Tensile Test

TITLE: Tensile Testing of Metals
OBJECTIVE: To determine the tensile strength of metals.

To explain load-extension and stress-strain relationships and represent them in graphical forms.
To evaluate the values of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, % elongation, fracture strain
and Young's Modulus of the selected metals when subjected to uniaxial tensile loading.
INTRODUCTION:
Tensile testing is one of the most fundamental tests for engineering, and provides valuable information
about a material and its associated properties. these properties can be used for design and analysis of
structures. The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that can be
subjected to before failure. On the other hand, failure can vary from material to material. To sum up,
there are 3 definitions for tensile stress:
1- Yield strength: The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic
deformation, causing it to deform permanently.
2- Ultimate tensile strength: The maximum stress a material can bear before fracture happens.
3- Breaking strength: The stress beyond the ultimate tensile strength, where fracturing occurs upon
reaching this point.
THEORY:
When forces are applied to materials, they deform in reaction to those forces. The magnitude of the
deformation for a constant force depends on the geometry of the materials. Likewise, the magnitude of
the force required to cause a given deformation, depends on the geometry of the material. For these
reasons, engineers define stress and strain.
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Stress is the measure of the average force that acts perpendicularly to the surface of the body
per unit area in a body. It has the SI unit of Pascal (symbol Pa or N/m2).
Stress =
Strain is the deformation unit under a load. In other words, it is the measure of the change in
length of a body divided by its original length when a there is a force acting on the body which
causes the changes. It has no units.
Defined in this manner the stress can be thought of as a normalized force. Strain is given by:
Strain
= Lf - L0
L0
= L
L0
is the engineering stress

is the engineering strain
P is the external axial tensile load
A is the original cross-sectional area of the specimen
Lo is the original length of the specimen
Lf is the final length of the specimen
Young's modulus, E
During elastic deformation, the engineering stress-strain relationship follows the
Hook's Law and the slope of the curve indicates the Young's modulus (E)
Young's modulus is of importance where deflection of materials is critical for the
required engineering applications. This is for examples: deflection in structural
beams is considered to be crucial for the design in engineering components or
structures such as bridges, building, ships, etc.
The applications of tennis racket and golf club also require specific values of
spring constants or Young's modulus values.
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Youngs modulus of elasticity, E =
Stress,
Strain,
MATERIALS &
APPARATUS:
Medium carbon steel

Venire Caliper
Universal tensile testing machine
Tensometer
PROCEDURE:
The specimens provided were made of steel.

A sample of medium carbon steel was measured with the Vanier Caliper to determine the
diameter of the cross section.
The gage length was measured and scribed into the specimen so that the distance between the
two marks could be measured after the tensile test was completed.
Then the carbon steel was inserted in to the testing machine.
The horizontally fixed sample was subjected to the uniaxial tensile force with a testing speed of
about 20mm/min.
Next the force acting on the sample and the extension were been measured and recorded in the
machine.
Then the elongation data from the graph in the computer screen was observed and recorded.
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the following parameters were determined by using the stress-strain diagram.
a) Youngs Modulus
b) Upper and lower yield stress
c) The ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
The percentages of elongation and percentage reduction in area after fracture was determined
by using the respective gauges.
Finally we were analyzed the fracture surfaces of broken specimens using stereoscope, sketch
and describe the results.
CALCULATIONS & Results
Cross sectional area (A0) = r2

= 3.14 *(2.25mm) 2
= 15.910mm 2
Diameter: -
4.5mm
Gage length: -
16.8mm
Area: -
15.910mm2
Percentage of Elongation: -
30%
Percentage of reduced cross: -
15%
Section area
Percentage reduced necking: -
55%
Section area
U.T.S:-
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516.5 N/SQMM
DISCUSSION:
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CONCLUSION
The tensile test is most common test.
The tensile strength is the highest stress encountered in the tensile test.
This mostly corresponds with the stress at fracture. But for very ductile materials, the
stress at fracture is lower than the tensile strength. For very brittle materials, the yield
strength equals the tensile strength.
The ductility is measured by the elongation at rupture as well as the reduction in area.
It provides the producer of the metallic components and the customer (designer of the
components) with most of the required mechanical properties.
It is important to do the test in a correct method with equipment that is properly certified.
REFERENCES
i. Hashemi, S. (2006) Foundations of materials science and engineering,

4th edition, McGraw- Hill.
ii. Callister, W.D. (2001) Fundamental of materials science and
engineering/an interactive e. text, John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York.
iii. Norman Dowling, E. (1993) Mechanical Behavior of Materials, PrenticeHall International.
iv.
Rockwell scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2014. Rockwell scale - Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_scale. [Accessed 30 July 2014].
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What is tensile testing used for?

What are the different types of tensile strength?

TITLE: Tensile Testing of Metals

OBJECTIVE: To determine the tensile strength of metals.

is the engineering stress

Youngs modulus of elasticity, E =

Medium carbon steel

The specimens provided were made of steel.

the following parameters were determined by using the stress-strain diagram.

CALCULATIONS & Results

Cross sectional area (A0) = r2

Percentage of reduced cross: -

i. Hashemi, S. (2006) Foundations of materials science and engineering,

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