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4512 Review2Solutions

1) The document provides sample solutions to problems from a midterm exam on differential equations. It solves second order differential equations with constant coefficients, shows that a given function cannot satisfy a certain differential equation, uses undetermined coefficients to find a solution, and uses reduction of order and variation of parameters methods. 2) It uses reduction of order to find the general solution of an equation, then variation of parameters to solve a related nonhomogeneous equation. 3) The last problem finds the general solution of a fourth order differential equation by finding the roots of the characteristic equation.

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131 views4 pages

4512 Review2Solutions

1) The document provides sample solutions to problems from a midterm exam on differential equations. It solves second order differential equations with constant coefficients, shows that a given function cannot satisfy a certain differential equation, uses undetermined coefficients to find a solution, and uses reduction of order and variation of parameters methods. 2) It uses reduction of order to find the general solution of an equation, then variation of parameters to solve a related nonhomogeneous equation. 3) The last problem finds the general solution of a fourth order differential equation by finding the roots of the characteristic equation.

Uploaded by

amin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 4512: Midterm 2Sample

1. Solve the following second order differential equations with constant coefficients:
a) y 00 4y 0 5y = 0;
b) 4y 00 12y 0 + 25 = 0;
c) 9y 00 + 6y 0 + y = 0.
Solution. In all these problems we need to solve the associated characteristic
equation.
a) The characteristic equation is k 2 4k 5 = 0 has solutions k1 = 1 and
k2 = 5. The general solution is y(t) = c1 et + c2 e5t .
b) The characteristic equation is 4k 2 12k + 25 = 0 has solutions k1 = 23 + 2i
3
and k2 = 32 2i. The general solution is y(t) = e 2 t [c1 cos (2t) + c2 sin (2t)].
c) The characteristic equation is 9k 2 + 6k + 1 = 0 has the solution k = 13 . The
1
general solution is y(t) = (c1 + c2 t)e 3 t .
2

2. Show that y0 (t) = et 1 cannot be a solution on an interval containing t = 0


of an equation y 00 + p(t)y 0 + q(t)y = 0, with continuous p and q. Explain your
answer.
Solution. First, we note that y0 (0) = y00 (0) = 0. Assume that y0 is a solution on
an interval containing t = 0 of the equation y 00 + p(t)y 0 + q(t)y = 0. Thus, y0 is
a solution of the initial value problem
00
y + p(t)y 0 + q(t)y = 0
y(0) = 0
(1)
0
y (0) = 0.
However, one can check that y = 0 is also a solution of the initial value problem
(1). Thus, (1) has two different solutions, which is a contradiction.
3. Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find a solution of the equation
y 00 + 4y = t sin (2t).
Solution. First, we solve the associated homogeneous equation y 00 + 4y = 0. The
characteristic equation is k 2 + 4 = 0, which has solutions k1 = 2i and k2 = 2i.
Thus the solution of the homogeneous equation is
y(t) = c1 cos (2t) + c2 sin (2t).

(2)

Next, we look for solutions of the nonhomogeneous equation of the form


Y (t) = t(At + B) sin (2t) + t(Ct + D) cos (2t).
The second derivative of Y is




Y 00 (t) = A 2 sin (2t) + 8t cos (2t) 4t2 sin (2t) + B 4 cos (2t) 4t sin (2t)




+ C 2 cos (2t) 8t sin (2t) 4t2 cos (2t) D 4 sin (2t) + 4t cos (2t) .
Plugging in the nonhomogeneous equation we obtain that
(2A 4D) sin (2t) + (4B + 2C) cos (2t) 8Ct sin (2t) + 8A cos (2t) = t sin (2t).
Thus,

2A 4D = 0

4B + 2C = 0
8C = 1

8A = 0.

The solution of this linear system is A = 0, B =


general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation is
y(t) = c1 cos (2t) + c2 sin (2t) +

1
,
16

C = 18 , D = 0. The

1
1
t sin (2t) t2 cos (2t).
16
8

4. Consider the equations


x2 y 00 3xy 0 + 4y = x2 ln x;

(3)

x2 y 00 3xy 0 + 4y = 0.

(4)

a) Given that y1 (x) = x2 is a solution use the reduction of order method to solve
equation (4).
b) Using a), use the method of variation of parameters to solve equation (3).
Solution.
a) We make the substitution y = x2 v. Equation (4) becomes

x2 2v + 4xv 0 + x2 v 00 3x(2xv + x2 v 0 ) + 4x2 v = 0.

After we simplify this equation we obtain the equation in v


1
v 00 = v 0 .
x
Thus, v 0 = c1 x1 , which implies that v = c1 ln x + c2 . The general form of equation
(4) is
y = c1 x2 ln x + c2 x2 .
b) Let y2 (x) = x2 ln x. The Wronskian of y1 and y2 , denoted W (x) is
W (x) = y1 (x)y20 (x) y10 (x)y2 (x) = x.
Equation (3) is equivalent to
y 00 3x1 y 0 + 4x2 y = ln x.
We look for solutions of equation (3) of the form Y (x) = u1 (x)x2 + u2 (x)x2 ln x,
where u1 and u2 satisfy the equations
u01 (x) =

y2 (x)g(x)
W (x)

u02 (x) =

y1 (x)g(x)
.
W (x)

Here g(x) = ln x. Thus,


Z
u1 (x) =

x ln2 xdx =

x2
(2 ln2 x 2 ln x + 1);
4

Z
u2 (x) =

x ln xdx =

x2
(2 ln x 1).
4

It follows that
Y (x) =

x2
x2
x4
(2 ln2 x 2 ln x + 1)x2 + (2 ln x 1)x2 ln x = (ln x 1).
4
4
4

The general form of solutions of equation (3) is


y(x) = c1 x2 ln x + c2 x2 +

x4
(ln x 1).
4

5. Solve the differential equation


y (4) 5y 000 + 7y 00 3y 0 = 0.

Solution. The characteristic equation is k 4 5k 3 + 7k 2 3k = 0, which is


equivalent to
k(k 1)2 (k 3) = 0.
The general form of solution of the differential equation is
y(t) = c1 + (c2 + c3 t)et + c4 e3t .

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