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Example 3-1 Impact Loading On An Axial Rod: MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed. Example 3-1-1

This document provides an example problem to analyze impact loading on an axial rod. It examines how the impact force is affected by: 1) The length/diameter ratio of the rod, keeping mass constant. It finds impact force increases greatly as length/diameter decreases, making the rod stiffer. 2) The ratio of moving mass to rod mass, keeping length/diameter constant. It finds impact force ratio decreases as moving mass increases, but impact force itself increases due to the increasing static force. Graphs are provided showing how impact force and force ratio vary with these parameters. The example uses an energy method to model the impact and calculate forces.

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Cris M Rodríguez B
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97 views3 pages

Example 3-1 Impact Loading On An Axial Rod: MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed. Example 3-1-1

This document provides an example problem to analyze impact loading on an axial rod. It examines how the impact force is affected by: 1) The length/diameter ratio of the rod, keeping mass constant. It finds impact force increases greatly as length/diameter decreases, making the rod stiffer. 2) The ratio of moving mass to rod mass, keeping length/diameter constant. It finds impact force ratio decreases as moving mass increases, but impact force itself increases due to the increasing static force. Graphs are provided showing how impact force and force ratio vary with these parameters. The example uses an energy method to model the impact and calculate forces.

Uploaded by

Cris M Rodríguez B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.

Example 3-1-1

EXAMPLE 3-1
Impact Loading on an Axial Rod
Problem:

The axial rod shown in Figure 3-18a is hit by a mass moving at 1 m/sec.
a. Determine the sensitivity of the impact force to the length /diameter ratio of the rod for a
constant 1 kg moving mass.
b. Determine the sensitivity of the impact force to the ratio of moving mass to rod mass for a
constant length/diameter ratio of 10.

Given:

Rod length
l 100 mm
Rod modulus of elasticity E 207 GPa
gm
Rod mass density
7.86
3
cm
m
Impact velocity
vi 1
sec

Assumptions: An approximate energy method will be acceptable. The correction factor for energy
dissipation will be applied.
Solution:

See Figures 3-18a, 3-20, and 3-21; and Mathcad file EX0301.

1.

Figure 3-18a shows the system. The moving mass strikes the flange on the end of the rod with stated velocity
of 1 m/sec.

2.

For part (a), we will keep the moving mass constant at 1 kg, and the rod length constant at 100 mm and vary the
rod diameter to obtain l/d ratios in the range of 1 to 20. The static deflection that would result from application
the weight force of the mass is calculated from the expression for the deflection of a bar in tension. (See
equation 4.8 in the next chapter for derivation.)

Part (a)

Mass of striker

m 1 kg

Rod diameters

d 5 mm 7.5 mm 100 mm

Rod stiffness

k( d )

Rod mass

mb( d )

Static deflection
of rod

st( d )

Correction factor

( d )

(a)

4
m g

(b)

(c)

k( d )
1
1

EX0301.xmcd

Force ratio

F'i( d ) vi

Length/diameter
ratio

L'( d )

l
d

(d)

mb( d )
3 m

( d )
g st( d )

(e)

(f)

MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.

Example 3-1-2

Fi( d ) vi ( d ) m k( d )

Impact force

(g)

8000

80

7000

70

6000

60

5000

50

Force, kN

Force Ratio

The variation in force ratio with changes in l/d ratio for a constant amount of moving mass and a constant
impact velocity (i.e. constant input energy) is shown in Figure 3-20. As the l/d ratio is reduced, the rod
becomes much stiffer and generates much larger dynamic forces from the same impact energy. This clearly
shows that impact forces can be reduced by increasing compliance (reducing stiffness) of the impacted
system.

4000
3000

40
30

2000

20

1000

10

10

15

20

l/d Ratio

10

15

20

l/d Ratio

FIGURE 3-20
Dynamic Force and Force Ratio as a Function of l/d Ratio.

3.

For part (b), we will keep the l/d ratio constant at 10 and vary the ratio of moving mass to rod mass over the
range of 1 to 20. Figure 3-21a shows that the dynamic force ratio Fi/W varies inversely with the mass ratio.
However, the value of the dynamic force is increasing with mass ratio as shown in Figure 3-21b, because the
static force W is also increasing with mass ratio.
Part (b)

l/d ratio

loverd 10

Rod diameter

d' l loverd

Mass of rod

mb

d' 10 mm

d'
4

(h)

Mass ratio

msratio 1 2 20

Striker mass

m( msratio) msratio mb

Rod stiffness

Static deflection
of rod

st( msratio)

Correction factor

( msratio)

(i)

d' E

(j)

4 l
m( msratio) g
1
1

EX0301.xmcd

(k)

k
(l)
mb
3 m( msratio)

MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.

Example 3-1-3

( msratio)
g st( msratio)

Force ratio

F'i( msratio) vi

Impact force

Fi( msratio) vi ( msratio) m( msratio) k

5000

(m)

(n)

16
14
12
Force, kN

Force Ratio

4000

3000

2000

10
8
6
4

1000
2
0

10

15

20

Mass Ratio

FIGURE 3-21
Dynamic Force and Force Ratio as a Function of Mass Ratio.

EX0301.xmcd

10
Mass Ratio

15

20

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