Running head: SIGNATURE ASSIGNMENT: RESEARCH PROPOSAL

ResearchProposal
UniversityofSouthCarolina
TerrellGunter,AliJohnson,NikkiFiore,ChloeTaylorandFarrisJones

Signature Assignment: Research Proposal

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Introduction

Purpose:
Thepurposeofthisresearchprojectistodeterminethemosteffectiveinterventionfor
adolescentdrugandalcoholabuseintheUnitedStates.Theresearchprojectwillprovide
informationincludingstatisticsaboutdrugandalcoholconsumptionamongchildreninrural
areasversesthedrugandalcoholconsumptionofchildrentheinnercitiesoftheUnitedStates.
Thisresearchprojectwilldeterminetheeffectivenessofvariousalcoholpreventionprogramsfor
adolescents,andifthereisacorrelationbetweenthequalityofservicesthatareofferedinthe
innercitiesoftheUnitedStatescomparedtothosethatresideintheruralareasofthenation.
ThisstudyinvolveschildrenintheUnitedStatesfromtheageoftwelvethroughtwenty.The
benefitsofthisresearchistoprovideinformationthatprovesthattheadolescentsthatlivein
innercitiesacrosstheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytoabusedrugsandalcoholthanadolescents
theliveinruralareasacrossthenation.AccordingtoClark,"WilsonandDonnermeyer(2006)
foundthatpeerinfluencewasastrongerinfluenceondruguseamongurbanlocatedyouthsbut
didnotfindanydifferencesforfamilyfactors(Clark,2011,p.208)."Thisimpliesthatthereis
moredrugandalcoholabuseforinnercityadolescents.
Anotherpurposeforthisresearchistodetermineifmoredrugandalcoholprevention
programsareneededintheinnercitiesoftheUnitedStatesversestheruralareas.Shouldinner
citiesreceivemorefundingthanruralareas?Thisresearchprojectwillalsoexaminedifferent
drugandalcoholpreventionprogramsofmethodsavailableforadolescentsintheUnitedStates.

Signature Assignment: Research Proposal

WewillmeasureourfindingswiththeCRAFFTscreeningtoolwhichisusedtomeasuredrug
andalcoholabuseforthosethatare21andunder.
Significance:
Thesocialworkprofessionseekstodeterminevulnerableand/oroppressedpopulations
andhelpalleviatethesymptomsofoppressionforallindividuals(NASW,2008).Theresearch
questionpresentedinthispaperseekstodetermineaspecificgroupofpeoplesufferingfrom
alcoholanddrugabuseinSouthCarolinainthehopesthattheymaybebetterservedand
understood.Itisimportanttocorrectlydetermineaspecificpopulationthatisatriskinorderto
providenecessaryservicestothem.Thisresearchquestionisrelevanttothesocialwork
professioninthatitwilldetermineaspecificgroupofindividuals,basedontheirenvironment,
thatarepotentiallyinneedofaninterventionandsocialservices.
Thistopicissignificantduetothefactthatalcoholanddrugabuseisagrowingtrend
amongadolescentsinAmericathatposesserioushealthriskstothemselvesandthosearound
them.AccordingtotheNationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism(NIAAA),"more
than190,000peopleundertheageof21visitedtheemergencyroomforalcoholrelatedinjuries
in2008alone"andtheNIAAAalsostatesthat"everyyearintheUnitedStates,about5,000
youngpeopleundertheageof21dieasaresultofunderagedrinking"(NIAAA,2013,p.12).It
iscrucialtodeterminespecificareaswherealcoholanddrugabuseisprevalentamong
adolescentssothatwemaybetteraddresstheirenvironmentandpotentialcausesfortheabuseof
alcoholanddrugs.Ifwecandeterminespecificfactorsthatcontributetotheconsumptionof

Signature Assignment: Research Proposal

alcoholanduseofdrugsamongunderagecitizensthenwecanpossessabetterunderstandingof
howtoaddressthisissue.
Thescopeofthisissueinournationisverylarge.Forthisreason,wehavenarrowedour
researchdowntofindingsinSouthCarolinasothatwemaybetteraddresstheissueinourlocal
community.AccordingtodatafromthePacificInstituteforResearchandEvaluation(PIRE)
"approximately169,000underagecustomersinSouthCarolinadrinkeachyear"(PIRE,2011,p.
12).ItlaterstatesinthissamedatadocumentthatthisrateofunderagedrinkinginSouth
Carolina"leadstosubstantialharmduetotrafficcrashes,violentcrime,propertycrime,
unintentionalinjuryandriskysex"(PIRE,2011,p.2).Theconsumptionofalcoholanduseof
drugsamongadolescentsinSouthCarolinaisavastissuethataffectstheadolescentsconsuming
alcoholandusingdrugsandthepeoplearoundthem.
ByaddressingthisissueinSouthCarolinaanddeterminingtheenvironmentthat
contributestotheabuseofalcoholanddrugsamongadolescents,wemaybeabletobetter
providenecessaryservicestotheenvironmentsatriskthatcanhelptopreventthisproblem.By
answeringthisresearchquestion,wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofwheretostartwhen
determiningwhoismostatriskforunderagedrinkinganduseofillegalsubstancesinourstate.
Onceweknowtheareasthataremostaffectedbythisepidemic,propersocialservicescanbe
initiatedorimprovedinordertocorrectlyaddressthisissue.

Signature Assignment: Research Proposal

ResearchDesign
Descriptionoftheresearchdesign:
ResearchQuestion:DoesthedurationofadolescentslivinginanurbancommunityinSouth
CarolinapredictsubstanceabusescoresontheTASIscaleamongadolescents?
IndependentVariable:ThedurationofadolescentslivinginanurbancommunityinSouth
Carolina.Meaningthenumberofadolescentsthatresideinanurbansettingasopposedtoarural
setting.WewillmeasuretheindependentvariablebydistributingtheTASIsurveyto50
adolescentineachofthe46countiesinSouthCarolina.Thesurveywillincludeanindicationof
theparticipantsgeographicenvironmentthiswilldeterminewhetherthefactthattheyare
livinginanurbanorruralsettinghasanythingtodowiththeresultsofthesurvey.
DependentVariable:ThescoresthatindicatesubstanceabuseontheTASIscale.Thesescores
willgivesaclearerpictureofwhetheradolescentsareusingillegalsubstances.Wewill
determinethedependentvariablebytheanswersthattheparticipantsprovideontheTASI
scale,whichisanindicatorofsubstanceabuseforadolescents.
Hypothesis:ThedurationofurbanresidentialstatusofadolescentsinSouthCarolina
significantlypredictspositivesubstanceabusescoresontheTASIscale.
SamplingTechnique:Thesamplingtechniqueforthisresearchisastratifiedrandomsampleof
2,300adolescentsfromeachofthe46countiesinSouthCarolinasincethepopulationthatstobe
testedwillbeseparatedintodifferentstrataandrandomsampleswillbetakenfromeach
subpopulation.Twentyfiveadolescentsinaurbancommunityandtwentyfivewithinarural

Signature Assignment: Research Proposal

communitywillbeselectedfromeachcountymakingeachcountyhave50adolescentsas
representation.Withthissamplingmethodwewouldrandomlyselectadolescentsfromurban
andruralpublicschools.
MethodofDataAnalysis:Themethodfordataanalysisinthisresearchdesignisregression
sincewearetryingtoidentifytherelationshipbetweentheresidentialstatusofadolescentsand
thescoresofadolescentsontheADIscaleinordertomakepredictions.
Tool:Asurveywouldbeadministeredtotheadolescentsandincludethequestionofhowlong
theywerearesidentoftheirlocationatthetimeofthesurvey.Thissurveywouldalsodetermine
whethertheadolescentslocationisurbanorrural.Tomeasurethedependentvariableof
substanceabusetheAdolescentDiagnosticInterviewwouldbeused.TheTASIsystematically
assessespsychoactivesubstanceusedisordersin12to18yearolds.BasedonDSMIIIR
criteria,thisconvenientstructuredinterviewalsoevaluatespsychosocialstressors,schooland
interpersonalfunctioning,andcognitiveimpairment.Inaddition,itscreensforspecificproblems
commonlyassociatedwithsubstanceabuse"(Kaminer,Y.,Burkstein,O.G.&Tarter,R.E.,
1991).
MethodofDataCollection:WewilldistributethissurveytopublicschoolsinSouthCarolina
inperson.AllpersonsdistributingthesurveywillbeIRBcertifiedinordertoconductproper
research.Theparticipantsandtheirparentswillbeinformedthateverythingonthesurveywill
remaincompletelyconfidentialandonlyusedforthepurposesofresearch.Participantsmayalso
choosetostopthesurveyatanytimeorkeeptheirresultsfrombeingusedinresearchifthey
changetheirminds.

Signature Assignment: Research Proposal

CulturalSensitivity:Wewillbedistributingthissurveytoalladolescents(ages1220)willing
toparticipateregardlessoftheirrace,class,orgender.BeingIRBcertified,wearefullyaware,
asresearchers,theneedtobeculturallysensitiveandrespectfulofeveryparticipants
backgroundinordertoobtainunbiasedresearch.
ReliabilityandValidity:TheTASIscaleitselfhasbeentestedforreliabilityandvalidity.
AccordingtoKaminer,Y.,Burkstein,O.G.&Tarter,R.E.(1991),themeasuresofreliabilitythat
wereusedforthisscalearetestretestandinterratoragreementandinternalconsistency.The
measuresofvalidityofthisscalearecontentandconstruct.
Strengthsandweaknessesincludingthreatstointernalvalidity:
Athreattotheinternalvalidityofthisdesignisthefactthatadolescentscanbedishonest
abouttheuseofdrugsandalcoholoutoffearofgettingintrouble.Inanattempttoeliminatethis
weakness,astrengthofthissurveyisthatitwillremainconfidentialandwillonlytakenforthe
purposesofresearch.Theparticipantswillbeinformedoftheirconfidentialitywhencompleting
thisassessment.
Anotherthreattothevalidityofthisscaleisthatitisdatedsinceitwaspublishedin
19931Thereliabilityofthismeasurewillincreaseifitisgivenonayearlybasissothatitmaybe
sensitivetotimechanges.
Astrengthofthisassessmentthatreducesthisthreattovalidityisthatitcanberepeated
orexpandedasnecessary.Forexample,youcantestuptoasmanyrandomparticipantsas
necessarybetweenanyurbanorrurallocationinSouthCarolinainordertoobtainabetter
knowledgeoftheuseofillegalsubstancesamongadolescentsacrossthewholestate.

Signature Assignment: Research Proposal

Explainwhythisresearchdesignisthebestoption:
Wefeelthatthisresearchdesignwillbethebestoptionduetothefactthatwewillbe
abletoproportionatelyobservetheamountofsubstanceabusethatistakingplacebetweentwo
distinctgeographicenvironmentsinordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenenvironmentand
substanceabuseamongadolescentslivinginthestateofSouthCarolina.
ConceptualModel:
SEEAPPENDIXA
Thislogicmodelisthetheoreticalframeworkforourresearchdesign.Obviouslythere
aremanyfactorsthatcancontributetotheuseofalcoholanddrugsamongadolescentsotherthan
geographiclocation,anditisimportanttolookintothebiggerpictureofwhatishappening.This
iswhywehavedesignedalogicmodelinordertoobservethedifferentfactorsthatcontributeto
ourdependentvariable.Onceweareabletoobservetheflowoffactorscontributingtothe
problemthatweareobserving,wecandesignandobserveprogramsthatwillbetterfitthe
situationandgainabroaderandclearerperspectiveoftheuseofdrugsandalcoholamong
adolescentslivinginSouthCarolina.
LiteratureReview
Thegoaloftheliteraturereviewistosummarizeresearchfindingsonadolescentalcohol
anddruguseinruralandurbancommunities.Anothergoalistoapplytheoriestotheresearch
findingstogiveaframeofreference.Theefforttodividetheliteratureintosectionswillshow
recognitionofthedifferentkeyconceptsthatarepresentandshouldbeacknowledgedinastudy
thatfocusesbothonadolescentsubstanceabuseandtheadolescentsenvironment.The

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independentvariableintheresearchisthedurationoftimeofwheretheadolescentisresidingis
definedasbeingeitherurbanorrural.Theoriesappliedfromourresearcharethesocial
disorganizationtheoryandsociallearningtheory.Socialdisorganizationtheoryassertsthat
negativebehaviorismorelikelyinenvironmentsthatlackstructureandsocialcontrol(Nasim,
A.,Fernander,A.,Townsend,T.G.,Corona,R.,&Belgrave,F.Z.,2011).Sociallearning
theoryistheconceptoflearningacertainbehaviorbyobservingothersandwascreatedby
AlbertBandura.
AdolescentDrugandAlcoholAbuse/DependentVariable
Inourresearchthelifestageofadolescentisdefinedasanyonerangingfromagetwelve
totwentyone.TheindependentvariableofsubstanceabuseisdefinedbytheNationalInstitute
onDrugAbuseasanyillicituseofasubstanceasdrugabuse.Drugabusealsoincludesthe
nonmedicaluseofprescriptiondrugs.Socialriskfactorsarethemostprevalentcausesof
adolescentsubstanceabuseaccordingtoauthorsKaylenandPridemore.Factorssuchas
poverty,economicandresidentialinstability,familydisruption,andcommunityviolenceleave
youthvulnerableforengaginginriskybehaviors,includingsubstanceuseandabuse(Kaylen,M.
T.,&Pridemore,W.,2011).Familyconflictandtherelationshipbetweentheparentand
adolescentarekeyfactorsresultingininvolvementinsubstanceabuse.Familyriskfactors
includeinadequateparentalsupervision,poorcommunication,familytensionandconflicts,
inconsistentorundulysevereparentaldiscipline,brokenhomes,andfamilyhistoryofparental
alcoholordrugabuse(Kaylen,2011).Oneauthorstatedthatfamiliesmightdifferin
communication,sanctions,andinvolvementbasedontheirgeographiclocation.Forexample
familiesinmoreruralareasmybemoreinvolvedwiththeiradolescentchildrenandconcerned

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aboutstayingwithinthenormativeboundsofbehaviorasprescribedbytheirspecificcommunity
(Rioux,A.R.,&Hollist,D.R.2010).Accordingtotheliteratureparentsdonotknowhow
commonsubstanceabuseisamongadolescents.Familystructure,suchasatwoparentsorsingle
parentseemtohavestronginfluencesonwhetheranadolescentengagesinsubstanceabuseas
well.Thosewhohadtwoparentswerelesslikelyabusealcoholordrugsaccordingtothe
research.
Individualriskfactorsarealsopredominantwhendeterminingwhyadolescentsinvolve
themselvesinriskybehaviors.Someofthesefactorsincludehistoryaggressivebehavior;history
ofphysicalorsexualabuse,emotional,social,oracademicdifficulties,impulsivity,unstable
emotions,andlowperceptionofthedangersinherentindruguse(Ali,S.,Mouton,C.P.,Jabeen,
S.,Ofoemezie,E.,Bailey,R.K.,Shahid,M.,&Zeng,Q.2011).Otherimportantriskfactors
includelowsocioeconomicstatus,livinginahighcrimeanddruguseneighborhood,drug
availability,peerpressure,levelofeducationandhistoryofmentalillness.
AdolescentSubstanceAbuseandTheory
Peerinfluencewasalsoapredominantfactorforadolescentsubstanceabusewithinthe
literature.Sociallearningtheorysuggeststhatthelikelihoodofsubstanceusewillbehighin
thosesituationswheretheperceivedrewardsassociatedwiththepracticearehighandthecosts
associatedwithsubstanceusearelow.Thus,substanceuseispartofalearningprocesswhere
youthslearnthebenefitsandpunishmentsbothindirectlythroughobservingthereactionstothe
useofothersanddirectlythroughtheirinteractionswithothersandothersfavorableor
unfavorablereactionstotheirownuse(Rioux,2010).Thistheoryisrelatedbacktodependent

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variableofsubstancebecausebasedontheadolescentscommunitytheywilllearncertainnorms
includingdruguse.Theliteratureemphasizedhowpositiveadultinfluencesdecreasedthe
chancesofadolescencebeinginvolvedinriskybehaviors.
Torelatebacktotheindependentvariableoflocationinourresearchweusedthesocial
disorganizationtheory.Inastudywithsocialdisorganizationtheoryitstatedthatmoreaffluent
areas,neighborhoodswithhighratesofpovertyarelikelytohavehigherratesofviolence,more
unemployedresidents,morevisibledisplaysofcrime,culturalnormsmorefavorabletodeviance
andmorecommercialaccesstoalcoholandtobacco.Socialdisorganizationtheoriesemphasize
thatyouthdelinquencyisnotequallydistributedacrosscommunitiesbutratherisclusteredin
moredisadvantagedareas(Pinchevsky,G.M.,Fagan,A.,&Wright,E.,2010).

EnvironmentalInfluences:Ruralvs.Urban/IndependentVariable
Themostwidelydebatedfactorintheliteraturewaswhetherlivinginaruralcommunity
orurbancommunityinfluencedadolescentstoengageinsubstanceabuse.Accordingtothe
NationalCenteronAddictionandSubstanceAbuse,therateofdrug,alcoholandnicotineuse
amongteensinruralAmericaisnowhigherthaninthenationslargercenters.Adjacencyof
ruraltourbanareasisimportantbecauseoftheinfluencethaturbanareasmayhaveonrural
areasintermsofincreasingthesupplyofdrugs,providingeducationalandeconomic
opportunities,andpromotingculturalinfluences(Lambert,D.,Gale,J.A.,&Hartley,D.2008).
Discussion:
ProgramDescription:

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Theproposedprogramprecedingourstudywillbeadrugandalcoholeducational
programforSouthCarolinaspublicschools.
Theservicesprovidedintheproposedprogramaretoincludealcoholandsubstance
abusepreventionprogrammingforadolescentsinthecommunitiesfoundtobemostatriskin
SouthCarolina.Thiswilltaketheformofclasses/seminarsprovidedforgradeschoolsandin
localcommunitycenters,andmaybeevenadesignatedalcoholanddrugtypecounselor/social
workerplacedineachschoolinatriskareasthatareaccessibleforchildrenlivinginatrisk
environments.Aprimaryfactoroftheuseofalcoholanddrugsamongadolescentsisalackof
substanceabuseeducationorsupportincertainareasofSouthCarolina.Byeliminatingthis
factor,wewillbeableto,hopefully,greatlydecreasetheeffectsofthisissue.
Thecharacteristicsofclientsservedwillincludethecharacteristicsofthepopulation
addressedintheresearchquestion:betweentheagesof12and20,livinginSouthCarolina,and
residingintheenvironmentwhichprovestopromoteahigheruseofalcoholanddrugabuse
(eitherruralorinnercityareas.Basically,thismeansthatprogrammingwillbepromotedinthe
areathatturnsouttoneeditthemostforadolescentsinSouthCarolinawhoarebothabusing
alcoholanddrugsoratriskforabusingalcoholanddrugs.
Ideally,theseserviceswillbeprovidedthroughgovernmentfunding.Thefundingwillbe
apartofpubliceducationfunding.Ifthisisnotsubstantialfundingthenmoremoneycanbe
obtainedthroughgrants.Theserviceswillbefreeforstudentswhoareattendingpublicschools,
itwillbeworkedinasapartoftheirschoolcurriculumoreducation.
Thereisaprogramsimilartotheonelaidoutinourprogramdescriptioncalled
"D.A.R.E".Ideally,ourprogramproposalwouldbesimilartothisprogram,butmandatedforall

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schoolsinSouthCarolina.Thelongtermgoalforthisprogramwillbetoincreaseawarenessand
educationabouttheuseofdrugsandalcoholforallofSouthCarolina'syouthinthehopesofthe
preventionofdrugandalcoholabuseandrelieffromtheuseofdrugsandalcoholuse.
SamplingDesign:
Asmentionedintheresearchdesign,wewillsample2,300randomparticipantswhomeet
thecriteriaofourtargetpopulation;ages1220andresidentsofSouthCarolina.Theywillbe
bothmaleandfemale,andbetweentheages12and20.Thereasonwehavechosentheseagesis
thattheymustbeatleast12yearsoldbutnotolderthan21tobeconsideredanadolescent.We
willbeusingthestratifiedrandomsamplingmethod.Stratificationistheprocessofgrouping
membersofthepopulationintorelativelyhomogeneoussubgroupsbeforesampling.(Princeton
University)Thisjustmeansthatsincewerearesamplingfromdifferentgeographicallocations
suchasurbanandruralareas,thatwearedividingthemintosubgroupstomaketheprocessmore
reliable.
Oneofthestrengthsofstratifiedsamplingisitsorganization.Keepingthedifferent
groupsseparatedwillhelpeverythingstayorganizedandeasytounderstand,whichwill
ultimatelyleadtolessmistakesonourpart.Also,sinceitwillberandomlydistributed,itwillbe
unbiased.Anotherstrengthisrepresentativeness,becauseitwillbeeasytodeterminewhetheror
nottheparticipantsrepresentacertainpopulationaslongasweknowtheirresidence.However,
therearesomeweaknessesthatcomealongwiththissamplingmethod.Probablythegreatest
weaknessisvalidity.Asalsostatedintheresearchdesignportion,wecannotguaranteethatall
theparticipantswilltakeoursurveyseriouslyandanswerthequestionshonestly.Theymayalso

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behesitanttoanswerthequestionsbecausetheywillbeaskedaboutcertainillegalbehaviors
concerningalcoholanddruguse,andtheymaybeafraidofgettingintolegaltrouble.
ProtectionofResearchSubjects:
For the protection of our research subjects, we will emphasize the voluntary
participation principle. In other words, well will explain to our subjects that they are not
requiredormandatedtoparticipateandhavethechoicetorefusetointhisresearchproject.Our
participantswillbeawareofthefactthatthenineitemquestionnairegivenwillbeadministered
tothemontheirapproval.Asfarasinformedconsent,wewillmakesurethatoursubjectsare
awareoftheactionsthatwillbeconductedduringtheprocessofwhichtheyparticipate.Wewill
ensurethatoursubjectsrealizethattheinformationthatwegainfromthedatacollectedwillbe
used solely for the purpose of measuring the level of substance abuse in rural Orangeburg
Countyvs.urbanRichlandCounty.Thisinvolveseducatingoursubjectsonthelikelyrisksthat
could very well occur given the fact that they participate. Benefits that may result from
protectingourresearchsubjectsarethatthesubjectsmaybemorelikelytogiveaccuratedata.If
ourparticipantsfeelasthoughwearenotgoingtoprotectthemandkeepthedataconfidential,
thentheymaynotanswerthequestionshonestlyinfearofsomeformofpenaltyforusing
alcoholorillegaldrugs,especiallysinceallparticipantsareundertheageof21.Confidentiality
isveryimportantwhenregardinghumansubjectsbecauseiftheyfeelasthoughthedatayouare
recordingwillbesharedwithanoutsideparty,theirchoicetogivefalseinformation/answerscan
sabotagetheresultsofyourstudy.
FurtherResearchintheFuture:

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Thisresearchdesignisidealbecauseitcanberedistributedonaregularbasis.Thesurvey
canbeadministeredeveryyearinordertocompareresultsacrosstimeandseeiftheproposed
programdesignhashadanyaffectonthedependentvariable.Thisresearchdesigncouldalsobe
applicable in any state that one is wishing to study the correlation of an urban setting and
adolescentsscoresontheTASIscale.Ideasforfurtherresearchwouldincluderedistributing
thisresearchdesigneveryyeartoadifferentpoolofrandomparticipantsinordertoincreasethe
reliabilityofthestudyacrosstime.Thissurveycanalsobeadministeredinadifferentstateand
workjustaseffectively.
References
Ali,S.,Mouton,C.P.,Jabeen,S.,Ofoemezie,E.,Bailey,R.K.,Shahid,M.,&Zeng,Q.(2011).
Earlydetectionofillicitdruguseinteenagers.InnovationsInClinicalNeuroscience,
8(12),2428.
Kaminer,Y.,Burkstein,O.G.&Tarter,R.E.(1991).TheTeenAddictionSeverity
Index:Rationaleandreliability.TheInternationalJournaloftheAddictions,
26,219226.
Kaylen,M.T.,&Pridemore,W.(2011).AReassessmentoftheAssociationBetweenSocial
DisorganizationandYouthViolenceinRuralAreas.SocialScienceQuarterly(Wiley
Blackwell),92(4),9781001.doi:10.1111/j.15406237.2011.00808.x
Lambert,D.,Gale,J.A.,&Hartley,D.(2008).Substanceabusebyyouthandyoungadultsin
ruralAmerica.TheJournalOfRuralHealth,24(3),221228.doi:10.1111/j.1748
0361.2008.00162.x

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Nasim,A.,Fernander,A.,Townsend,T.G.,Corona,R.,&Belgrave,F.Z.(2011).Cultural
protectivefactorsforcommunityrisksandsubstanceuseamongruralAfricanAmerican
adolescents.JournalOfEthnicityInSubstanceAbuse,10(4),316336.
doi:10.1080/15332640.2011.623510
Pinchevsky,G.M.,Fagan,A.,&Wright,E.(2010).Racial/EthnicDifferencesinthe
RelationshipBetweenNeighborhoodDisadvantageandAdolescentSubstance
Use.JournalofDrugIssues,6984.
Rioux,A.R.,&Hollist,D.R.(2010).Community,family,andpeerinfluencesonalcohol,
marijuana,andillicitdruguseamongasampleofNativeAmericanyouth:Ananalysisof
predictivefactors.JournalOfEthnicityInSubstanceAbuse,9(4),260283.
Children'sHospitalBoston.2009.TheCRAFFTScreeningInterview.Retrievedfrom
www.caesarboston.org/CRAFFT/pdf/CRAFFT_English.pdf
NationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism.July(2013).UnderageDrinking[Data
file].Retrievedfrom
pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/UnderageDrinking/Underage_Fact.pdf
PacificInstituteforResearchandEvaluation.September(2011).UnderageDrinkinginSouth
Carolina:TheFacts[Datafile].Retrievedfromwww.udetc.org/factsheets/SC.pdf
STORY:.(n.d.).PrincetonUniversity.RetrievedApril29,2014,fromhttp://www.princeton.edu
Winters,K.&Henly,G.AdolescentDiagnosticInterview(ADI)Manual.LosAngeles,CA:
WesternPsychologicalServices,1993.

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Workers,N.A.(2008).NASWCodeofEthics(GuidetotheEverydayProfessionalConductof
SocialWorkers).Washington,DC:NASW.
Clark,TrenetteT.;Nguyen,AnhB.;FayeZ(2011).JournalofChild&AdolescentSubstance
Abuse.RiskandProtectiveFactorsforAlcoholandMarijuanaUseAmongAfrican
AmericanRuralandUrbanAdolescents.Vol.20Issue3,P205220.4Charts.

Appendices:
AppendixA:ConceptualModel

Gang
Involvement

Education on
preventative resources

Peer
Pressure

Access to drugs
and alcohol

School Systems

Community in which
adolescent lives

Single Parent vs two

Substance abuse among

Family history with

Parental influence on
teens development
and decisions

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