Critical Risk

Control
Protocols

WE CARE...

about the health and safety of our employees,

of those who work under our care, and of the
people our projects serve.

W inning the hearts and minds

of our people for safety requires each person to become a safety leader. These are
leaders who inspire, motivate and transform others to excel in safety.


E mphasis on safety and quality on projects

which involves the integration of safety into all core business activities, the
distribution of responsibility and accountability for safety to all employees at all
levels and the adoption of peer-driven safety review processes.


C ompetence of the organization and people

in indentifying and managing risk requires a systematic focus on behaviours, risk
perceptions and skills. Risk is inseparable from opportunity and reward and is to
be managed competently at all levels of the organization.


A nalysis of performance

while respecting lessons learned from previous experience, our focus is on

sustaining a proactive safety culture. This includes processes like root cause
analysis, positive incentive programs, safety leadership training, etc


R isk transformation

ensures that the overall management of safety is risk-based, systematic and

responsive to the dynamic nature of hazards and risks. We must stay vigilant and
support processes which effectively assess all of our projects, business activities,
and operations.


E ngineering innovation for safety

reduces risks in project design, infrastructure, construction, and operations.

It includes processes of quality management, lessons learned, e-technology,
innovation, and benchmarking against best practices.

Critical Risk Control Protocols

Revision History

Revision

Date

Description

Prepared
by

Approved
by

January
2006

Draft

Global Health
& Safety

T. Horton

June 2006

Initial release

Global Health
& Safety

T. Horton

November
2009

Checklists added

Global Health
& Safety

C. Price

December
Global Health
Excavations added - Protocol 7
2010
& Safety

C. Price

March
2011

Checklists updated

Global Health
T. Van Wieren
& Safety

January
2012

Full Document Review

Global Health
T. Van Wieren
& Safety

Caution: Un-Controlled Copy

Valid only at time of retrieval from network source directory.
User should verify that the revision number is the most current.

Critical Risk Control Protocols

Table of Contents
PROTOCOL 1 VEHICLES AND MOBILE EQUIPMENT

PROTOCOL 2 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

13

PROTOCOL 3 EQUIPMENT SAFEGUARDING

19

PROTOCOL 4 D
 E-ENERGIZATION, ISOLATION,
LOCK-OUT AND TAGGING

21

PROTOCOL 5 WORKING AT HEIGHTS

27

PROTOCOL 6 LIFTING OPERATIONS

35

PROTOCOL 7 CONFINED SPACE

43

PROTOCOL 8 EXCAVATIONS, TRENCHES AND CORING

53

Appendix A 59
Index

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INTRODUCTION

DEPLOYMENT

The Critical Risk Protocols are designed to

provide those controls deemed necessary
to prevent fatalities, serious incidents and
injuries arising from the most common hazards
associated with our business.

The mandatory requirements of these protocols

are signified by the use of the word shall.
The word should indicates that the primary
intent is to comply with the full requirements
as if they were mandatory. However, there
will be circumstances where local conditions
may demonstrate that the requirement is either
not applicable or an alternative approach is
necessary. Variation can only be considered as
compliance if the most senior manager of the
project approves it based on an evaluation of the
risk. The risk management approach adopted
must be consistent with the SNC-Lavalin risk
management process and follow the hierarchy
of controls.

The existence of these Protocols does not

provide coverage of all risk areas. Other risk areas
are addressed through our risk management
process , a key element of the SNC-Lavalin Risk
Register Procedure.

CONTEXT
These Protocols should be read and used in
conjunction with SNC-Lavalin Global Health
and Safety Management System, Standards
and Procedures. The SNC-Lavalin Global
Health and Safety Management System as
shown below is hierarchical, where documents
and systems must meet and support the
requirements of those at a higher level.

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APPLICATION
These protocols apply at all SNC-Lavalin
controlled sites for controlled activities, and to all
SNC-Lavalin employees, contractors and visitors
when involved in these controlled activities.

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS

practices to meet the needs of these Protocols,

the relevant legislation must be complied with.

The hierarchy of controls is the preferred order

to mitigate hazards and control risk levels:
1. Elimination: Complete removal of a hazard.
2. Substitution: Replacing the material or
process with a less hazardous one.
3. S
 eparation: Isolate the hazard (e.g. guarding
or enclosing it).
4. Engineering: Designs or modifications to
reduce the exposure to the hazard.
5. A
 dministrative: Limit exposure to hazardous
conditions or energies by procedural means
(e.g. timing of work, policies, signage and
work practices).
6. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Last
line of defence; hazards are still present and
PPE is used to reduce the potential for harm.
A number of these options may be considered
and applied individually, or in combination.
It is recognized that sound (and formalized) risk
management principles are still required (e.g.
beyond simple compliance with a mandatory
Protocol) to identify, quantify, control and
reduce the likelihood of incidents through the
investigation, assessment and understanding of
hazards associated with the activities covered
by these Protocols.
SNC-Lavalin operates a diverse range of
businesses in different countries and cultures
around the world, all with varying legal
frameworks. When applying procedures and

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The nature of hazards and extent of risk may be

significantly influenced by changes implemented
to operations, processes, equipment, systems,
services and people. This requires procedures
to assess the effect of these changes and
the associated risks. As with any formal risk
management process, appropriate change
management processes shall be in place.

APPROVAL FOR ALTERNATIVE

CONTROLS
In unique circumstances where the specific
requirements of a Critical Risk Control Protocol
cannot be fully achieved, approval for alternative
control measures shall be obtained by providing
a comprehensive and documented risk-based
management control plan, containing the following:
D
 etails of the Critical Risk Control Protocol
conformance gaps;
Alternative controls to be implemented;
T
 imeframe and associated conditions
towards achieving compliance;
Assigned single point accountability; and
S
 ign off by the one up manager to the
most senior manager of the project.

Maintenance of Controls
All controls require maintenance and monitoring.
The monitoring and measuring of control
effectiveness shall be instituted as part of the
risk management process for all SNC-Lavalin
controlled sites.

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PROTOCOL 1 VEHICLES AND MOBILE EQUIPMENT

1.1 Intent
To eliminate or minimize the risk of fatalities, injuries and incidents arising from the use of vehicles
and mobile equipment.

1.2 APPROACH
This protocol applies to all self-propelled vehicles and mobile equipment.
This protocol applies to all SNC-Lavalin controlled sites and activities, and to all SNC-Lavalin
employees, contractors and visitors when involved in controlled activities. This protocol does not
apply to employees personal vehicles. (Note: if client or local legislation requires more stringent
controls, then those controls shall be implemented).

1.2.1 REASON FOR INCLUSION

Vehicles have been involved in a significant proportion of fatal and high potential incidents in the
construction and mining industries. Identified causes and contributing factors include:
1. Inappropriate speed for conditions.
2. Driver fatigue.
3. Vehicle stability.
4. Driver distraction.
5. Vehicle condition (tires, brakes, etc.).
6. Alcohol and drugs;.
7. Poor visibility.
8. Lack of vehicle separation from other mobile equipment, objects and pedestrians.
9. Risk taking behaviour.
10. Driver experience/competency.

1.3 DEFINITIONS
Mobile equipment includes vehicles such as bobcats, front end loaders, forklifts, dump trucks,
tractor trailers, packers, etc.

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Light vehicles includes vehicles such as passenger cars, four wheel drives (including all wheel
drives), sports utility vehicles (SUVs), cargo vans, pick-ups (utilities), mini buses, etc.
Heavy equipment includes vehicles such as bull dozers, rock trucks, excavators, graders, etc.

1.4 DEPLOYMENT
Please refer to the deployment section on page 3 for definition and explanation, and approval for
alternative controls.
The requirements of this protocol are as follows.

1.4.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Maintain and operate all vehicles in accordance with manufacturers specifications.
2. 
Safe work plans shall be in place to ensure that risks associated with servicing vehicles
are managed and controlled. The systems shall include, but are not limited to, primary and
secondary stands specifically manufactured for the support of vehicles or mobile equipment
when support for mobile equipment is required.
3. Vehicle selection shall be based on a documented risk assessment process, taking account of
tasks, suitability for job application, environment and roll over and crash worthiness ratings.
4. Tires specifically designed for the hazardous road conditions, including tires designated for
winter driving during the season when snow or ice can be expected.
5. In instances where SNC-Lavalin staff must use short-term rental vehicles, all efforts should be
made to comply with these protocols. Where it is not possible to comply (e.g. winter tires),
alternate controls should be utilized (e.g. rental of four-wheel-drive vehicle).
6. Prior to allowing vehicles not specifically designed to dump their loads from uneven surfaces to
dump, supervision must ensure that the vehicle is on firm/level ground.
7. All installed and required safety equipment such as seat belts, air bags, emergency stopping
system, parking brake and audible back-up alarms shall be used at all times when the vehicle/
equipment is in use.
8. Before the operator exits a vehicle the parking brake must be set and the ignition turned off.
9. Circle checks must be completed to ensure safe movement of vehicles prior to use.
10. When the vehicle is parked on an incline and as applicable to the type of equipment, the wheels must
be blocked, the blade/forks/bucket lowered or the wheels turned into a berm or other obstruction.
11. Light vehicle running lights (low beam headlamps) shall be on at all times when the vehicle is in
operation.

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12. Mobile phones, whether hands-free or hand-held, shall not be used by the driver of a vehicle
unless the vehicle is stationary and in a safe location.
13. Controls shall be in place to ensure the safety of people working in traffic areas, including
working on unexpected vehicle breakdowns.
14. To allow forward egress into traffic areas and improve safe movement of traffic, in our parking lots
at our office and project sites, all vehicles should back into parking spaces where appropriate.
15. A fit-for-work policy shall be in place, incorporating defined action levels for drugs (including
prescribed medication) and alcohol and procedures for managing driver fatigue

1.4.2 PROJECT EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

All road going vehicles shall have the following minimum safety features:
1. Vehicles carrying passengers shall have suitable seats with seatbelts (no seat, no ride) and
shall not have seating that is side mounted. Passengers may be permitted without appropriate
seats if it has been authorized for training or for inspecting the equipment, but only if adequate
provision has been made for the safety of the passenger.
2. Roll-over protection is required for all vehicles where the risk of roll over is high.
3. Cargo barriers and load restraints for all vehicles designed for carrying loads (other than passengers),
or that are unable to have cargo separated from the vehicles occupant carrying space.
4. A first aid kit suitable for road emergencies.
5. Emergency roadside triangles or beacons (three of either).
6. Driver frontal airbag and passenger airbag (for light vehicles).

1.4.2.1 INTERACTION WITH HEAVY EQUIPMENT

All vehicles that interact with heavy mobile equipment shall:
1. Have means that enable communication to be made with that equipment.
2. Have a flashing, revolving or strobe light or for light vehicles reflective taping and a high-visibility
flag (e.g. a whip flag or buggy whip).
3. Ensure vehicles with poor visibility, oversized loads, operating in tight quarters or other high risk
situations are moved with the assistance of a signal person (spotter).

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1.4.3 MOBILE EQUIPMENT

Mobile equipment shall have:
1. Seatbelts for all occupant seats.
2. Roll over protection where there is risk of roll over.
3. Falling object protection unless the risk of falling objects is low.
4. A suitably mounted portable fire extinguisher.
5. Lights for safe operation.
6. Horn or other audible warning device.
7. Reverse alarm (except for bi-directional vehicles such as shuttle cars).
8. Isolation point (see Protocol 4 De-Energization, Isolation, Lock-Out and Tagging) that can
accept a personal lock.
9. Wheel chocks for rubber tired mobile equipment.

1.4.4 EQUIPMENT INSPECTION

1. Inspect vehicles at the start of each shift and complete a pre-shift vehicle/equipment checklist
and keep the checklist on the vehicle for that shift.
2. Prior to acceptance and use of heavy and mobile equipment on site, a mechanical inspection must
be carried out and a copy of the inspection forwarded to the appropriate SNC-Lavalin personnel.
3. Ensure that a formal, effective and auditable preventive maintenance program is established for
all vehicles and mobile equipment.
4. Immediately tag and lock vehicles out of service that have been found to have defects that pose
a hazard to safe operation.

1.4.5 MODIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT

Stamped engineering documents shall accompany all vehicle/mobile equipment modifications,
including the attachment of any equipment. Examples of changes or modifications may include, but
are not be limited to:
1. Any change or modification made to the overall vehicle body structure or design.
2. Any change or modification made to the original manufacturers required or suggested type of
tires or wheels.

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3. Any change or modification made to the vehicle suspension system, mechanical system, or
lifting capacity.
4. Any change or modification that may adversely alter the vehicles centre of gravity.
5. Any change or modification that may affect the vehicles load carrying capacity.
6. Any change that may affect the vehicles crash-worthiness or the effective operation of any
vehicle feature.

1.4.6 JOURNEY MANAGEMENT PLANS

Journey management plans are required anytime employees are required to travel:
1. More than 400 km or 4 hours.
2. In areas that pose safety and security risks due to political or social instability.
3. In unpopulated areas with limited communication ability.
4. In areas where conditions make the travel more hazardous:

a) extensive travel on unpaved or unmaintained roadways.

b) high levels of wildlife interactions.

c) mountainous areas.

d) dangerous seasonal or extreme weather conditions.

Systems shall be in place to ensure that risks associated with vehicle journeys are managed and
controlled. The systems should include, but not be limited, to:
1. Journey management plans in place prior to commencement of new or changed travel activities.
2. Identification and monitoring of the risks associated with the number of journeys, routes, intersections,
etc. To ensure that the overall exposure is reduced to as low as reasonably practicable.
3. The need for survival or emergency equipment suitable for the operating environment.
4. Assessment and communication of changed environmental and road conditions at the time of travel.
5. Outline of actions required in the event of an emergency (e.g. collision or break down).
6. Provisions to manage driver fatigue.
7. When traveling long distances or in remote areas alone, a check-in schedule is established with
a contact person who knows how to respond if a problem develops.

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1.4.7 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLANS

An assessment needs to be completed to see if there are any traffic hazards at a given project, and
if so a site-based traffic management plan shall be in place including, but not limited to the following:
1. 
A traffic control person (spotter) is required any time a large vehicle is backing up on a
construction site, any vehicle that is backing up into a congested area, and any time project
equipment interacts with the public to ensure a clear and safe path of travel. This person shall
have sufficient documented training to complete this task.
2. Setting of appropriate speed limits for vehicle types, road surfaces and environmental conditions.
3. Overtaking protocol.
4. Procedures for light vehicles entering hazardous or restricted areas.
5. Clear communication protocols.
6. 
Standards for safe following distances based on operational circumstances, environmental
conditions and near sight (blind spot) limitations of other mobile equipment.
7. Installation and maintenance of road traffic control signs as appropriate to the work site.
8. Parking procedures (e.g. safe parking distances/locations) and required barriers from heavy
mobile equipment and pedestrians.
9. A site-based review of pedestrian interaction, road design and layouts (including entrance and
exit points, intersections and other potential points of interaction between vehicles and other
mobile equipment), shall be conducted and updated when changes to layouts are required.
Where possible, traffic segregation should be used to separate pedestrians, light vehicles and
other mobile equipment.
10. Any changes to the site traffic management plan shall go through a change management review.

1.4.8 PEOPLE REQUIREMENTS

1. All employees, contractors and visitors shall be inducted in appropriate site road safety and
vehicle hazards.
2. A system shall be in place to verify that drivers of heavy and mobile equipment have a valid
and appropriate level of public road drivers license prior to being allowed to operate vehicles/
equipment off site. Where applicable, vehicle operators shall have their license on their person
at all times.
3. A permit or certification system shall be in place to ensure drivers/operators are competent
to operate vehicles in their intended environment, whether that be internal or external to a

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SNC-Lavalin site. Only qualified personnel or personnel in training under direct supervision are
permitted to operate equipment.
4. As a minimum training should include:

a) hazards assessed for a particular vehicle and the task for which it is to be used.

b) specific road/project site rules.

c) vehicle familiarization, taking into account the vehicles handling dynamics, blind spots and
various features.

d) loading and restraining principles where the vehicle intended to be operated is designed for
carrying cargo loads.

e) education and awareness of driving and travel risks that may be encountered within the
environment where the vehicle may be operated or driven.

f) emergency crash and breakdown procedures, basic mechanical principles including tire
changing and how to adequately perform a pre-operation check.

5. Where suitable, the SNC-Lavalin Positive Incentive Program should be used to reinforce safe
driving practices.

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PROTOCOL 2 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

2.1 Intent
To eliminate or minimize the risk of fatalities, illnesses, injuries and incidents arising from the storage,
handling, production, transport, recycling and disposal of hazardous materials.

2.2 Approach
This protocol applies to hazardous materials that, in one or more of their forms (solid, liquid or gas),
have the potential to harm our people, the environment, or our communities (all stakeholders), either
in an accident involving loss of control/containment, or in normal, controlled activities (e.g. storage,
handling, production, transport, recycling and disposal). This protocol does not cover handling of
explosives or radioactive materials.
This protocol applies to all SNC-Lavalin controlled sites and controlled activities, and to all SNCLavalin employees, contractors and visitors when involved in hazardous materials operations. (Note:
if client or local legislation requires more stringent controls, then those controls shall be implemented.)

2.2.1 REASON FOR INCLUSION

Hazardous materials have contributed to the number of incidents in the construction and
maintenance industries. They are generally associated with uncontrolled releases and have the
potential to affect a wide area around the incident (e.g. gases can travel significant distances). It
is therefore necessary to ensure that equipment, processes, and behaviours are developed and
adopted that will manage the risk associated with these materials. The causes and contributing
factors to these incidents have been:
1. At-risk maintenance activities.
2. Lack of understanding of chemical properties and reactions.
3. At-risk manual handling activities.
4. Insufficient management of risk.
5. Equipment failure.
6. Insufficient primary and secondary containment systems.

2.3 DEFINITIONS
HAZOP stands for HAZard and OPerability study.
HAZID stands for HAZard Identification.
MSDS stands for Material Safety Data Sheet.
HAZCHEM stands for HAZardous CHEMical.

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ALARP stands for As Low As Reasonably Practicable.

HAZMAT stands for HAZardous MATaterials

2.4 DEPLOYMENT
Please refer to the deployment section on page 3 for definition and explanation, and approval for
alternative controls.
The requirements of this protocol are as follows.

2.4.1 FACILITIES, PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. Provisions shall be made for the safe venting, drainage and containment of hazardous materials,
where required by normal operations, maintenance and repair activities, and emergency
situations. These provisions should be based on a formal risk assessment process, such as
HAZOP or HAZID studies, and take into consideration any applicable environmental legislation.
2. For toxic gas release, an adequate model of dispersion shall be available for credible scenarios, in
order to determine the zone of exclusion and adequate containment area for impacted personnel.
3. Labelling shall be in place on all storage vessels, containers and tanks, as per appropriate local
or applicable CSA standards. This labelling shall clearly identify the carried or stored material.
Supporting information (e.g. material safety data sheets [MSDS]) shall also be readily available
at the point of use and storage locations.
4. Piping containing hazardous substances shall be marked such that the contents and direction
of flow of the piping can be identified.
5. Security and access control systems and hardware shall be in place, appropriate to the risk, to
manage access to areas where hazardous materials are stored and used. These areas must
also be designed for easy access for firefighting and emergency response efforts. Storage
facilities must protect hazardous materials containers from physical damage due to factors such
as, but not limited to, extreme temperatures, moisture, corrosive mist and vapours, and vehicles.
6. Fixed and personal detection devices shall be considered as options in the selection of potential
risk reduction measures. These are the redesign and separation controls, and personal
protective equipment as described in the Hierarchy of Controls.

2.4.2 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS

1. The requirements of relevant OH&S legislation, regulations, standards and industry codes of
practice shall be applied.
2. A program must be in place to assess safer alternatives to current hazardous materials based on
risk assessment and also consider product and process reformulation/redesign actions where
technically feasible.

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3. Optimization practices must be designed to minimize the inventory of hazardous materials to

necessary amounts for justifiable use.
4. A risk management process shall be in place for all hazardous materials to identify:

a) the selection criteria and lifecycle analysis for all hazardous materials, including the means
of disposal.

b) the level of risk associated with the hazardous materials.

c) controls required to manage the risk to levels that are ALARP.

d) the performance requirements (reliabilities and capacities) of specific equipment and systems
included in these controls.

5. All facilities which have high levels of risk from hazardous substances shall provide an emergency
response plan which includes:

a) means of escape in an emergency situation.

b) emergency response teams appropriate to the risk.

c) appropriate number and location of safe refuge and assembly areas for people.

d) emergency response equipment for spillage containment, fires, explosions, burns, etc.

e) appropriate response arrangements with external medical providers (e.g. ambulance, hospitals,
fire brigade etc).

f) 
emergency response procedures appropriate to the risk; and theoretical and practical
training of involved personnel.

g) recovery procedure and disposal of the hazardous material.

6. A system shall be in place whereby the introduction and disposal of hazardous materials,
including empty containers, shall be approved by the site Hazardous Materials Co-coordinator
(refer to requirement number 2.4.3.1 of this protocol) prior to introduction or disposal.
7. A site register shall be in place for all hazardous materials, and includes:
a) name;

b) HAZCHEM/United Nations code;

c) MSDS;

d) summary of maximum inventory;

e) storage requirements and precautions;

f) location, physical properties of the materials, where they are used; and

g) approved disposal methods.

8. A system shall be in place to ensure that MSDS are readily available to all personnel (employees,
contractors and other affected parties such as first aiders and medical personnel) involved in

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the transportation, storage, handling, use and disposal of hazardous materials and be in the
language commonly used at the site.
9. A system shall be in place to ensure that all relevant design documents and drawings associated
with this protocol are up-to-date, controlled and available.
10. Critical activities involving hazardous material, which have the potential for immediate or long-term
harm, shall be identified and safe operating procedures and training documented, including selection,
transportation, storage, handling, and use and disposal of incompatible hazardous substances.
11. 
Monitoring systems for hazardous materials shall be in place to ensure that the status of
process operations is understood and shown clearly at all times. These systems shall include the
procedure for a documented hand-over between shifts that records any relevant information/
changes in operating status.
12. A permit to work system shall be in place to ensure proper decontamination of land, facilities,
and equipment, isolation, use of the correct personal protective equipment, and any special
requirements or precautions (e.g. requirements for venting, clearing of piping or when using open
flames) where the occupational exposure limit of a hazardous substance could be exceeded.
13. Documented emergency response plans for incidents involving hazardous materials shall be
in place, reviewed, revised (if necessary) tested annually. This shall include external support
services such as local ambulance and hospitals as appropriate to the risk.
14. A system shall be in place to authorize and control the training of appropriate personnel in normal
transportation, storage handling, use and disposal of, and emergency response procedures for
hazardous materials.
15. A system shall be in place to monitor short and long-term exposure of personnel to hazardous
materials, whenever there is the potential for immediate or long-term harm. This system shall
ensure that fatality potential is also addressed.
16. Procedures shall be in place for transporting hazardous materials. Where required, a hazardous
material manifest and supporting documentation shall be completed and shipped with the
hazardous material. This documentation shall comply with local legislation and be readily
available to be audited by SNC-Lavalin.

2.4.3 PEOPLE REQUIREMENTS

1. The role of a site Hazardous Materials Coordinator shall be required at sites where hazardous
materials are processed, stored and handled. This person shall be competent to understand
and evaluate the risks associated with hazardous materials. The individual shall be responsible
for assessing the hazardous properties and authorizing the use of hazardous materials on site,
as well as dictating any required controls to be implemented prior to use.

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2. 
A competency based training program shall be in place for operations, maintenance and
emergency response roles involving hazardous materials.
3. Behaviour based observations shall include the operation of equipment and systems handling
hazardous materials.

2.4.4 SAFETY IN DESIGN

1. The design of a facility or process, permanent or temporary, which transports, produces, stores,
uses or disposes of hazardous materials shall be reviewed, amended as necessary and documented
utilising adequate risk analysis methods and tool. As-built design drawings (e.g. process and
instrumentation diagrams, process flow diagrams, layout drawings, isometrics, etc.) shall be
updated as a result of these reviews.
2. All specifications for the design and/or modification of hazardous materials facilities shall be
subject to a risk analysis that includes hazardous materials selection, transport, production,
storage, handling, use and disposal. Previous incidents should be reviewed to ensure risk is as
low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). Identified hazardous situations and associated risks will
be recorded in the Project HSE Risk Register using Risk Management Tool.
3. Process control systems shall ensure that the potential for personnel to be exposed to hazardous
materials is eliminated wherever possible or reduced to ALARP.
4. Automatic project control systems should be in place in hazardous material facilities to eliminate
the need for operator intervention and maintain operation within the required parameters. Such
systems shall incorporate fail to safe systems in the event of emergencies. Where automatic
control is not practicable, risk assessment shall be used to identify and implement operational
options that reduce health, safety and environment risks to ALARP.
5. A system shall be in place to identify and document the selection, use, maintenance, inspection,
testing schedules and procedures for critical equipment associated with hazardous materials.
6. A system shall be in place for the management of change of equipment and/or processes for
selection, transportation, storage, handling use and disposal and shall include specific steps to
assess the impact of changes on the risk associated with hazardous materials.
7. Safe operating limits for equipment handling hazardous materials, which have the potential for
immediate or long-term harm, shall be clearly defined, documented and available to operations
and maintenance personnel.
8. A system shall be in place to control simultaneous operations involving hazardous materials to
avoid mixing of incompatible materials.

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PROTOCOL 3 EQUIPMENT SAFEGUARDING

3.1 INTENT
To eliminate the risk of fatalities, and injuries when there is potential for human interaction with
moving parts of potential energy releases of machines and equipment.

3.2 APPROACH
This protocol applies to the safeguarding of people from moving parts, mobile machines, equipment
and power tools, including moving equipment, high pressure equipment and applications, electrical,
other energy sources with the potential to move, and objects falling or projected from moving parts.
This protocol applies to all SNC-Lavalin controlled sites and activities, and to all SNC-Lavalin
employees, contractors and visitors when interfacing with equipment. (Note: if client or local legislation
requires more stringent controls, then those controls shall be implemented).

3.2.1 REASON FOR INCLUSION

A number of high potential incidents have been associated with the inadequate and inappropriate
safeguarding of equipment. The causes and contributing factors to these incidents have been:
1. Absent, inadequate or ineffective guarding in place.
2. Working alongside unguarded moving parts.
3. No process assessment to identify guarding needs.
4. Struck by objects projected from moving parts.
5. Struck by equipment mobilized by high pressure equipment (e.g. hydraulics, compressed air).
6. Working on moving parts with guarding removed.
7. Lack of guarding interlocks on potential/high equipment.

3.3 DEFINITIONS
N/A

3.4 DEPLOYMENT
Please refer to the deployment section on page 3 for definition and explanation, and approval for
alternative controls.
The requirements of this protocol are as follows.

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3.4.1 PROJECT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. Designers and purchasers of new equipment shall consider all energy sources and ensure that
they are designed to eliminate the need for guarding where practicable. Safeguarding shall be
selected where other potential mitigation measures do not adequately protect personnel.
2. Equipment safeguards shall be designed and constructed to comply with applicable legislation,
CSA standards, codes of practice and relevant recognized leading industry practices and
considering maintainability and operability.
3. Prior to allowing personnel into an operational or construction environment, a formal evaluation
shall be made to ensure the integrity of equipment safeguarding.
4. 
Where safeguarding and interlock systems are insufficient to protect people, access to
equipment shall be controlled and monitored.
5. Fail-to-safe/deadman switches or devices shall be installed on all manually operated rotating
equipment and power hand tools (e.g. saws, lathes, drill presses, etc.).
6. Guards shall only be removed for maintenance and repair after equipment has been isolated,
locked out and tested in line with Protocol 4 De-Energization, Isolation, Lock-Out and Tagging.
Where the temporary removal of safeguards is necessary on operating equipment, for the
purposes of fault finding, testing and commissioning, a risk-based procedure shall be in place.
Guards shall be replaced prior to equipment being put back into operation.

3.4.2 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS

1. The requirements of relevant OH&S legislation, regulations, standards and industry codes of
practice shall be met.
2. A documented assessment process shall be used to identify where safeguarding is required on
equipment and to identify safeguarding hazards that require interlock systems as an additional
control where required.
3. No guarding shall be modified or altered except through the application of a risk-based change
management process and if applicable, sign-off by a professional engineer.

3.4.3 PEOPLE REQUIREMENTS

1. People likely to come into contact with high-energy moving and rotating parts, shall be required to
have competency based training including what the risks are, what the controls are, emergency
management and incident response procedures and where to get further information, if required.
2. A training system that includes the requirements of this protocol shall be in place for relevant
personnel involved in the design, purchase, construction, operation and maintenance of equipment.
3. Only appropriately competent people are allowed to work with high-energy moving and rotating
parts and they must be instructed and supervised by appropriately competent people.

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PROTOCOL 4 D
 E-ENERGIZATION, ISOLATION, LOCK-OUT AND
TAGGING
4.1 INTENT
To eliminate or minimize the risk of fatalities, injuries and incidents arising from the uncontrolled and
unexpected release of energy or hazardous materials.

4.2 APPROACH
This protocol applies to the isolation of all sources of energy (electrical, mechanical, hydraulic,
chemical, gravitational, pneumatic, kinetic, stored energy, etc.).
This protocol applies to all SNC-Lavalin controlled sites and activities, and to all SNC-Lavalin
employees, contractors and visitors when working with all potential sources of energy. (Note: if client
or local legislation requires more stringent controls, then those controls shall be implemented).

4.2.1 REASON FOR INCLUSION

Failing to lock out an energy source can create an immediately dangerous to life and health situation.
A high portion of energy related incidents are caused by inadequate or improper isolation of the
energy sources. The causes and contributing factors to these incidents have been:
1. Failure to identify or recognize a source of potential or stored energy.
2. Inadequate training or competence.
3. Inadequate lock-out/tag-out systems.
4. Complacency.
5. Working on, or isolation of the wrong equipment.
6. Inadequate design/maintenance of isolators.

4.3 DEFINITIONS
A
 system or isolation tag is a tag applied to an isolation point by the person who is responsible
to ensure isolation requirements for the task have been met and is a tag that when applied
prohibits all use, operation or start-up of equipment.
R
 outine work is work that does not require a permit and is covered by a procedure, work
instruction or checklist.
Non-routine work is any activity that is outside regular operation of the construction site or a
site which we may be operating. Non-routine work can involve an activity where more than one
energy source has to be isolated.

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A
 group isolation is achieved when there is a single common isolation point that isolates more
than one unit of equipment.
A multiple isolation is a single isolation point that is locked and / or tagged by more than one person.
A short-term isolation is an isolation in place for one shift period or less.
A long-term isolation is an isolation in place for more than one shift period.
Software overrides are those that either electronically set and hold a device or electronically
defeat an output action for emergency and safety shutdown systems. Their functions are
electronically initiated and applied to control rather than power circuits.
P
 ersonal locking device is one that is provided to an individual for the purpose of their own
protection. It is not to be used by others, and can only be removed by the owner. The only
exception is the site master key that can be used by the construction manager or his/her
designate, or the manager in charge of the facility we are operating.
P
 ersonal danger tag is a tag personally applied by the individual prior to commencing work on
isolated equipment. The individual who placed the personal danger tag on the isolated piece of
equipment is the only person who can remove the tag. The only exception for removal of the
tag by others is when the construction manager or his/her designate, who after ensuring the
individual has left the site or facility we are operating, has given approval.

4.4 DEPLOYMENT
Please refer to the deployment section on page 3 for definition and explanation, and approval for
alternative controls.
The requirements of this protocol are as follows.

4.4.1 PROJECT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. Purchase and design of equipment (including hired and contracted equipment) shall be given
due consideration to meeting the requirements of this protocol.
2. Isolation shall provide positive protection and be achieved by the use of locking devices or the
establishment of a physical barrier or separation. All separations or physical barriers shall be
provided with either a permanent or temporarily fitted locking device.
3. Personal locking devices shall:

a) be uniquely keyed.

b) not be combination locks.

c) not have an unauthorized second-party master override key.

d) 
be kept under the exclusive control of the owning individual, and key(s) shall not be
transferred to another person for lock removal.

4. Designated isolation points shall be clearly labelled at all times to identify the circuit or system

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over which they have direct control. These labels shall be applied following a process of
preisolation identification using isolation lists, load verification, marked drawings etc. (where
permanently applied, these labels shall be physically verified prior to the isolation).
5. Lockout boxes, stations or equivalent shall be provided where required.
6. All designated isolation points fitted with personal locking devices shall be tagged. The isolation
tagging system shall ensure that:

a) isolation points are positively identified, including the name of the person locking out.

b) the reason for the isolation is clearly identified.

c) the date and time the tag was applied.

d) isolation tags are highly visible to prevent inadvertent operation.

4.4.2 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS

1. The requirements of relevant OH&S legislation, regulations, standards and industry codes of
practice shall be followed.
2. All sites shall have a documented isolation lock-out and tag-out system. An overall site specific
isolation and lock-out procedure shall be in place, and include:

a) definitions of appropriate treatment for routine isolations (e.g. maintenance activities for
construction equipment).

b) non-routine isolations (construction activities).

c) group, master and/or multiple isolations.

d) short-term isolations and long-term isolations (mothballing procedures are only required
prior to such activity).

3. No work can be done on any equipment or system until it has been established that it is in a
zero energy state (ZES), unless involved in commissioning or troubleshooting. If it is not possible
to establish a ZES on electrical systems, then the working live requirements of CSA Z462 must
be followed.
4. The isolation system shall be applied to all activities on site, including contractor activities
(e.g. construction, commissioning, operation of fixed/permanent equipment where applicable,
operation, maintenance, return to service, emergency, modification or demolition of equipment).
5. The isolation procedure should determine the appropriate isolation method for any activity, either
by way of a full description for specific cases, or by demonstrating the process that shall be
followed to achieve the appropriate level of isolation in new activities. This shall include, but not
limited to:

a) the role of work instructions, checklists, tagging requirements and the permit to work system.

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b) a positive registration process for people working on isolated equipment (personal tag, log
sheet etc.).

c) changed requirements associated with the duration of the isolation and tasks, or when tasks
take longer than planned to complete.

d) energy sources to be isolated (hazardous materials, mechanical, electrical, etc.).

e) the physical state of the energy sources such as their phase (liquid, solid, vapour, etc.) and
other characteristics (e.g. pressure, temperature, voltage, etc.).

f) controls required for the duration of the activity (temporary changes, emergency procedures,
personal protective equipment, etc.).

g) the requirements for formal contact with representatives in charge of each facility area
affected, and the process for granting written authorization to proceed.

h) special precautions when isolations cover one or more shift changeovers.

6. Prior to relying on an isolation to supply a safe working environment documented test procedures
shall be provided to verify isolation integrity including, but not limited to, the following principles:

a) identification of all energy sources or hazardous materials directly and indirectly associated
with the work to be performed.

b) confirmation of those systems requiring isolation.

c) notification of affected employees.

d) isolating the confirmed energy or hazardous material sources.

e) application of lock/tag.

f) application of isolation tag.

g) 
trying/testing of all systems and non-redundant isolations when reasonably or feasibly
possible (to verify the integrity of the isolation and ensure a zero energy state exists), and
restart procedures.

7. A formal procedure shall be in place for controlling clearances to work for the:

a) isolation and de-isolation of equipment.

b) handover and hand back of equipment between operation, and maintenance.

c) transfer of isolations between shifts or different workgroups.

8. Specific procedures shall be developed to address software overrides.

9. A procedure for testing and positioning during maintenance and set-up.
10. A procedure shall be in place to mitigate hazards in special cases where any one of the following
is not achievable:

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a) a zero energy state.

b) a test/try of isolation is not possible.

c) use of a locking device is not feasible.

11. Formal isolation procedures shall include requirements for investigation, reporting and removal
of personal locks/tags by an authorized person other than the originator.
12. The isolation system shall be regularly reviewed and audited to capture any previously unidentified
changes and revised when necessary.

4.4.3 PEOPLE REQUIREMENTS

1. Roles and responsibilities for electrical, mechanical, or process isolation management shall be
defined.
2. 
A competency based training system and field assessment shall be in place to approve
personnel before they conduct isolation processes.

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PROTOCOL 5 WORKING AT HEIGHTS

5.1 INTENT
To eliminate or minimize the risk of fatalities, injuries and incidents arising from working at heights.

5.2 APPROACH
This protocol applies wherever there is potential for any person to fall 1.8 metres or more, or to gain
access to within 1.8 meters of an open edge from where there is the potential to fall 1.8 metres
or more, including working from various forms of portable and moveable elevated work platforms,
cages, ladders, scaffolding and where objects could fall and cause injuries. Risk assessment may
identify high potential fall hazards when working at heights of less than 1.8 metres in which case
this protocol shall be applied. (Note: if client or local legislation requires more stringent controls, then
those controls shall be implemented). This protocol does not apply to rope rescue situations and
rappelling that are regarded as specialist functions.
This protocol applies to all SNC-Lavalin controlled sites and activities, and to all SNC-Lavalin
employees, contractors and visitors when involved in work at heights.

5.2.1 REASON FOR INCLUSION

Falls from heights have contributed to a significant proportion of our fatal and high potential incidents.
The causes and contributing factors to these incidents have been:
1. Failing to wear a harness.
2. Lack of job planning and job assessment.
3. Wearing the wrong type of harness.
4. Unstable set-up of elevated work platforms.
5. Wearing the harness incorrectly.
6. Unguarded or unbarricaded hole, edges, voids, excavations or walkways.
7. Absent or insufficient training.

5.3 DEFINITIONS
Fall prevention means the design and use of a fall prevention system such that no exposure
to an elevated fall hazard occurs. This may require more than one fall prevention system or a
combination of prevention or protection measures.
F
 all restraint means an approved device and any necessary components that function together
to restrain a person in such a manner as to prevent that person from falling to a lower level.

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F
 all arrest system means the use of multiple, approved safety equipment components such
as body harnesses, lanyards, deceleration devices, drop lines, horizontal and/or vertical lifelines
and anchorages, interconnected and rigged, as to arrest a free fall.
Fixed lanyard is a line used as part of a lanyard assembly to connect a harness to an anchorage
point or a static line in situations where there is risk of a fall.
Inertia reel (also known as a self-retracting lanyard or fall-arrest block) is a mechanical device
that arrests a fall by locking onto a drop line and at the same time allows freedom of movement.
Suspension trauma is the effect that can occur when a persons legs are immobile in an upright
posture for a prolonged period, after an arrested fall with a fall-arrest system. The person is
suspended and caught in an upright, vertical position and the harness straps cause pressure on
the leg veins. The blood flow to the heart is reduced, resulting in fainting, restriction of movement
or loss of consciousness. This may lead to renal failure and eventually death, depending on a
persons susceptibility. The condition may be worsened by heat and dehydration.
B
 arricading is defined as a physical barrier that prevents inadvertent access to an area (e.g.
handrails, access doors and gates or similar installations, temporary or permanent). Barrier tape
does not qualify as barricading.
D
 emarcation is defined as any method that indicates that an area is used for a specific purpose
or that access is restricted. Examples are barrier tape, painted lines on floor surfaces, portable
signs denoting drop zones or no access past a specific point.

5.4 DEPLOYMENT
Please refer to the deployment section on page 3 for definition and explanation, and approval for
alternative controls.
The requirements of this protocol are as follows.

5.4.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1. The requirements of relevant OH&S legislation, regulations, standards and industry codes of
practice shall be followed.
2. The risk of fall shall be eliminated where reasonably practicable utilizing the Hierarchy of Controls.
3. Fall restraint and arrest systems shall be the consideration when it is not practicable to install fall
prevention systems.
4. Standard work procedures shall be in place for the correct wearing and use of personal fall
arrest and fall restraint equipment.
5. All personnel who are at risk of falling over 1.8 metres or have an unusual risk of injury at a lower
height shall wear a safety harness with a shock-absorbing lanyard, unless the shock absorber
will allow the worker to hit the ground or equipment below. The lanyard must be attached to a
secure anchorage at all times while the person is in an exposed position. This may necessitate

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the use of two lanyards so that one can be attached while the second is being moved to the
next anchorage (facilitating 100% tie-off).
6. A self-retracting life-line (SRL) may be used in place of a shock-absorbing lanyard if used in
accordance with manufacturer specifications.
7. Due to the detrimental effect on their safe working capacity, lanyards must not be hooked back
onto themselves, unless specifically designed to do so.
8. 
All safety harnesses, lanyards, attachment slings and devices shall be inspected monthly in
accordance with the manufacturers recommendations and a record maintained of such inspections.
Any harness found to be defective shall be tagged do not use and/or destroyed immediately.
9. 
Personnel using fall protection equipment shall visually inspect their safety harnesses and
lanyards prior to use.
10. Personally owed fall protection equipment is not preferred for use on any project; however,
under special circumstances it will be considered on a case-by-case basis, at the discretion of
SNC-LAVALIN Safety Management. All personally owed fall protection equipment, if approved
for usage on the project, must follow the same inspection requirements as defined for the
project equipment.
11. All floor openings shall be protected by secure covers capable of supporting a point load in any part
of the cover, or shall be fully barricaded is any fall hazard exists. Covers must be labelled accordingly.
12. A documented risk assessment shall be conducted before the commencement of work at height
and at any time the scope of work changes or the risk of a fall increases. The risk assessments
shall include:

a) consideration for the potential of objects, as well as personnel, to fall.

b) selection of appropriate control measures using the Hierarchy of Controls.

c) 
the possibility for weather and other environmental conditions to influence the working
conditions (e.g. wind, rain, snow, dust, gases, poor lighting, temperature, etc.).

d) selection of appropriate equipment.

e) selection of anchor and tie off points.

f) condition of supporting structures such as roofs.

g) selection of appropriate barricading and / or demarcation.

h) fall clearances (e.g. length of lanyard + tear-out distance + height of user + safety margin).

i) selection of first-man-up systems.

13. All fall protection and rescue equipment shall be fit-for-purpose and undergo pre-use checks.
A documented inspection shall be completed by a competent authorized person once every six
months (biannually) at a minimum. An equipment register and tagging system shall be in place

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to indicate compliance with this inspection. Testing shall be done in accordance with the intent
and requirements of the applicable CSA standards.
14. Where the work method requires persons to detach and re-attach at height, a dual lanyard
system (100% tie-off) shall be utilized to ensure that at least one connection point is maintained
at all times.
15. Where the use of personal fall arrest equipment is required, a person shall not work alone
and there shall be other personnel in the vicinity that can raise the alarm immediately should
emergency assistance be required.
16. The written site emergency response plan(s) shall include plans for the rapid retrieval of personnel in
the event of a fall from height (e.g. response time is critical if a person is to avoid suspension trauma).
17. A system should be in place to prevent tools, materials and other objects from falling from height.
18. An assessment of the possibility of falling objects must be completed and appropriate controls
be put into place. Controls may include, but are not limited to barricading, warning signs,
tethering tools, snow fence.
19. There shall be processes implemented to ensure that:

a) anchors are designed, installed and maintained for appropriate load capacities and certified
by a professional engineer.

b) inspection and maintenance of fall protection equipment occurs on a regularly scheduled basis.

c) removal from and return to service if fall arrest equipment has been subjected to any loads.

d) a written JSA is completed when working more than 7.5 m above ground.

e) appropriate permission is granted from the relevant authority in high risk situations.

f) cranes and hoists used to suspend work platforms operate at appropriate load capacities
and in a safe manner.

5.4.2 PROJECT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. All working at heights equipment shall comply and be used in accordance with the intent and
requirements of the relevant approved CSA design standards and manufacturers specifications.
2. Where there is potential to fall more than 1.8 metres, personnel shall use appropriate personal
fall protection equipment. The use of body belts for fall arrest is prohibited, except for specialized
tasks such as pole-climbing belts worn by specially trained linesmen.
3. Where there is potential to fall into dangerous or unprotected areas, access shall be restricted
and assessed with appropriate controls put into place.

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4. Single person anchor points shall be capable of withstanding 18kN (approximately 4000 lbf).
Where it is not practical to install dedicated anchor points (e.g. ad hoc work), anchor points
capable of withstanding the required loads shall be identified through a risk assessment process
and shall be approved by a competent person prior to commencement of work. Lifelines shall be
tagged to indicate that they have been designed and approved by a competent person. Stamped
engineered drawings and inspection schedule are required for all horizontal lifelines prior to use.
5. Where personnel are required to work within 1.8 metres (6 feet) of an opening or leading edge
where they could fall to another level, they shall use personal fall restraint equipment, such as a
fixed lanyard and harness as a minimum, which will prevent them from falling over the edge.
6. Where operators need to gain access to places at height on large mobile machinery regularly (e.g.
to clean windscreens or filters), then access ways should be provided. These access ways shall
have handrails. Where handrails cannot be installed, then fall restraint, fall arrest equipment, or other
solution shall be implemented dependant on the outcome of a risk assessment of each situation.
7. If work is to be done on a surface not designed for normal/regular access, an assessment should
be completed to ensure that the surface can support the employees and work equipment,
considering such factors as stability and load rating (e.g. ductwork, roof).

5.4.2.1 ELEVATING WORK PLATFORMS (EWP)

8. Personnel operating elevated work platforms and cages shall be trained and certified for the
specific equipment they are using.
9. All forms of portable and movable elevated work platforms and suspended work cages shall
conform to the intent and requirements of the relevant approved CSA design standards. People
in the work platform basket shall wear a correctly fitted harness attached by a lanyard to a
suitable anchor point in the basket.
10. The following controls are required for the use of EWPs:

a) EWP to have appropriate warning devices.

b) all warning labels and stickers must be clearly visible.

c) there must be a documented inspection prior to use. The EWP should not be used if any
deficiencies are identified that adversely affect the safe operation of the equipment.

d) a signaller must be utilized while travelling in congested areas.

e) an exclusion zone must be set up around the machine while in use.

f) a harness and lanyard attached to the manufacturers installed anchor point at all times,
when inside the basket.

g) no working alone. A ground person must be in within proximity, enabling visible and audible
contact with the employee in EWP. The ground person must be trained to lower the EWP in
the event of an emergency situation.

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h) the EWP has been selected for the job so that workers are not required to stand on the mid
or top rails of the platform.

5.4.2.2 LADDERS
1. Ladders and associated components must meet the intent and requirements of the applicable
CSA standard.
2. The following controls are required for the use of ladders:

a) ladders must be inspected each time before use and apply appropriate corrective/preventive
action, as required.

b) inspections and tagging of portable ladders must be conducted quarterly, at a minimum.

c) the stability of any portable ladder must be ensured prior to use. All ladders shall be placed
on firm and level surfaces.

d) all extension ladders shall extend a minimum of 1 metre above the landing/step-off area.

e) only short-duration and limited-complexity tasks are allowed to be performed off ladders.
Ladders are not work platforms and should not be used as such.

f) step-ladders must be fully opened and hinges locked into place, prior to use.

g) extension-ladders should be tied at the top and bottom and maintained at a 1-to-4 ratio,
when in use.

h) the centre of gravity (belt buckle) of the person using the ladder must remain between the
side-rails at all times.

i) no side-loading or exerting or sideways forces while utilizing a portable ladder (e.g. cable
pulling, drilling).

j) if work is performed while standing on a ladder and the possible fall distance is more than
1.8 meters and 3-point contact cannot be maintained, a fall-arrest system should be used.
The employee must not work alone.

k) additional controls must be applied when using ladders near hand-rails or stairwells.

5.4.2.3 SCAFFOLDING
The following controls are required for the use of scaffolds:
1. All scaffolding shall be erected on firm and level surfaces.
2. Wherever practical, scaffold stairs should be used to provide access to the various areas.
Exterior vertical ladders shall not be used on scaffolding over 15 metres in height.
3. Only qualified persons are to erect, dismantle, or modify scaffolds.
4. A 3-tag scaffold access/inspection system must be utilized (green, yellow, red).

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5. To ensure a 3-point contact is maintained, and to reduce the possibility of falling objects, lifting/
nose bags must be used to transport materials between elevations whenever possible.
6. To minimize falling material and debris, scaffolds must be thoroughly cleaned prior to dismantling.
7. Stamped engineered drawings must be available at the worksite during installation, disassembly
and use of a work platform, where required.
8. Safe working load limits for platforms shall be clearly marked at the work platform.
9. All scaffolds, which are more than twice the height of the base width, shall be secured to a fixed
structure or employ outriggers to prevent tipping.
10. All scaffold sections shall be pinned together to prevent separation. Pinning shall comply with
manufacturers instructions.
11. Lumber used in scaffolding is of appropriate grade and marked.
12. Limits of approach are maintained when scaffolding is required near electrical lines, bus bars, or
exposed electrical services.
13. Scaffolding is effectively grounded when there is a possibility of electrical contact.
14. Where there is a possibility of contact with vehicles or equipment, scaffolding must be sufficiently
protected (e.g. jersey barriers).
15. A work platform must be removed from service if subjected to a sudden drop, electrically
energized, or showing signs of structural or mechanical damage or wear, and not returned to
service until certified as safe by a professional engineer.

5.4.3 PEOPLE REQUIREMENTS

1. All persons engaged in the erection, dismantling or inspection of scaffolds shall complete a
competency-based exam, to confirm their knowledge and understanding of these activities. All
persons who work on scaffolds shall receive training to ensure the recognition of scaffolding
hazards that may affect them.
2. A competency based training program for employees and supervisors shall be in place, which
includes provisions for maintaining competence. All persons engaged in work covered by this
protocol shall be adequately trained and assessed for competency.

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PROTOCOL 6 LIFTING OPERATIONS

6.1 INTENT
To eliminate or minimize the risk of fatalities, injuries and incidents arising from the performance of
lifting operations.

6.2 APPROACH
This protocol applies wherever lifting operations are undertaken. It includes lifts involving SNCLavalin owned, hired or contracted cranes such as mobile, crawler, tower, derrick, portal and
pedestal-type, vehicle loading cranes, electric overhead traveling cranes, and monorail cranes. The
protocol also applies to lifting accessories including slings, chains, wire ropes, shackles, padeyes,
containers, baskets, tuggers, winches, man-riding winches, work and personnel transfer baskets.
In addition to the manufacturers standard safety features, the intent and requirements of the
applicable CSA standards and local statutory requirements, the following minimum safety features
shall be included as indicated.
This protocol applies to all SNC-Lavalin controlled sites and activities, and to all SNC-Lavalin
employees, contractors and visitors when involved in lifting operations. (Note: if client or local
legislation requires more stringent controls, then those controls shall be implemented).

6.2.1 REASON FOR INCLUSION

A significant proportion of workplace fatal and high potential incidents have occurred in the course
of lifting and crane operations. Identified causes and contributing factors include:
1. Lack of job planning and hazard assessment.
2. Incorrect selection of cranes and lifting equipment for the task.
3. Inadequate knowledge of lifting operations by personnel involved.
4. Inadequate inspection, maintenance, tagging and storage of lifting equipment and accessories.
5. Lack of training in correct use of lifting equipment and accessories.
6. Lack of competence in lifting operations.
7. Incorrect use of cranes and lifting equipment, including poor practices such as side loading, over
loading and over reaching.
8. Poor recognition of unsafe conditions, including environmental conditions.
9. Operation of cranes and lifting equipment with safety and warning devices overridden, inoperable
or illegible.
10. Incorrect design of cranes and lifting equipment.

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6.3 DEFINITIONS
Crane refers to a mechanical structure used for lifting weight
Critical lift refers to any:

a) tandem lifts by cranes/lifting equipment.

b) lift over operating facilities/equipment.

c) lift where the lifting equipment is within 80% of its rated capacity.

d) lift involving special equipment or rigging (e.g. multi-level rigging, the use of more than 3
spreader bars, cargo nets etc.).

Lifting equipment refers to tools, tuggers, and pieces of equipment used for lifting weight.
Lifting operation means any operation using a crane and lifting equipment that involves the
raising and lowering of a load, including the suspension of a load.
Lifting accessories refers to any device which is used or designed to be used directly or
indirectly to connect a load to a crane and which does not form part of a load, (e.g. wire rope
slings, chain slings, synthetic fibre slings, hooks and fittings, swivels, shackles, eye bolts, rigging
screws, wedge sockets, plate clamps and lifting beams).
E
 ngineered Lift Study refers to a document which sets out lift calculations, and which is
stamped by a registered professional engineer.
E
 xternal rated capacity lighting refers to clearly visible green, amber and red lights mounted
externally.

6.4 DEPLOYMENT
Please refer to the deployment section on page 3 for definition and explanation, and approval for
alternative controls.
The requirements of this protocol are as follows.

6.4.1 PROJECT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. All electrical cranes shall have power supply isolation points capable of being positively locked.
2. Cranes shall be ergonomically acceptable to the site and have fall protection systems provided
for their operation, maintenance and inspection.
3. Cranes without a physical locking system that disables and isolates its free-fall capability, shall
not be used.
4. Electric overhead traveling and portal cranes shall have overload protection.
5. Crane cabins should be air-conditioned or heated in accordance with environmental conditions.

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6. All crane hooks shall be fitted with a positive locking safety catch.
7. The safe working load (SWL) or working load limit (WLL) shall be clearly identified and marked
on all cranes, lifting accessories and relevant lifting equipment and shall not be exceeded.
8. Load cells, load moment indicators and external rated capacity lighting shall be available in
accordance with the table below.
Crane Type

Load Moment
Indicator

Load Cell

External Rated
Capacity Lighting

Mobile Rough Terrain

Shall

Shall

Shall

Mobile Rough Terrain

Shall

Shall

Shall

Mobile Truck Mounted

Shall

Shall

Shall

Crawler

Shall

Shall

Shall

Pedestal and Tower

Shall

Shall

Should

Electric Overhead Travelling

Not Applicable

Should

Should

Mobile Pick and Carry

>10Tonne

Should

Should

Should

Vehicle Loading Crane

Should

Should

Should

Portal

Not Applicable

Should

Should

9. 
All cranes and lifting equipment, and lifting accessories shall comply with the intent and
requirements of the relevant approved CSA design standard. In countries where the requirements
of the relevant national standard exceed the requirements of the CSA standard, the national
standard shall apply.
10. All cranes lifting equipment and accessories that are subject to periodic inspection shall be
identifiable with a unique identity code or number.
11. 
A competent person shall determine the maximum environmental conditions under which
cranes and lifting equipment can be safely used. Except in the event of an emergency, cranes
and lifting equipment shall not be put into service if the maximum environmental conditions are
exceeded. Risks shall be assessed and appropriately controlled in emergency situations.
12. Items of lifting equipment that are subject to wear and frequent replacement (e.g. slings, shackles,
padeyes, shipping and handling baskets) or used to transport equipment to and from sites, shall
be colour coded to confirm compliance with certification and inspection requirements.

6.4.2 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS

1. The requirements of relevant OH&S legislation, regulations, standards and industry codes of
practice must be followed.

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2. A formal documented selection and acceptance process shall be in place for all new (to site)
and modified lifting equipment, taking into account the cranes various safety features and cabin
ergonomics, prior to commencement of work.
3. Manufacturers crane and lifting equipment operating manuals and load charts shall be available
to the crane and lifting equipment operators. These should be in the language of the country in
which the lifting equipment is being used.
4. Where the crane and lifting equipment operator is not conversant with the language of the
country, provisions shall be made to ensure that the operators can understand the operating
manuals and load charts.
5. A procedure shall be in place to address:

a) critical lifting operations.

b) lifting operations when the arcs of operation of two or more cranes can overlap*.

c) multiple crane lifting operations*.

d) the danger to lifting operations when adverse weather conditions are present or imminent
(e.g. electrical storm, high winds and sea state).

e) 
people safety when cranes and lifting equipment are operating in the proximity of live
electrical conductors*.

f) lifting operations when lifting near or over unprotected, equipment or services.

g) the effective hand-over from one operator to another for cranes with complex boom, jib or
tower configurations.

h) availability and use of check-lists for pre and post-operational inspections.

Detailed lifting plans are required for points above marked * and shall be approved by a competent
supervisor. Pre-lift meetings shall be held prior to such lifts to ensure all personnel understand how
it is to be executed.
6. Cranes shall not be used for lifting operations until crane operators have been given sufficient
time to familiarize themselves with relevant aspects of the crane.
7. 
Risks associated with all lifting, crane maintenance, assembly activities and environmental
conditions shall be assessed as part of the planning process. Barricading, warning signs or other
means of ensuring personnel protection shall be in place during lifting operations and for those
cranes left unattended in wind vane mode.
8. There shall be no side loading of crane booms.
9. With the exception of pick and carry operations, all lifting shall be carried out with outriggers
deployed and locked.
10. Controls shall be in place to prevent objects from falling from above.

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11. The lifting of personnel with cranes shall only be carried out using approved workbaskets or
cages. Cranes used for this purpose shall be approved as suitable for man-riding operations.
A recovery plan should be in place before personnel are lifted. Prior to lifting, any personnel in
an approved basket with a crane, a load test shall be completed and observed with sign-off by
designated health and safety personnel and a competent crane/lifting specialist.
12. The elimination of the need to work under suspended loads shall be pursued. Where working
under suspended loads is unavoidable, controls shall be in place to eliminate or minimize the
risks to personnel.
13. Any modification to cranes and lifting equipment shall be subject to the original equipment
manufacturers approval and to a rigorous change management process.
14. 
A preventive maintenance system should be in place to ensure that all cranes and lifting
equipment and accessories are maintained and in a serviceable condition.
15. All cranes and lifting equipment shall be inspected and tested (including non-destructive testing
as required by the intent and requirements of the applicable CSA standard) prior to being
operated or put into service. After any repair and/or modification, cranes and lifting equipment
shall be inspected (and non-destructively tested as required by the relevant standard) prior to
being returned to service.
16. Certificate of conformity to be readily available at all times in the crane unit.
17. A system of periodic inspection shall be in place for all cranes, lifting equipment and accessories.
Lifting equipment shall be visually inspected and confirmed fit for purpose prior to being put into
service. Visual inspection of equipment and accessories by approved competent person should
be performed on a regular basis (e.g. six monthly) unless regulations in the local area require
examination more frequently.
18. A register of all lifting equipment and applicable accessories should be maintained and readily
available at all times in the lifting unit. This should include:

a) the equipments unique identification number.

b) documentary evidence of all inspections.

c) certifications.
d) maintenance.

e) modifications and tests.

19. There shall be processes implemented to ensure that:

a) cranes and hoists are designed, constructed, erected, disassembled, inspected, maintained
and operated in accordance with the manufacturers specifications or professional engineers
specifications and the intent and requirements of the appropriate CSA standards.

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b) daily inspections are carried out on cranes, hoisting and rigging equipment by appropriately
competent people and these are documented.

c) the crane or hoist and interchangeable rigging equipment have appropriate identification details.

d) the rated capacity is not exceeded and rating capacity indicated on superstructure.

e) the load charts are located on equipment where required.

f) the crane and hoist equipment conforms to the relevant OH&S legislation.

g) the manufacturers manual is always available.

h) the inspection and maintenance records are kept current and are available.

i) any modifications carried out on crane, hoist equipment and/or rigging are certified by a
professional engineer.

j) safe means of ingress and egress.

k) appropriate calibrations of load weighing devices and moment indicators by manufacturer

are conducted.

l) multiple crane lifts are conducted as appropriate.

m) workers are warned of lifts and suspended loads are not passed over workers wherever
possible.

n) yellow or red barrier tape is used to barricade lift zone.

o) loads are never left suspended when unattended by operator.

p) nobody ever rides a load, slinging, hook or other rigging device.

q) emergency shut-off for electrically powered cranes is installed, tested and operational.

r) the crane operator receives direction of rigger/lift supervisor.

s) 
correct storage of hardware, slings and hooks is implemented to prevent inadvertent
damage and exposure to the elements.

t) mobile cranes or boom trucks have appropriate load weight indicators and trim indicators.

u) appropriate safe modification and operation is considered for cranes on floating supports.

v) mobile crane/boom truck tire type, condition and inflation is in accordance with manufactures
specifications.

w) appropriate load-bearing surfaces are used for mobile cranes and boom trucks.

x) safe travel is considered with loads.

y) the rigger undertakes required physical and load rating inspections of hardware, Slings,
wire rope slings, hooks, alloy chain slings, synthetic webbing Slings, metal mesh Slings and
below the hook lifting devices prior to lifting loads and process for removal from service if
required and a log of such to be maintained.

z) the rigging or rigging assembly loads are not exceeded.

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aa) the safe detachment of loads is considered.

bb) the rigging design factors for rigging components are met.

cc) the appropriate use of hook safety latches and securing pins.

dd) the rigging and slinging devices as specified in of relevant OH&S legislation are installed.

ee) taglines are used wherever possible.

ff) slings are protected from sharp edges with softeners while in use.

gg) allowance is made for load rating reduction due to Slings operating at angles.

hh) an engineering lift study shall be completed prior to any critical lift.

6.4.3 PEOPLE REQUIREMENTS

1. Suitably qualified, certified and competent person(s) shall be involved in the planning, supervision
and implementation of the lifting operations.
2. The roles and responsibilities for lifting operations shall be clearly defined.
3. A competency based training program for contractors, employees and supervisors shall be in place.
4. 
A competent inspector shall perform lifting equipment inspections. An approved examiner
should assess the competency of the lifting and handling equipment inspector.
5. 
Appropriate crane, hoists and rigging awareness training for people likely to come into
contact with loads being lifted, including what the risks are, what the controls are, emergency
management and incident response procedures and where to get further information if required.
6. Crane operators and crew shall be able to communicate in a common language and to use the
agreed to crane signals.
7. Sole crane operators shall also be trained in slinging practices.
8. A fit-for-work policy shall be in place, incorporating defined action levels for drugs and alcohol
and a fatigue management plan.
9. Behaviour based observations shall be performed and any need for additional specific training
shall incorporate the results of these observations.

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PROTOCOL 7 CONFINED SPACE

7.1 INTENT
To eliminate the risk of fatalities and minimize the potential for injuries or incidents arising from
entering or working in confined spaces.

7.2 APPROACH
This protocol applies to all spaces/areas which meet the SNC-Lavalin or prevailing legislated
definitions for a confined or restricted space. Furthermore, these protocols apply to any space/area
which may become a confined or restricted space as a result of work activities, conditions and/or
location. As soon as it becomes apparent that a space or area is becoming a confined or restricted
space, this protocol shall be applied completely. See section 7.3 in this protocol for the SNC-Lavalin
confined and restricted space definitions. Refer to local Occupational Health and Safety legislation
for definitions from prevailing legislation.
This protocol applies to all SNC-Lavalin controlled projects, worksites, activities, employees,
contractors, consultants and visitors. (Note: if client or local legislation requires more stringent
controls, then those controls shall be implemented.).

7.2.1 REASON FOR INCLUSION

Confined or restricted spaces can lead to Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH)
situations. The most frequent reasons for confined or restricted space incidents include:
1. Failure to identify the confined or restricted space.
2. Lack of job planning and risk assessment.
3. Inadequate training or competence.
4. Failure to prevent unauthorized entry.
5. Failure to carry out appropriate and sufficient air monitoring.
6. Failure to wear appropriate respiratory protection.
7. Failure to properly wear and/or maintain breathing apparatus.
8. 
Failure to have/use/wear appropriate emergency rescue gear (lifeline, harness, emergency
extraction equipment, etc.).
9. Failure to appoint a qualified watch person.
10. Failure to have a qualified rescue team prepared and capable to respond.

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7.3 DEFINITIONS
The definitions provided herein should not be considered a full and complete description of the
subject topics. Persons must check the prevailing legislation to confirm whether additional definitions
exist and are applicable in the place of work.
Confined space means an enclosed or partially enclosed space that:

Is not intended or designed for continuous human occupancy.

Has a limited or restricted means of access or egress.

Is large enough to be entered by a person to work.

At any time, contains, or is could contain, any of the following:

a) an atmosphere that has potentially harmful levels of a contaminant.

b) an atmosphere that does not have a safe oxygen level.

c) contains a material that could cause engulfment.

Examples of a confined space:

a) storage tanks, tank cars, process vessels, pressure vessels, boilers, silos and other
tank-like compartments.

b) caissons, coffer dams, pylons, pits and shafts.

c) pipes, sewers, sewer pump stations including wet or dry wells, shafts and ducts.

d) shipboard spaces entered through small hatchways or access points, cargo tanks,
cellular double bottom tanks, duct keels, ballast or oil tanks and void spaces.

Inerted space is one:

Where oxygen or fuel vapours are purged using an inert gas (e.g. nitrogen, carbon dioxide
or argon) to remove the hazard of fire or explosion.

Where oxygen is displaced to ensure the concentration is too low to support combustion.

Restricted space is one:

Which is fully or partially enclosed.

That is not both designed and constructed for continuous human occupancy, but in which
atmospheric hazards are not present nor likely to occur.

Examples of a restricted space:

a) electrical equipment rooms, utility tunnels, air plenums.

Purged space is one where contaminants inside a confined space are displaced with air to
achieve acceptable atmospheric levels.
P
 ermits are an administrative tool used to document the completion of a hazard assessment
for each confined space entry. Minimum permit requirements include the:

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the length of time the permit is valid for.

the name(s) of the worker(s) that will enter the confined space.

the name(s) of the attendant(s) (safety watch) and/or supervisor.

the location of the confined space.

the work that is to be done in the confined space.

the date and time of entry into the confined space and the anticipated time of exit.

the details of any atmospheric testing done on the confined space - type of instrument used
with serial number, when, where, results, date monitoring equipment was last calibrated.
Ideally, calibration would be done just before each use. If this is not possible, follow the
equipment manufacturers guidelines for frequency of calibration.

the use of mechanical ventilation and other protective equipment needed and any other
precautions that will be followed by every worker who is going to enter the confined space.

the process required for clear communication between the entrants and the watch person.

the protective equipment and emergency equipment to be used by any person who takes
part in a rescue or responds to other emergency situations in the confined space.

a signature of the worker who did the confined space testing. The signature on the permit
indicates that adequate precautions are being taken to control the anticipated hazards.

Please note, permit requirements are mandatory for confined space entry only, and may not be
required for entry into a restricted space.
Ventilated space is one:

Where there is continuous provision of fresh air into the confined space by mechanical
means to maintain acceptable atmospheric levels.


where contaminants are removed continually for the entire duration that work is being
performed in the confined space.

7.4 DEPLOYMENT
SNC-Lavalin Project Management carries the obligation to ensure the requirements established in
this protocol are uniformly and consistently applied on SNC-Lavalin controlled projects. In cases
where an area, equipment or condition is under the direction and control of a project contractor
or subcontractor, SNC-Lavalin project management will require the contractor or subcontractor to
uphold and maintain the requirements established herein.
The requirements of this protocol are as follows.

7.4.1 PROJECT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

7.4.1.1 CONFINED SPACE SIGNAGE

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Confined spaces should be identified and fixed signage erected at the entry points denoting that
a permit is required prior to entry. Where signage is impractical, other means of highlighting the
dangers need to be used.

7.4.1.2 CONFINED SPACE PROCEDURE

All employees, contractors, consultants and visitors who will or may be required to enter a confined/
restricted space shall be trained in the Confined Space Procedure. The procedure must:
1. Meet prevailing legislated requirements and be compliant with these protocols.
2. Detail what rescue equipment, systems, and personnel must be in place before entries are
performed.
3. Ensure that effective communications systems are available for persons entering/working in the
confined/restricted space.
4. These procedures shall be reviewed at least annually by a qualified person. The procedures shall
include directions for:

a) qualifications of the persons developing and/or approving confined/restricted space entry

procedures/permits.

b) qualifications of persons performing confined/restricted space risk assessments.

c) clearly defined worker and supervisor responsibilities and duties.

d) requirement to conduct confined/restricted space pre-entry meetings.

7.4.1.3 CONFINED SPACE PPE

1. All required personal protective equipment (PPE) including Respiratory Protection Equipment (If
required) shall comply with NIOSH requirements, the intent and requirements of the applicable
CSA design standard, manufacturers specifications and prevailing legislated requirements.
2. Respiratory protection equipment selection and fit test procedures including functional tests and
training, as applicable shall be carried out.

7.4.1.4 CONFINED SPACE AIR TESTING AND MONITORING

1. 
Air quality testing equipment shall be task appropriate and calibrated and maintained in
accordance with manufacturer and legislative requirements.
2. The types and frequency of the air quality testing is identified, scheduled and conducted preentry and ongoing while persons are in the confined/restricted space. The air quality testing shall
include, but is not necessarily limited to, confirming that:

a) the percentage of oxygen content is within legislated safe ranges.

b) lower explosive limits for flammable vapours is below legislated permissible exposure limits.

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c) levels of other harmful naturally occurring or man-made compounds are maintained below
legislated permissible exposure limits (H2S, CO, Methane, VOCs etc.).

Note: Air quality testing must be appropriate to the hazards, chemicals and conditions identified in
the confined/restricted space risk assessment. See control 7.3.2.1 Risk Assessment for more details.

7.4.1.5 ISOLATION AND LOCK OUT (CRCP 04)

All energy sources within the confined/restricted space that could result in undue risk from an
existing energized state, start-up or unexpected energy release shall be controlled in accordance
with Protocol 4 De-Energization, Isolation, Lock-Out and Tagging and prevailing legislation.

7.4.1.6 CONFINED SPACE DESIGN

A competent and qualified engineer shall inspect and certify:
1. All false works, supports or aids used to establish and/or maintain the confined space.
2. Any temporary mechanical ventilation systems which requires certification.

7.4.1.7 CONFINED SPACE EQUIPMENT REGISTER

All confined/restricted space equipment shall be fit-for-purpose and undergo pre-use checks and a
minimum of sixmonthly (bi-annual) documented inspections by a competent authorized person. An
equipment register and tagging system shall be in place to indicate compliance with the inspection.
Testing shall be done in accordance with recognized standards.

7.4.2 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS

1. 
Confirm the applicable requirements of the prevailing OH&S legislation, regulations, codes
and standards are understood and followed by persons assessing, controlling and entering a
confined/restricted space.
2. SNC-Lavalin or the contractor responsible for the confined/restricted space must implement
site specific confined/restricted space entry procedures. These procedures shall be reviewed at
least annually by a qualified person. The procedures shall include directions for:

a) qualifications of the persons developing and/or approving confined/restricted space entry

procedures/permits.

b) qualifications of persons performing confined/restricted space risk assessments.

c) clearly defined worker and supervisor responsibilities and duties.

d) respiratory protection equipment selection and fit test procedures including functional tests
and training, as applicable.

e) requirement to conduct confined/restricted space pre-entry meetings.

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f) 
implementation of a confined space entry permit system including the requirement to
physically inspect and monitor the space by the Entry Supervisor prior to permit approval
and signature.

g) ensuring that any energy sources within, or brought into, the confined/restricted space are
treated in accordance with Protocol 4 De-Energization, Isolation, Lock-Out and Tagging
and prevailing legislation.

h) ensuring the proper selection and use of PPE.

i) requirement to have immediately implementable rescue plans.

j) how communication will be maintained with attendants, and entrants.

k) ensuring clear access and egress are established and maintained.

l) ensure appropriate signage is in place to identify all confined spaces.

3. Procedures to evacuate the confined/restricted space if the air quality values reach or exceed
the permissible exposure action levels. Re-entry procedures must also be documented,
including the means of determining the source(s) of exposure, the measures to return air quality
to acceptable limits and the means of preventing future occurrences.
4. Ensure effective cleaning, purging and venting processes are used as appropriate.
5. The process for confirming that a confined/restricted space has been properly inerted prior to
entry, including notification to the relevant authorities as applicable.

7.4.2.1 Confined Space Risk Assessments

A documented risk assessment shall be conducted prior to entry into any confined/restricted space.
Re-assessment will be required during the course of the work if and/or when:
1. The scope of work or conditions within the confined/restricted space changes.
2. The air quality readings unexpectedly change during the work and approach actionable levels.
3. There are/will be changes to the configuration or the confined/restricted space which alter the
access and egress routes.
4. The documented risk assessments shall include:

a) description of the confined/restricted space.

b) description of the work activities to be performed within the confined/restricted space.

c) identification of equipment, materials and processes to be brought into the confined or

restricted space which may affect the air quality of the space.

d) evaluation of all air quality hazards and their corresponding risk levels before the controls are
implemented.

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e) evaluation of all other hazards and their corresponding risk levels before the controls are
implements, [e.g. noise, illumination, temperature, biological, vermin, engulfment etc].

f) evaluation and selection of appropriate control measures to reduce the hazards/risks to

acceptable levels, using the SNC-Lavalin Hierarchy of Controls.

g) identification of the PPE and respiratory protection equipment to be used/worn within the
confined/restricted space.

h) identification of the equipment to be used to ventilate the space, including as necessary the
calculations - performed by a qualified person - to determine the appropriate air exchange
rates and equipment capabilities.

i) identification of the type and quantity of gas detection equipment, and, identification of the
calibration schedules and frequency of testing within the confined/restricted space.

j) identification of the emergency response procedures, equipment and personnel to affect

rescue based on the risk levels and work activities.

k) evaluation of other factors which might alter the risk levels within the confined space, (e.g. wind,
dust, gases, distances, etc.).

l) identification of any limitations on entrants due to the configuration of the space, (e.g. maximum
allowable distance from the entry location based on rescue requirements.

7.4.2.2 Emergency Response

Emergency response plans and procedures shall be in place prior to commencement of confined
or restricted space operations and shall include:
1. The types of emergencies which may arise based on the risk assessments.
2. The means of notification and communication of an emergency, including the personnel to be
contacted in case of an emergency.
3. The means of initiating a rapid evacuation of all entrants within the confined/restricted space.
4. Written plans for the rapid retrieval of personnel in the event of an emergency. At minimum
this will include specific information on the methods of rescue and equipment requirements
(e.g. hauling equipment, overhead anchors, tripod system, reserve equipment, medical equipment,
additional PPE, etc.).
5. The names and contact information for the Emergency Response Crews, First Aid Attendants
and other first responders.
a) the numbers and positioning of the emergency response personnel must be appropriate
based on the hazards/risks inside the confined/restricted space. The risk assessment must
be used to evaluate and identify these emergency response requirements.

b) the training and competency requirements for the emergency response personnel.

c) where the local emergency response agency personnel (Fire, Ambulance, Police) are expected
to be part of the emergency rescue plans, these agencies must be contacted and confirm

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their participation in the rescue efforts. local emergency response agencies must be brought to
site and shown the locations of the confined spaces and any barriers to rescue.
6. An emergency management and incident response drill schedule must be implemented and
tested at intervals which ensure emergency response personnel are capable and competent to
affect rescue from the confined/restricted spaces.

7.4.3 PEOPLE REQUIREMENTS

1. All persons who will or may enter or work in confined/restricted spaces shall be appropriately
trained. Training shall include at minimum:

a) 
the roles and responsibilities of the Entry Supervisor, Entrants, Watch Person and the
Emergency Rescue personnel.

b) the requirement to be identified and granted permission to enter the space (no one shall
enter a space without the knowledge and consent of the Entry Supervisor).

c) The hazards, risks and controls measures for the confined/restricted space.

d) the requirements for pre-entry testing and confirmation of air quality prior to entry.

e) the means of ventilation for the space and the actions which must be taken in the event of
a failure of the ventilation systems.

f) the proper use of the air quality test equipment and the permissible exposure limits.

g) the actions which must be taken in the event the permissible exposure action limits are
reached or exceeded (e.g. shut down equipment, vacate the space, etc.).

h) the scheduled check-in procedures with the watch person.

i) what to do in case of an emergency, including first aid, emergency extraction and rescue
procedures.

j) the limitations on the work activities (e.g. no unplanned work may be performed if it has not
been identified, assessed and approved by the Entry Supervisor).

k) the general and specific PPE requirements, including respirator fit testing requirements and
restrictions (e.g. must be clean shaven).

l) general prohibitions and safeguards (no smoking, where first aid equipment is located, etc.).

m) a competency based test to confirm the understanding of the entrants and watch persons.

n) competency based tests shall be kept on file by SNC-Lavalin or the contractor who is
responsible for the confined/restricted space for the duration of the project.

o) recurrence competency testing must be performed for long duration projects and/or where
conditions within the confined/restricted spaces changes to increased risk.

2. 
Process to verify that only appropriately competent people enter and conduct emergency
rescue activities in a confined/restricted space.

a) all project personnel who perform emergency response must receive specific training which

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includes identification of the confined/restricted spaces and the specific response actions
for affecting rescue.

b) a curriculum must be developed and delivered to all emergency response personnel.

c) emergency response training should include practice exercises as part of the training program.

3. Projects shall utilize a process to ensure that selected personnel are fit to work in confined spaces.

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PROTOCOL 8 EXCAVATIONS, TRENCHES AND CORING

8.1 INTENT
To eliminate the risk of fatalities and reduce the potential for injuries and incidents when working in
and around excavations and trenches.

8.2 APPROACH
This protocol applies when creating and/or working in and around excavations and trenches. See
section 8.3 in this protocol for the SNC-Lavalin excavation and trench definitions. Refer to local
Occupational Health and Safety legislation for definitions from prevailing legislation.
This protocol applies to all SNC-Lavalin controlled projects, worksites, activities, employees,
contractors, consultants and visitors. (Note: if client or local legislation requires more stringent
controls, then those controls shall be implemented.).

8.2.1 REASON FOR INCLUSION

Excavations and trenches can lead to Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health situations and must
be effectively controlled to prevent incidents. The most frequent reasons for incidents involving
excavations and trenches include:
1. Inadequate job planning or job assessment.
2. Inadequate training or competency.
3. Failure to identify the location(s) of buried utilities.
4. Failure to properly cut back or shore walls, resulting in collapse and entrapment.
5. Equipment operating too close to the edge of an excavation or trench.
6. Spoils piles left too close to the edge, resulting in collapse and entrapment.
7. Falls into the excavation from unprotected edges.
8. Inadequate means of egress.

8.3 DEFINITIONS
Cut back means the process of, battering, sloping or benching an excavation to prevent wall
collapse, slippage or shelling.
C
 oring means any activity involving vertical or horizontal penetrations into the ground of surface
including, but not limited to, auguring, bore holes, installation of stone columns and/or piles, or
creating opening in floors or walls.

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Excavation means any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the earths surface
formed by earth removal.
Shoring means a pre-fabricated or hand built structure installed into the excavation to prevent
collapse of the excavation walls.
S
 hotcrete means the process of installing anchors, ties and mats onto a vertical face of an
excavation and then applying concrete to create a solid face.
Spoil means the materials removed from the excavation or trench.
T
 rench means a narrow underground excavation that is deeper than it is wide, and is no wider
than 15 feet (4.5 meters). See Appendix A for trench diagrams.

8.4 DEPLOYMENT
SNC-Lavalin project management carries the obligation to ensure the requirements established in this
protocol are uniformly and consistently applied on SNC-Lavalin controlled projects. In cases where
an excavation or trench is under the direction and control of a project contractor or subcontractor,
SNC-Lavalin project management will require the contractor or subcontractor to uphold and maintain
the requirements established herein.
The requirements of this protocol are as follows.

8.4.1 PROJECT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

1. Ensure that all employees, contractors, consultants and visitors who will or may be required to
create, enter or work in an excavation or trench are informed of these protocols.
2. All excavations greater than 6 meters in depth shall be assessed and approved by a Professional
Engineer.
3. All excavations exceeding 1.2 meters in depth must be cut back or shored in accordance with
prevailing legislation unless otherwise approved in writing by a Professional Engineer.
4. Trenches more than 1 meter deep and over 6.0 meters in length shall have a means of egress located
every 6.0 meters along the trench unless otherwise approved in writing by a Professional Engineer.
5. All spoils materials shall be kept a minimum of 1.0 meters back from the edge of a cut back
excavation, or, the distance equalling the depth of the vertical face of the excavation when cut
back is not used, unless otherwise approved by a Professional Engineer.
6. All mobile equipment operations shall be performed in accordance with Protocol 1 Vehicles
and Mobile Equipment.
7. All buried utilities within the excavation or trench area shall be identified and protected from damage,
or, shall be de-energized or controlled to prevent energy release. Control of energy release shall be
performed in accordance with Protocol 4 De-Energization, Isolation, Lock-Out and Tagging.

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8. All excavations with a vertical face greater than 1.8 meters high shall be perimeter protected to
prevent falls into the excavation. Perimeter guardrail protection shall comply with Protocol 5
Working at Heights.
9. All lifting operations (e.g. placement of shoring cage in excavation, lowering of rebar, pipes etc
into the excavation/trench) shall be performed in accordance with Protocol 6 Lifting Operations.
10. Barricades and/or plates shall be used to protect or cover any excavation or trench which
crosses a site or public roadway or sidewalk and shall be designed/approved such that they are
appropriate for the use (e.g. load consideration for vehicle and/or pedestrian traffic, etc.).

8.4.1.1 SOIL CLASSIFICATION, CUT BACK AND SHORING

1. Ensure assessment of the soil conditions and classification of soil type as applicable.
2. Ensure soil stabilization through cut backs, shoring or a combination of both. See the charts
below for cut back guidelines.
3. Ensure shoring systems are appropriate to soil conditions and work activities and are inspected
and certified by a Professional Engineer as applicable.
4. Ensure a design and construction plan is developed and followed for all excavations which use
shotcrete walls as the principle method of shoring. The excavation design and construction plan
must be approved by a Professional Engineer.

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Type of Soil

A: hard and compact

Compressive
Strength
(kPa)

Cut back diagram

144 <

the walls are sloped to within

1.5 meters of the bottom of
the excavation at an angle
of not less than 30 degrees
from the vertical

B: Likely to crack or
crumble

48 144

the walls are sloped to within

1.5 meters of the bottom of
the excavation at an angle
of not less than 45 degrees
from the vertical

C: Soft, sandy or loose

< 48

the walls are sloped from

the bottom of the excavation
at an angle of not less than
45 degrees from the vertical

Any

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Excavation Depth
(m)

Soil type

Angle ()

Cutback
(m)

A Hard

30

1.5m @ 30 = 2.6

B Cracks

45

1.5m @ 45 = 1.5

C Sandy

45

3.0m @ 45 = 3.0

A Hard

30

3.5m @ 30 = 6.0

B Cracks

45

3.5m @ 45 = 3.5

C Sandy

45

5.0m @ 45 = 5.0

Distance

8.4.2 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS

1. All contractor excavation programs shall meet the prevailing legislated requirements and be
compliant with these protocols.
2. A documented risk assessment shall be conducted before the commencement of excavation
work and at any time the scope of work changes. The risk assessment shall include:

a) identification of buried utilities and planned methodology for exposure.

b) identification of overhead utilities and protective measures.

c) equipment requirements and means of access/egress.

d) cut back and/or shoring system details.

e) spoils removal and stockpile methods, including placement locations.

f) personnel access and egress routes and associated ladders, stairs.

g) influence of weather on the condition of the excavation (e.g. deteriorating face or cut back,
accumulation of water, etc.).

h) evaluation of potential air qeuality and hazardous materials issues within the excavation
(e.g. accumulation of equipment fumes. petrochemical/groundwater contamination, biological
hazards, etc.).

3. Develop and implement written excavation procedures which shall be reviewed annually. The
procedures shall include directions for:

a) ensure that excavations and trenches are inspected daily or as conditions change.

b) 
ensure that personnel are made aware of the excavation through flagging, marking,
safeguards or other appropriate and effective means.

c) ensure that excavations and trenches that personnel may be required, or permitted to enter,
are kept free of an accumulation of water that may pose a hazard to the occupants.

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d) ensure that spotter personnel are used whenever mechanical excavation work comes within
1 meter of a buried utility. Manual excavating or hydro-vac shall be performed within 1 meter
of the buried utility until it is adequately exposed.

e) ensure that personnel properly enter and exit shoring cages.

f) ensure that personnel do not work in insufficiently sloped or unprotected excavations greater
than 1.2 meters deep,

g) emergency response and incident management.

4. An excavation permitting system shall be used for all excavations containing buried utilities,
voids, manholes etc. The excavation permit shall be approved by a qualified person prior to work
commencing.
5. Ensure that locate and as-built drawings are readily available for review by equipment operators
and spotter personnel.

8.4.3 PEOPLE REQUIREMENTS

6. Ensure proper training and instruction is provided to all personnel involved in excavating and
working in an excavation, including:

a) what the risks are.

b) what the controls/safeguards are.

c) emergency response and incident management and where to get additional information,

7. All personnel involved in excavating and exposing buried utilities must review and sign the
Excavation permit before commencing work.
8. Process to ensure that only appropriately competent persons act as spotters to guide equipment
operator near buried utilities.

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Appendix A

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Index

Confined space, 43, 44, 45

100% tie-off, 29, 30

Confined Space Design, 47

Confined Space PPE, 46

3-point contact, 32, 33

Confined Space Procedure, 46

3-tag scaffold access/inspection system, 32

Confined Space Risk Assessments, 48

A
access and egress, 48, 57
access control systems, 14
air quality hazards, 48
Air quality testing, 46, 47
airbag, 7

Confined Space Signage, 45

confined/restricted space, 46, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51
Coring, 53

crane hooks, 37
Critical lifting operations, 38
Cut back, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57

ALARP, 14, 15, 17

anchor points, 30

daily inspections, 40

Appendix A, 59

Demarcation, 28, 29

assembly areas, 15
attachment slings, 29

Deployment, 2, 6, 14, 19, 22, 28, 36, 45,

54

Automatic project control systems, 20

disposal of hazardous materials, 13, 15, 16

B
back-up alarms, 6

driver fatigue, 5, 7, 9
drivers license, 10

Barricading, 28, 29, 30, 38

buried utilities, 53, 54, 57, 58

E
electrical cranes, 36
elevated work platforms, 27, 31

cargo barriers, 7

emergency equipment, 9

caution tape, 28, 40

Emergency Response, 14, 49

check-in schedule, 9

emergency response plan, 15

clearances to work, 24

emergency response plans, 16, 49

communications systems, 46

Entry Supervisor, 48, 50

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equipment checklist, 8

group isolation, 22

Equipment Inspection, 8

guarding, 3, 19

equipment register, 29, 47

EWP, 31, 32

harnesses, 28, 29
HAZCHEM, 13

Excavation, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58

HAZID, 13

excavations, 27, 53, 55, 57

HAZOP, 13

extension ladders, 32

Hierarchy of Controls, 2, 3, 14, 28, 29, 49

External rated capacity lighting, 36, 37

F
Facilities, Process and Equipment
Requirements, 14
Fail-to-safe/deadman switches, 20
fall arrest, 28, 30
Fall arrest system, 28

I
Inerted space, 44
Inertia reel, 28

Inspections, 29, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 47

Interaction with Heavy Equipment, 7
interlock systems, 20

Fall prevention, 27

Isolation, 8, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,

47, 48, 54

fall protection equipment, 29, 30

isolation integrity, 24

fall restraint, 28, 31

isolation points, 22, 23, 36

Fall restraint, 27

isolation procedure, 23

falling object protection, 8

isolation system, 23, 25

falling objects, 8, 30, 33

first aid kit, 7

journey management plans, 9

fit-for-work, 7
fit-for-work policy, 7, 41
Fixed lanyard, 28

Journey Management Plans, 9

L
Labelling, 14

floor openings, 29
formal evaluation, 20

G
gas detection equipment, 49

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lanyards, 28, 29
leading edge, 31

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Lifting equipment, 35, 36, 37, 38

lifting equipment inspections, 41

overhead utilities, 57

lifting of personnel with cranes, 39

Lifting operations, 41

parking brake, 6

Limits of approach, 35, 38, 41, 55

Perimeter guardrail protection, 55

load charts, 38, 40

permit or certification system, 10

load weight indicators, 40

permit to work, 16, 23

lock-out and tag-out, 23

Permits, 44

Lockout boxes, 23

Personal danger tag, 22

long-term isolation, 22

personal detection devices, 14

Personal locking devices, 22, 23

maintenance program, 8
manufacturers manual, 40

Personally owed fall protection

equipment, 29

maximum environmental conditions, 37

Personnel locking device, 22, 25

mechanical inspection, 8

positive registration process, 24

Mobile Equipment, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 54

pre-entry meetings, 46, 47

Mobile phones, 7

preventive maintenance, 8, 39

Modification of Equipment, 8

Purged space, 44

modification to cranes, 39
modified lifting equipment, 38
Monitoring systems, 16
MSDS, 13, 14, 15

Multiple crane lifting operations, 38

R
register of all lifting equipment, 39
rescue equipment, 29, 46
Restricted space, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49

multiple isolation, 22

risk assessment, 6, 14, 17, 27, 29, 31,

43, 47, 48, 49

multiple isolations, 23

risk management process, 2, 3, 15

road design, 10

new equipment, 20

road safety, 10

Non-routine, 21, 23

roadside triangles, 7
roll over protection, 8

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Routine, 21

Step-ladders, 32

routine isolations, 23

strobe light, 7

Suspension trauma, 28

safety harness, 28
Safety in Design, 17

tag, 21

scaffolding, 27, 32, 33

taglines, 41

seatbelts, 7, 8

tires, 5, 6, 8

self-retracting life-line, 29

toxic gas release, 14

servicing vehicles, 6

traffic management plan, 10

shackles, 35, 36, 37

Traffic Management Plans, 10

shock-absorbing lanyard, 28, 29

trained, 30, 31, 33, 41, 46, 50

Shoring, 54, 55, 57, 58

training, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 25,

27, 33, 35, 41, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53,
58

shoring systems, 55
short-term isolation, 22
Shotcrete, 54

signal person, 7
site register, 15
slings, 35, 37, 40, 41
Slings, 40, 41
software overrides, 24
Software overrides, 22

Soil Classification, Cut Back and

Shoring, 55
soil type, 55, 57
spillage containment, 15

transporting hazardous materials, 16

travel risks, 11
Trench, 53, 54, 55

Trenches, 53, 54, 57

V
vehicle journeys, 9
vehicle operators, 10
vehicle running lights, 6
Vehicle selection, 6
Ventilated, 45
ventilation, 45, 47, 50

spoils, 54, 57
Spoils, 53

wheel chocks, 8

Stamped engineered drawings, 31, 33

work under suspended loads, 39

Stamped engineering documents, 8

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For further information or questions

on these and other Safety Programs, please contact the applicable
6845.2.1.1-EN-Rev.5 12/11

SNC-Lavalin Health and Safety representative.