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    Characteristics of Dyslexia PDF

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    Daniel Garzia Aizrag
    Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulties with reading due to problems with how the brain processes language. It is characterized by struggles with phonological awareness, spelling, writing, and sometimes math. Dyslexia is believed to affect about 5-10% of people and is more common in boys. While it involves difficulty with written language, people with dyslexia can often have other strengths and some entrepreneurs have succeeded despite having dyslexia.

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    Characteristics of Dyslexia PDF

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    Daniel Garzia Aizrag
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    Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulties with reading due to problems with how the brain processes language. It is characterized by struggles with phonological awareness, spelling, writing, and sometimes math. Dyslexia is believed to affect about 5-10% of people and is more common in boys. While it involves difficulty with written language, people with dyslexia can often have other strengths and some entrepreneurs have succeeded despite having dyslexia.

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    Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulties with reading due to problems with how the brain processes language. It is characterized by struggles with phonological awareness, spelling, writing, and sometimes math. Dyslexia is believed to affect about 5-10% of people and is more common in boys. While it involves difficulty with written language, people with dyslexia can often have other strengths and some entrepreneurs have succeeded despite having dyslexia.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    837 views3 pages

    Characteristics of Dyslexia PDF

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Garzia Aizrag
    Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulties with reading due to problems with how the brain processes language. It is characterized by struggles with phonological awareness, spelling, writing, and sometimes math. Dyslexia is believed to affect about 5-10% of people and is more common in boys. While it involves difficulty with written language, people with dyslexia can often have other strengths and some entrepreneurs have succeeded despite having dyslexia.

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    of 3
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are the characteristics, causes, and difficulties associated with dyslexia as outlined across the two pages of text.

    Some characteristics of dyslexia include problems with speech, mixing up sounds in words, and difficulties with phonological awareness.

    Possible causes of dyslexia include problems processing and decoding auditory input which can lead to speech and language delays.

    Characteristics of dyslexia

    Dyslexia is about having problems with the visual


    notation of speech, which in most languages of European
    origin are problems with alphabet writing systems which
    have a phonetic construction.

    4. Diculty identifying or generating rhyming words,


    or counting syllables in words (phonological awareness)
    5. Diculty with hearing and manipulating sounds in
    words (phonemic awareness)

    Examples of these issues can be problems speaking in


    full sentences, problems correctly articulating Rs and
    Ls as well as Ms and Ns, mixing up sounds in multisyllabic words (ex: aminal for animal, bisghetti for
    spaghetti, hekalopter for helicopter, hangaberg for hamburger, ageen for magazine, etc.), problems of immature
    speech wed and gween instead of red and green.

    6. Diculty distinguishing dierent sounds in words


    (auditory discrimination)
    7. Diculty in learning the sounds of letters (In alphabetic writing systems)
    8. Diculty associating individual words with their
    correct meanings

    The characteristics of dyslexia have been identied


    mainly from research in languages with alphabetic writing systems, primarily English. However, many of
    these characteristic may be transferable to other types of
    writing systems.

    9. Diculty with time keeping and concept of time


    10. Confusion with combinations of words
    11. Diculty in organization skills

    The identication of these factors results from the study


    of patterns across many clinical observations of dyslexic
    children. In the UK, Thomas Richard Miles was imporExperience of speech acquisition delays, and speech and tant in such work and his observations led him to develop
    language problems can be due to problems processing and the Bangor Dyslexia Diagnostic Test.[4]
    decoding auditory input prior to reproducing their own
    version of speech, and may be observed as stuttering,
    cluttering or hesitant speech.[1][2] There are a range of 3 Reading and spelling
    neurological issues in Speech and Language Pathology
    which can later cause problems accessing the visual
    Spelling errors Because of diculty learnnotation of speech, dyslexic problems.
    ing letter-sound correspondences, individuals with
    Some of these speech related problems can be caused by
    dyslexia might tend to misspell words, or leave vowauditory processing disorder issues,[3] which can create a
    els out of words.
    neurological auditory barrier to developing good phono Letter order - People with dyslexia may also reverse
    logical awareness skills. As a result, some may develop althe order of two letters especially when the nal,
    ternative skills which are based on recognising alphabetic
    incorrect, word looks similar to the intended word
    words by their visual shape or Whole language and devel(e.g., spelling dose instead of does).
    oping Logographic cues.
    Letter addition/subtraction - People with dyslexia
    may perceive a word with letters added, subtracted,
    or repeated. This can lead to confusion between two
    2 Listening, speech and language
    words containing most of the same letters.

    Possible causes

    Highly phoneticized spelling - People with dyslexia


    also commonly spell words inconsistently, but in
    a highly phonetic form such as writing shud for
    should. Dyslexic individuals also typically have
    diculty distinguishing among homophones such as
    their and there.

    Some shared symptoms of the speech/hearing decits and


    dyslexia:
    1. Confusion with before/after, right/left, and so on
    2. Diculty learning the alphabet

    Vocabulary - Having a small written vocabulary,


    even if they have a large spoken vocabulary.

    3. Diculty with word retrieval or naming problems


    1

    Writing and motor skills

    Because of literacy problems, an individual with dyslexia


    may have diculty with handwriting. This can involve
    slower writing speed than average, poor handwriting
    characterised by irregularly formed letters, or inability to
    write straight on a blank paper with no guideline.
    Some studies have also reported gross motor diculties in
    dyslexia, including motor skills disorder. This diculty
    is indicated by clumsiness and poor coordination. The
    relationship between motor skills and reading diculties
    is poorly understood but could be linked to the role of the
    cerebellum and inner ear in the development of reading
    and motor abilities.[5]

    Mathematical abilities

    Dyslexia and dyscalculia are two learning disorders with


    dierent cognitive proles. Dyslexia and dyscalculia have
    separable cognitive proles, namely a phonological decit
    in the case of dyslexia and a decient number module in
    the case of dyscalculia.[6]
    Individuals with dyslexia can be gifted in mathematics
    while having poor reading skills. They might have difculty with word processing problems (e.g. descriptive
    mathematics, engineering or physics problems that rely
    on written text rather than numbers or formulas).

    Adaptive attributes

    A study has found that entrepreneurs are ve times more


    likely to be dyslexic than average citizens.[7]

    EXTERNAL LINKS

    8 References
    [1] Stephen Wilcox - Dyslexia & Vision
    [2] Brazeau-Ward, Louise (2001). DYSLEXIA AND THE
    UNIVERSITY (PDF). Canada: Canadian Dyslexia Centre
    (CDC) Inc. pp. 613. ISBN 1-894964-71-3.
    [3] Katz, Jack (2007-05-14). APD Evaluation to Therapy:
    The Bualo Model. AudiologyOnline. Retrieved 200905-16.
    [4] Miles, T.R. (1983). Dyslexia: the Pattern of Diculties.
    Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-246-11345-6.
    [5] Nicolson, R. and Fawcett, A. (November 1999). Developmental dyslexia: the role of the cerebellum. Dyslexia:
    an International Journal of Research and Practice 5: 155
    7.
    [6] Landerl, Karin; Barbara Fussenegger, Kristina Moll and
    Edith Willburger (2009-07-03). Dyslexia and dyscalculia: Two learning disorders with dierent cognitive
    proles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 103
    (3): 309324. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.03.006. PMID
    19398112. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
    [7] cass.city.ac.uk Entrepreneurs ve times more likely to suffer from dyslexia
    [8] Shaywitz, Sally E., M.D., and Bennett A. Shaywitz, M.D.
    (2001) The Neurobiology of Reading and Dyslexia. National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy
    Focus on Basics, Volume 5, Issue A - August 2001.
    [9] Shaywitz, Sally E.; Bennett A. Shaywitz (August 2001).
    The Neurobiology of Reading and Dyslexia. Focus on
    Basics (National Center for the Study of Adult Learning
    and Literacy) 5 (A).
    [10] Learning Disabilities: Multidisciplinary Research Centers, NIH Guide, Volume 23, Number 37, October 21,
    1994, Full Text HD-95-005 (LDRC longitudinal, epidemiological studies show that RD (dyslexia) aect at
    least 10 million children, or approximately 1 child in 5.)

    Evidence based on randomly selected populations of children indicate that dyslexia aects boys and girls equally; [11] Brent Bowers (2007-12-06). Tracing Business Acumen
    that dyslexia is diagnosed more frequently in boys appears
    to Dyslexia. New York Times.Cites a study by Julie
    to be the result of sampling bias in school-identied samLogan, professor of entrepreneurship at Cass Business
    ple populations.[8]
    School in London, among other literature.
    In the United States, researchers estimate the prevalence
    of dyslexia to range from three to ten percent of schoolaged children though some have put the gure as high as
    17 percent.[9][10] Recent studies indicate that dyslexia is
    particularly prevalent among small business owners, with
    roughly 20 to 35 percent of US and British entrepreneurs
    being aected.[11]

    Other

    Dyslexia has minimum eect on people using Abugida


    writing systems.

    9 External links
    The International Dyslexia Association

    10
    10.1

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