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Index and Log

This document provides an introduction to indices and logarithms. It includes definitions of important terms like bases and indices. It also lists the laws of indices and logarithms. The document then presents sample problems involving indices, logarithms, and equations with indices and logarithms. These problems are meant to help students learn how to simplify expressions with indices, evaluate logarithms, solve equations using properties of logarithms, and answer SPM-style questions involving indices and logarithms.

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Suresh Rao Appannah
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355 views15 pages

Index and Log

This document provides an introduction to indices and logarithms. It includes definitions of important terms like bases and indices. It also lists the laws of indices and logarithms. The document then presents sample problems involving indices, logarithms, and equations with indices and logarithms. These problems are meant to help students learn how to simplify expressions with indices, evaluate logarithms, solve equations using properties of logarithms, and answer SPM-style questions involving indices and logarithms.

Uploaded by

Suresh Rao Appannah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Additional

Mathematics
Form 4
Topic 5:

DELIGHT
(Version 2007)

by
NgKL
(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.,Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH)

5.1

INDICES AND LAWS OF INDICES

2.

IMPORTANT NOTES:
1.

For an index number an, (read as a raise to the power of n), where a is the
base and n is the index.

2.

ao = 1

3.

4.

1
= a n , where a 0
an
1

an =
m

a , where a 0, (read as a raise to the nth root).

5.

an

6.

Laws of Indices

am

6.1 am x an = am + n
6.2 a a = a
m

m n

6.4

(ab)m = am bm

6.5

a
bm

(or)

a
n
a

mn
= a

6.3 (am)n = am x n
7.

Equation Involving Indices


Can be solve by;
7.1 Comparing the indices or bases on both sides of the equation;
7.1.1
If am = an, then m = n.
7.1.2
If am = bm, then a = b.
7.2 Applying logarithms on both sides of the equation;
ax = bm
log ax = log bm
x log a = m log b

x=

m log b
log a

Exercise 5.1:
1.

Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.


(b) 24

(a) 43

3
(d)
4

2.

3.

(c)

(e) 0.50

33

(e) 8 3

Simplify and then evaluate each of the following.

(a) 32 x 35

(b) 32 34

(d) 4-3 x 45

(e)

4
83

(c) (52)3

(f) 43 x 24 162

(g) 27 3 x (-9)

3.

1
2

(h) (

2
3

(i) (18 x 32)

Simplify each of the following expressions.

(a) 2

n+3

x 4 32
n

(c) 92n 3n + 1 x 27 n

(e) 20a3 5a-5

4.

2 2
) (125)
5

n+2

(b) 3

4.

n-1

(d) 25n x 42n x 63n

(f)

3
2

3m 2 81x 1
9 2( x 1 )

Solve each of the following.

(a) Show that 7p + 1 + 7p +2 is a multiple of 8.

(b) Show that 5n + 1 + 5n 3(5n 1) is divisible by 3 or 9.

(c) Show that 22x + 3 (9x + 1 32x) = (

2 2x
)
3

5.2 LOGARITHMS AND LAWS OF LOGARITHMS


IMPORTANT NOTES:
1.

To convert an equation in index form to logarithm form and vice versa.


If N = ax , then loga N = x.

2.

loga 1 = 0, and loga a = 1.

3.

loga (negative number) = undefined.


Similarly, loga 0 = undefined.

4.

Law of Logarithms:

4.1 loga xy = loga x + loga y

4.2 loga

x
y = log x log y
a
a

(or) loga (x y) = loga x loga y

4.2 loga xm = m loga x


5.

Change of Bases of Logarithms:


5.1 loga b =

5.2 loga b =
6.

log c b
log c a
log b b
log b a

1
log b a

Equations Involving Logarithms:

5.

6.1 Converting the equation of logarithm to index form, i.e.


loga N = x, then N = ax
6.2 Express the left hand side, LHS and the right hand side, RHS, as single
logarithm of the same base.
Then make the comparison, i.e;
(i) loga b = loga c, then b = c.
(ii) loga m = logb m, then a = b.

Exercise 5.2:
1.

6.

Express the following equations to logarithm form or index form.

(a) 32 = 25

(b) 4 =

83

(c) 1 = 100

(d) px = 5

(e) log6 36 = 2

(f) log3 243 = 5

(f) 3 = log3

2.

1
27

(g) logx q = p

Determine the value of x in each of the following equations.

(a) log3 81 = x

(b) log4 x =

1
2

(d) log2 x = 2

(c) log x 125 = 3

(e)

log 1

3.

Find the value of each of the following.

64

x =

1
3

(a) log10 100 =

(c) log10

1
35

(d) antilog 1.498 =


=
(e) antilog ( 0.401) =

Find the value of each of the following without using a calculator.

(a) log2 32

(b) log5 0.2

5.

7.

(b) log10 39.94 =

(d) antilog 0.3185 =

4.

1
= 3
216

(e) log x

(b) log3

1
243

(d) log9

Given that log2 3 = 1.585 and log2 5 = 2.32, find the values of the following
logarithms.

(a) log2 45

(b) log2 6

(c) log2 1.5

6.

(d) log2 (

125
)
3

Simplify each of the following expression to the simplest form.

(a) 2 log2 x log2 3x + log2 y

(b) loga 5x + 3 loga 2y

(c) logb x + 3 logb x + logb (y + 1)

(d) log2 4x log2 3y 2

7.

Determine the values of the following logarithms.

(a) log2 7

(b) log3 23

8.

(c) log3

8.

Given that log2 w = p, express the following in terms of p.

(a) log w 4 =

(c) log4

9.

(d) log0.5 8.21

w
32

(b) log8 16w2 =

(d) log

Given that log m 3 = x and log m 4 = y.


Express the following in terms of x and/or y.

(a) log 36 m =

(b) log3m 12

64

9.

(c) log3

16m

(d) log3

m
4

Exercise 5.3:
1.

Solve each of the following equations.

(a) 3x + 2 = 81x

(c) 3x . 4x = 125x + 2

2.

10.

(b) 22x + 3 = 32

(d) 52x =

Solve each of the following equations.

(a) log10 (2x + 7) = log10 21

125
25 x

(b) log5 (x 5) =

1
log5 125
3

11.

(c) log2 (x 3) log2 (x2 9) = 0

(d) 2 log3 2 + log3 (4x 1) = 1 + log3 (x + 8)

(e) logx 18 logx 2 = 2

(f)

log2 8 + log4 M = 5

Exercise 5.4 SPM QUESTIONS (2003 2007)

1. Solve the equation 82x 3 =

1
4

x2

12.

[3

marks]
SPM2006/Paper1

2. Given that log2 xy = 2 + 3 log2 x log2 y, express y in terms of x. [4 marks]


SPM2006/Paper1

3. Solve the equation 2 + log3 (x 1) = log3 x.

[3 marks]
SPM2006/Paper1

4. Solve the equation 2x + 4 2x + 3 = 1.

[3 marks]
SPM2005/Paper1

5. Solve the equation log3 4x log3 (2x 1) = 1

[3 marks]
SPM2005/Paper1

13.

6. Given that logm 2 = p and logm 3 = r, express


terms of
p and r.

log m

27m
) in
4

[4 marks]
SPM2005/Paper1

14.

7. Solve the equation 324x = 48x + 6.

[3 marks]
SPM2004/Paper1

8. Given that log5 2 = m and log5 7 = p, express log5 4.9 in terms of m


and p.
[4 marks]
SPM2004/Paper1

9. Solve the equation 42x -1 = 7x.

[4 marks]
SPM2003/Paper1

15.

10. Given that log2 b = x and log2 c = y, express log4

8b

in terms of x and y.
(4

marks)
(SPM2007/Paper 1)

11. Given that 9(3n1) = 27n, find the value of n.

(3 marks)
(SPM2007/Paper 1)

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