truck
    Design Tandem

    Pedestrian Load
    Design Lane Load

    Analysis Strategy for LL

    Multiple Presence of LL

    Load Combinations
    Transverse Placement (for slab design)
    Longitudinal Placement (for girder design)
    Place them
    to get
    maximum
    effects on
    span

    Various
    Live
    Loads
    Design Truck
    Design Tandem

    Moment/ Shear
    Consider
    Distribute
    from Live Load
    dynamic
    Load to
    to be used in the
    effects
    each girder
    design of girders
    Dynamic
    Multiple Presence of LL
    Allowance Factor Distribution Factors
    (IM)

    AASHTO Girder Distribution Factor


    DF for Moment

    Interior
    Exterior

    DF for shear

    Interior
    Exterior

    Lane Shear

    roadway width

    Interior

    Girder Shear

    Exterior

    DFs are available for one design lane and two or more design lanes (the
    larger one controls)
    Must make sure that the bridge is within the range of applicability of the
    equation

    Multiple Presence
    Factor m

    1.20

    1.00

    0.85

    >3

    0.65

    Its almost impossible to have maximum load effect on ALL lanes at the same time
    The more lanes you have, the lesser chance that all will be loaded to maximum at
    the same time
    Multiple presence factor is included in the Distribution Factor from AASHTO. We
    will need this only when we calculate the distribution factor from Lever Rule or
    other analyses (such as FEM)

    DF

    Distribution Factor
    DF
    Lane Moment
    Girder Moment

    Exterior

    Uniform Lane Load

    Number of
    Loaded Lane

    For AASHTO method


    first we must identify
    the type of
    superstructure
    (support beam & deck
    types) (Example)

    DFM

    DFM

    Distribution factor for


    moment in Interior
    Beams (Example)

    Distribution factor for


    moment in Exterior
    Beams (Example)

    Summary of LL+IM Calculation

    At any section, if not using AASHTOs GDF

    MLL+IM, Girder = DFM(Mtruck/tadem,LaneIM + Muniform,Lane )m


    VLL+IM, Girder = DFV(Vtruck/tadem,LaneIM + Vuniform,Lane )m

    At any section, if using AASHTOs GDF

    MLL+IM, Girder = DFM(Mtruck/tadem,LaneIM + Muniform,Lane )


    VLL+IM, Girder = DFV(Vtruck/tadem,LaneIM + Vuniform,Lane )

    Placed such that


    we have maximum
    effects

    Dead Load + Live Load


    Load Combination and Limit States

    Design Criteria

    Load Combinations

    We need to consider several possible combinations of loads under


    different conditions

    Load Resistance
    iQi Rn

    Nominal Load Effect

    STRENGTH I: Basic load combination relating to the normal use of bridge.


    Maximum combination is used when LL produces the same effect as DC.
    Minimum combination is used when LL produces opposite effect to DC.
    STRENGTH II: load combination for special vehicles specified by owner
    STRENGTH III: load combination where the bridge is subjected to high
    wind (> 90 km/h) and traffic is prevented
    STRENGTH IV: load combination for long span bridges (>67 m span)
    which has large ratio of DC to LL
    STRENGTH V: load combination where bridge and traffic on the bridge is
    subjected to wind velocity of 90 km/h

    Nominal Resistance
    Resistance Factor

    Load Combinations

    Load Multiplier
    Load Factor

    EXTREME EVENT I: load combination for structural survival under major


    earthquake
    EXTREME EVENT II: load combination for structural survival under
    combination of events such as flood and vessel collision
    SERVICE I: load combination for normal operation of the bridge and for
    checking compression in prestressed concrete
    SERVICE II: load combination for steel bridges to control yielding
    SERVICE III: load combination relating to tension in prestressed concrete
    during service
    FATIGUE: load combination for fatigue and fracture due to repetitive LL
    and IM

    Load Factors for DC, DW

    Load Factors for DC, DW

    Consider Maximum
    case for Gravity load
    designs

    Load Combinations

    For slabs and girders designs under gravity loads, we normally


    have only DC, DW, and (LL+IM)

    Load Factors for LL

    Notes on Load Combinations

    1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL+IM) (Strength I)


    1.50DC + 1.50DW (Strength IV)
    1.00DC + 1.00DW + 1.00(LL+IM) (Service I)
    1.00DC + 1.00DW + 1.30(LL+IM) (Service II, Steel)
    1.00DC + 1.00DW + 0.80(LL+IM) (Service III, Prestressed)

    Note that the sections for maximum moment of dead load


    and live load are not the same!!!

    Dead Load: midspan


    Live Load: some small distance away from midspan

    If we add them together, we are conservative!

    Critical moment for shear is d away from the support. We


    can calculate shear at this location for both dead load and live
    load IF we know the height of the section

    We estimate the height from past experiences of similar projects


    If we dont know, we calculate shear at the support. This is
    conservative but may not be economical.

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