Natural Gas Processing

Gas Field Engineering
2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
PCB 4013 - GAS FIELD ENGINEERING

SEMESTER
7/4
By
Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

([email protected])
(Mobile: 0143485422; Office Ext.: 7051)
(Room No.: 14.02.30)
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
Outcome Based Education (OBE)
Structure of the course (outlines/contents)
Lesson plan (Lecture, buzz-group, project work,

laboratory practical, etc.)
Teaching evaluation (Anonymous feedbacks)
UTP attendance policy (University required to present
monthly report on the international attendance to MOHE

Min. of Higher Educ.)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
The three major programme outcomes are:
PO-1:
Ability to apply knowledge of engineering fundamentals in

solving complex petroleum engineering problems supplemented
by specialization know-how
PO-2:
Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solve
complex petroleum engineering issues using engineering,

science and mathematical principles
PO-3:
Ability to design complex petroleum engineering components
and systems while considering possible public health and safety,

cultural, societal, and the environmental impact
COURSE MAJOR OUTCOMES

At the end of this course, students should be able to:
Estimate gas reserves [PO-1]

Analyze deliverability tests [PO-2]
Calculate static and flowing bottom-hole pressures [PO-3]
Describe various methods of gas transportation and
measuring of gas volume [PO-1]
COURSE MAJOR CONTENTS
Introduction
Overview
World consumption of natural gas
Field handling of natural gas
Natural gas processing
Properties of natural gas
Composition of natural gas
Ideal Gas Law
Properties of Gaseous Mixtures
Real Gas Equation of State
Determination of Compressibility Factor
Gas Conversion Equations
Gas Gathering and Transportation
Pipeline design
Reynolds number, relative roughness and friction factors
Pipeline flow equations
Series, Parallel, and Lopped Lines
Introduction
Gas Flow Measurement
Measurement fundamentals
Selection of measurement devices
Orifice meters
Critical flow prover
Choke Nipple
Pitot Tube
Gas volume measurement calculation
Gas Well Deliverability Tests
Flow-after-flow tests
Isochronal tests
Modified isochronal tests
Wellhead deliverability
Time to stabilization, radius of investigation
Classification, limitations and use of deliverability tests
Gas Well Performance
Gas well performance fundamentals
Determination of Static Bottom-hole Pressure
Determination of Flowing Bottom-hole Pressure
Gas Field Development
Gas reservoir performance
Optimum Field Development planning
Reservoir Deliverability
Well Spacing
Equipment Capacity Limitation, Tubing or Casing Capacity, Flow line Capacity, Compressor Capacity,
Pipeline Capacity
Gas Reserve Estimation
Classification of reserves
Volumetric estimates
Material balance estimates
ASSESSMENT PLAN
Quizzes
10%
Assignment
20%
Group Project/Presentation
10%
Computer program
10%
Test
20%
Exam
50%
Reference
Main Reference
Lee, W.J., Wattenbarger R.A. (1996): Gas Reservoir

Engineering, SPE Textbook Series, Vol. 5
Amanat U. Chaudry (2004): Oil Well Testing Handbook, Gulf
Professional Publishing
Chi U. Ikoku (1992): Natural Gas Engineering A System
Approach. PennWell Publishing Company
Optional Reference
John L. Kennedy (1993), Oil and Gas Pipeline Fundamentals,

2nd Edition, PennWell Publishing
Any Reservoir Engineering Textbook or Peer Approved
Publications on Natural Gas Engineering
CLASS POLICY
Attendance/Punctuality
Plagiarism
Honesty & Commitment
Timeliness (Submission of exercises)
Tutorials/Examples/Extra Help (Team spirit)
E-Learning
Read WIDE & WILD
LECTURE TIMES
Day:
Monday (14.02.09)
Time:
4.00 5.00pm
Day:
Thursday (14.02.08)
Time:
2.00 3.00pm
Day:
Friday (13.02.05)
Time:
Tutorial:
9.00 10.00am
11.00am 12.00noon (Friday)

QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU
Gas Field Engineering

2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
PCB 4013 - GAS FIELD ENGINEERING

SEMESTER
7/4
By

([email protected])
(Mobile: 0143485422; Office Ext.: 7051)
(Room No.: 14.02.30)
INTRODUCTION
Lecture Outcomes
At the end of this lecture students should be able to:
Differentiate between different gas deposits
Describe the importance and stages of gas processing
Explain the role of natural gas in the current global energy

demand
Assess future potential of natural gas as a leading fossil fuel
for sustainable energy generation
Overview
Schematic geology of natural gas resources
Overview
Natural gas
Colourless, highly flammable
gaseous
hydrocarbon
consisting
primarily
of
methane and ethane.
Associated (or wet) gas:

Usually contains some light
liquids e.g. C3H8 and C4H10,
thus called wet gas
Non-Associated
gas:
Not
connected with any source of
liquid; thus dry gas
Overview
Natural gas deposit
Conventional reservoirs: Not
source rock but the natural gas
has migrated and stored there
Rock has varying permeability
Tight gas from very low-K rock
Non-conventional reservoirs:
Natural gas situated in layers
in parent rock e.g. shale gas
and coal gas
Overview
Natural gas reservoirs
Conventional Reservoirs
Conventional Gas:
connected pores.
Large,
well-
Tight Gas: Small, poorly connected

pores
Non-conventional reservoirs:
Unconventional Gas: Very small,

hardly connected pores
Overview (contd)
Organic formation process
Natural gas is more
(abundant) than oil.
ubiquitous
Derived from both land plants and

aquatic organic matter
Generated above, throughout, and
below the oil window. Thus, all source
rocks have the potential for gas
generation.
Many of the source rocks for
significant gas deposits appear to be
associated with the worldwide
occurrence of coal dated to
Carboniferous and Early Permian
times (roughly 360 million to 271
million years ago).
Natural gas coming out of the ground, Taiwan.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Chuhuo.jpg
Overview (contd)
Discovery and early application
First discoveries of natural gas seeps in Iran
between 6000 and 2000 bce.
The use of natural gas was mentioned in
China about 900 bce.
First natural gas well drilled with bamboo

poles and primitive percussion bits in China
in 211 bce (150m or 500ft).
By 1900, over 1,100 wells had been drilled
(1,000m or 3,300ft)
Source:
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/nat
ural-gas/50586/History-of-use
Overview (contd)
Hydrocarbon Content
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon mixture of
saturated light paraffins (gaseous C1 and
C2), and/or C3, C4, C5 and C6.
In natural gas reservoirs the heavier HCs
occur in gaseous form under very high
pressures, liquefy at surface (at Patm) and
are produced separately as natural gas
liquids (NGLs).
The NGLs can be further separated into
fractions, ranging from the heaviest
condensates (C6, C5, and C4) through
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG; essentially
C4 and C3) to C2.
GAS RESERVES BY REGIONS
Global
Distribution
of Natural
Gas
World natural gas reserves by geographical region as of Aug. 2005 (Source: Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia)
GAS RESERVES BY REGIONS

Global Distribution of Natural Gas
World natural gas reserves by geographical region as of Jan. 2011 (Source: US Energy Information Administration)
World natural gas reserves by geographical region as of Jan. 2011 (Source: US Energy Information Administration)
GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRIES
SHALE GAS BASINS
Source - http://lp.bne.eu/2666_shale_gas_map.jpg
WORLD CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS
Source - http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2012.04.12/WorldNatGasConsumption_2010.gif
NATURAL GAS RESERVES, PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION
Source - http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/hc441/ft.gif
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING

Composition of Raw Natural Gas
Methane (in large quantity)

Ethane, Propane, iso-Butane etc.
Water
N2, H2S, and CO2
Processing phases
Gathering
Processing
Distribution

Processing phases
Gathering: Aggregating natural gas from wells through gathering
lines to processing plants
Processing: Extraction of imbedded NGLs and removal of water
vapour and other contaminants to form
A stream of marketable natural gas (residual gas)
A stream of mixed NGLs
Five main procedures

i.
Removal of sand and other solid impurities
ii.
Oil and condensate removal
iii.
Water removal
iv.
Separation of NGLs
v.
H2S and CO2 removal


Dehydration methods
Use of Desiccants: Hygroscopic in nature
Inert
Non-toxic
Water soluble
Liquid Desiccants
Hygroscopic salts e.g. Lithium chloride
Glycols e.g. propylene glycol
Solid Desiccants
Molecular sieve
Silica
CaSO4
CaCl2
Methanol injection
Toxic
Expensive
Disposal problem
Silica gel

Removal of Acid Gases
Sour gas and acid gas: Any difference?
o Sour gas
Contains significant amount of H2S
Characterized by sour or foul odor
o Acid gas
Contains significant amount of acidic
gases e.g. CO2 or H2S
Chemical reaction:
Amine gas treating (gas sweetening)
Diethanolamine (DEA)
Monoethanolamine (MEA)
Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
Diisopropanolamine (DIPA)
Acid gases

Removal of Acid Gases
Membrane separation
Synthetic membranes made from
polymers such as polyethylene,
polyamides and polyimides can be
used to separate acid gases from
natural gas
Batch processes
Currently marketed processes are
Iron sponge, Chemsweet, and SulfaCheck. Ferric oxides reacts with H2S
to give ferric sulphide
Fe2O3 + 3H2S = Fe2S3 + 3H2O
Because reactant (cleaning agent) is
discarded , the use is limited to
removing small amount of sulphur
VIDEO: PRINCIPLES OF GAS PROCESSING

Distribution
Mainline transmission line is a wide-diameter, long distance portion of
natural gas pipeline system
Compressor stations are located along the transmission system to
increase the pressure and flow rate along the pipeline

Compressor station
Compressor station in Morocco - http://www.mokveld.com/upload/business_case_visual/gas_plant_2.JPG

Compressor station
A compressor station in Korea: http://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpg
VIDEO: NATURAL GAS COMPRESSOR STATION
IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL GAS

CLEAN
Cleanest burning fossil fuel with very few by-products
It leaves no unpleasant soot, ash or odours
Switching to natural gas eliminates the need for an underground storage
eliminating the threat of oil spills, soil contamination, and costly
environmental clean-up
EFFICIENT
92% of the natural gas produced is delivered to customers. 32% of
electricity generated from coal reaches the consumers
Natural gas has a high heating value of 24,000 BTU/LB
Gasoline ignites when heated to 540oF (or 282.22oC) while natural gas
ignites only when heated to 1202oF (or 650oC), thus safer.

SAFE
Natural gas is piped directly to
the end user
No storage tank required
No risk of tank corrosion
Less property damage
Natural gas does not spill. When

released, it dissipates into the
atmosphere and safely disperses
Billions of dollars spent annually

(by pipeline & utility companies)
to ensure safety & reliability of
natural gas infrastructure

USES OF NATURAL GAS
As a major contributor to the
industry
To produce steel, glass, paper,
clothing, brick, electricity, etc.
As raw material for paints,
fertilizer, plastics, antifreeze,
dyes, photographic film,
medicines, and explosives
CURRENT TRENDS
Worlds Largest Producers of natural gas
Russia, U.S, Canada & Iran
Worlds Largest Consumers of natural gas

U.S, Russia, Iran & China
THE FUTURE
World energy consumption to grow by 56% between 2010 & 2040 The international energy outlook 2013 (IEO 2013)
Natural gas is the fastest growing fossil fuel. Global consumption
increases by 17% per year
World natural gas consumption will increase by 64% from 113Tcf
in 2010 to 185Tcf in 2040
References:
1) www.eia.gov
3) www.naturalgas.org
2) www.wintershall.com/en.html
4) www.naturalgasnb.com
RECAP
Conventional reservoirs
Associated gas
Non-associated gas
Tight gas
Unconventional reservoirs
Shale gas
Stages of gas processing

Gathering
Processing
Dehydration
Acid gas removal
Distribution
Importance and uses of natural gas

Future potential of natural gas
Questions?
THANK YOU

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Gas Field Engineering

2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

PCB 4013 - GAS FIELD ENGINEERING

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

Outcome Based Education (OBE)

Structure of the course (outlines/contents)

Lesson plan (Lecture, buzz-group, project work,

Teaching evaluation (Anonymous feedbacks)

UTP attendance policy (University required to present

monthly report on the international attendance to MOHE

Ability to apply knowledge of engineering fundamentals in

Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solve

complex petroleum engineering issues using engineering,

Ability to design complex petroleum engineering components

and systems while considering possible public health and safety,

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

COURSE MAJOR OUTCOMES

Estimate gas reserves [PO-1]

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

COURSE MAJOR CONTENTS

World consumption of natural gas

Field handling of natural gas