The Basics of Manual J
RESNET Building Performance Conference, Atlanta GA
February 24th, 2014
Agenda
Basic concepts behind load calculations.
The value of accurate load calculations.
Impact on load from right and wrong values for
key inputs.
Challenges to accurate load calculations.
Question and answer session.
Poll question #1
How familiar are you with the concept of calculating loads
using Manual J?
A. Very familiar I could do that with my eyes closed.
B. Somewhat familiar Maybe I could do that if my life
depended on it.
C. Unfamiliar Youre speaking Greek to me.
Poll question #2
How would you rate the importance of doing accurate heating
and cooling load calculations?
A. Very important.
B. Somewhat important.
C. Not important.
D. Not sure.
Basic concepts
behind load calculations
Basic concepts
Load calcs
Manual J
Peak heating
load
Equipment
capacity
Peak cooling
load
6
Basic concepts
Structural Load: The weight that must be supported by a
foundation at any particular time.
TOTAL LOAD (LBS)
Basic concepts
Structural Load varies for each hour of the year.
Structural Peak Load: The maximum weight that must be
supported by a foundation.
TOTAL LOAD (LBS)
TOTAL LOAD (LBS)
Basic concepts
Btus
Btus
btus
Btus
Structural load measured in pounds of weight..
..Cooling load measured in btus of energy.
1 btu has about the same energy as 1 match.
btus
Basic concepts
Cooling Load varies for each hour of the year.
Cooling Peak Load: The maximum energy thats added to the
home in a single hour, and must be removed to maintain
temperature and humidity.
Btus
Btus
btus
Btus
Btus
Btus
Btus
Btus
Btus
Btus
btus
10
Basic concepts
Sensible Cooling Load: Btus added to the home that increase
temperature.
Latent Cooling Load: Btus added to the home that increase
relative humidity.
76F
75F
51% RH
50%
100F
80% RH
11
Basic concepts
Heating Load varies for each hour of the year.
Heating Peak Load: The maximum energy that lost from the
home in a single hour, which must be added back to maintain
temperature.
70F
btus
35F
btus
12
Basic concepts
Cooling & heating equipment are btu machines that add or
remove btus to offset the load.
The cooling and heating load tell you how many btus the
equipment has to be capable of removing or adding.
Load is independent of the type of equipment that will be used.
70F
69F
Furnace
Boiler
HP
13
Basic concepts
IBC
Btus
Btus
btus
Btus
Cooling & heating loads are calculated using a standard process
usually ACCAs Manual J.
btus
Manual J
14
Basic concepts
Process is able to be repeated by someone else.
ACCA recognized Manual J programs:
www.acca.org/industry/system-design/software
15
Poll question #3
What program do you most often use, or see HVAC designers
use, to calculate loads?
A. Wrightsoft Right-J.
B. Elite Software RHVAC.
C. FSEC EnergyGauge.
D. Other
16
Summary of basic concepts
Structural load = # pounds that foundation must support..
.. Cooling load = # btus that equipment must remove.
Structural peak load = the max. weight..
.. Cooling peak load = the max. btus / hr equipment must remove.
ACCA Manual J is the most commonly used standard for
calculating cooling and heating loads.
17
Value of accurate loads
18
Value of accurate loads
Worlds Most
Uncomfortable Home
19
Value of accurate loads
Heating and cooling equipment generally has just two modes
on & off.
20
Value of accurate loads
Selecting a light for your living room:
C
21
Value of accurate loads
Heating and cooling equipment generally has just two modes
on & off.
Calculated too low
Calculated too high
22
Value of accurate loads
How ACs control humidity.
23
Value of accurate loads
Calculating loads is Step 1 of the HVAC design process. This
must be done right for the rest of the steps to work.
Code requires load calculations to be done for every new home.
24
Summary of value of accurate loads
Almost all HVAC equipment has just two modes on and off.
If you have the correct loads, you can select equipment thats
the right size.
Equipment thats based on an undersized load wont keep up.
Equipment thats based on an oversized load will cycle on & off.
Equipment thats based on an accurate load will best achieve
comfort, efficiency, and durability.
25
Impact on load
from right and wrong values
for key inputs
Illustration of impact of key inputs
Two home configurations:
2,400 square feet of conditioned floor area.
One-story above grade.
15% window area to floor area ratio.
Built to the 2009 IECC.
One home, with slab, in Houston.
One home, with basement, in Pittsburgh.
Loads calculated using Wrightsoft.
27
Illustration of impact of key inputs
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Illustration of impact of key inputs
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Illustration of impact of key inputs
30
Key challenges to getting
accurate load calculations
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
HERS Raters do complete load calculations!
HERS Raters collect all the data then verify the as-built home
Compare that to the HVAC Designer
Rater
HVAC Designer
1. Collect detailed building
Information from Builder.
1. Get home plans and maybe
specs.
2. Use REMRate or Energy
Gauge to simulate building
performance.
2. Calculate detailed building
loads using Manual J or other
load calculation software.
3. Verify all Inputs in REMRate
or Energy Gauge match asbuilt home.
3. Give reports to builder.
Infiltration Rate
Duct Leakage
Window SHGC
Window Area
CFA
Insulation Grade
32
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
HVAC Designers may get drawings and even some specs
House specs indicate R-15 walls
What the designer thinks
will be installed
What is actually
installed
33
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
Can be difficult to get all of the correct inputs.
Designers often use intuition: sometimes a little, sometimes a
lot.
Directions:
Step 1) Stand across street from home and hold this
card at arms length.
Step 2) Pick the AC capacity of the cutout your home
fits in.
2 Tons
3 Tons
4 Tons
34
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
ENERGY STAR helps overcome challenges by requiring:
Complete thermal enclosure system in every home.
Designers document several key inputs into load calculation.
Raters verify these inputs match actual home.
35
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
Some designers prefer to keep doing what theyve always done.
Some designers have yet to invest in load calc. software and
training.
Some designers have to have faith until they gain experience
with Manual J.
Have a little faith
in gotta have
Ive
[Manual J].
faith-a faith-a faith-a
-John Hiatt (1987)
-George Michael (1987)
36
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
NOAA Actual Houston Temperature Data
2000 through 2009
10 year average 1.2% hours were hotter than the design
temperature of 94F.
8 of 10 years that 1% of hours or less above 94F
What about the other two years?
2000
1.6%
2009
3.6%
37
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
Houston July Temperatures
ACCA 1%
Design
Extreme
Max
Mean
Max
99F
Manual J requires use of 1% summer cooling design temp.
In a typical year, ~1% of hours are expected to be hotter.
For the Houston Airport, the 1% design temperature is 94F.
38
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
Just because the outdoor temp is above the design temp, this
does not always mean the peak load increases.
40000
35000
30000
Infiltration
25000
Ductwork
20000
Lighting
15000
Equipment
People
10000
Structure
5000
0
Manual J Load
Extremely Hot Day
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Key challenges to accurate load calculations
Theres a safety factor built into Manual J
Using absolute max temperature will compromise performance
of AC system during all remaining hours.
Shameless Plug
ACCA Manual S Basics for
ENERGY STAR Certified Homes
NEXT Session- Right here in the Augusta Room
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Key challenges to accurate load calculations
ACCA Manual S allows 15% capacity above Manual J load.
Sample one-story slab home in Houston with 2,400 square feet
of CFA, 15% window area to floor area. Built to the 2009 IECC.
Cooling Load @ 94F
Equipment Sizing
40
= 32.3 kBtu/h
kBtuh
35
Allowed Cooling Capacity
30
25
= 32.3 x 115%
20
= 37.1 kBtu/h
15
10
Selected Cooling Capacity
5
= 32.3 x 107%
0
= 34.6 kBtu/h
Manual J Allowed
Selected
41
Key challenges to accurate load calculations
What if its 99F outside?
How many btus would you
have to remove at 99F?
Cooling Load @ 99F
= 34.5 kBtu/h
Capacity versus 99F Load
35
kBtu/h
34.5
34
33.5
34.6 kBtu/h > 34.5 kBtu/h
33
Capacity Selected
99F Load
42
Summary of key challenges to accurate load
calculations
Not every designer does accurate load calculations today.
Oftentimes, they rely on intuition because they dont have all
the inputs.
Also, some designers have to invest in software and training.
ENERGY STAR helps ensure that accurate loads are calculated.
Manual J has a safety margin built in. Designers faithfully using
it have found that it produces accurate loads.
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Summary
A structural load tells us the pounds a foundation must support;
A cooling load tells us the btus HVAC equipment must remove.
A heating load tells us the btus HVAC equipment must add.
ACCA Manual J is most common method for calculating loads.
Equipment thats based on an accurate load will best achieve
comfort, efficiency, and durability.
44
Summary
Designers rely on intuition because:
Dont have correct inputs,
Not trained on the load calc.
software, or
Havent relied on Manual J for loads
in the past.
Using the correct inputs is critical to
calculating the correct loads.
ENERGY STAR can help
Calculating proper loads is the first
step in turning HVAC design from an
art into a science.
Recipe for
Success:
Step 1: Use accurate
Inputs to calculate
accurate Heating and
Cooling Loads
Step 2: Size the
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Solutions for working through Manual J
1. Ensure Designer is designing correctly
2.
How do Manual J inputs reach Designer?
Paper Management is a headache
How does the paperwork flow throughout the Rating process?
Solutions:
Hold a kick off meeting to discuss the work flow.
Transition documents by having folder on the HVAC unit
46
ENERGY STAR Certified Homes
Web:
Main:
Technical:
Training:
HVAC:
Dean Gamble
www.energystar.gov/newhomespartners
www.energystar.gov/newhomesguidelines
www.energystar.gov/newhomestraining
www.energystar.gov/newhomesHVAC
Email:
[email protected]
Social Media:
@energystarhomes
facebook.com/energystar
U.S. EPA
Technical Manager,
ENERGY STAR Certified Homes
[email protected]
Charlie Haack
ICF International
Account Manager,
ENERGY STAR Certified Homes
[email protected]
Joe Schambach
ICF International
Technical Support,
ENERGY STAR Certified Homes
[email protected]
